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Chand, Tapendra 859594

Pun, Khum Raj 859583

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Worldwide: 1.84 billion tons in 2004Worldwide : 2.5 to 4 billion in 2006

25 OECD countries: >600 million tons

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Kilograms per capita

City Population Year Day

Adelaide, australia 1089728 490 1.3

Bamako, Mali 1809106 256 0.7

Belo Horizonte, Brazil 2452617 529 1.4

Bengalor, India 7800000 269 0.7

Canete, Peru 48892 246 0.7

Curepipe, Mauritius 82750 284 0.8

Delhi, India 13850507 184 0.5

Dhaka, Bangladesh 7000000 167 0.5

ghorahi, Nepal 59156 167 0.5

Kunming, China 3500000 286 0.8

Lusaka, Zambia 1500000 201 0.6

Managua, Nicaragua 1002882 420 1.1

Moshi, Tanzania 183520 338 0.9

Nairobi, Kenya 4000000 219 0.6

Quezon city, Philippines 2861091 257 0.7

Rotterdam, Netherlands 582949 528 1.4

San Francisco, USA 835364 609 1.7

Sousse, Tunisia 173047 394 1.1

Tompkins county, USA 101136 577 1.6

Trends in waste quantity

Source: UN Habitat

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Waste generation in different cities [metric ton/day]

Trends in waste quantity

Source: UN Habitat

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Trends in waste quantity

Annual MSW generation world scenario

Asia: high increase rate

EU

USA

Latin American countries (LAC)

South Africa

Source: United Nations Environment Programme

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Trends in waste composition

Source: United Nations Environment Programme

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Trends in waste composition

Source: UN Habitat

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Trends in waste composition

Source: http://www.cee.mtu.edu/peacecorps

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World solid waste disposal scenario

800 WTE plants worldwide

435 in Europe

100 in USA and the rest in Asia and other parts of the

world

Worldwide, about 130 million tonnes of municipal

solid waste (MSW) are combusted annually

Currently, there are WTE facilities in 35 nations,including large countries such as China and small ones

such as Bermuda.

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World solid waste disposal scenario

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Possibility of WtE Plants in Developing and

underdeveloped countries

Technical Perspective

Economic Perspective

Environmental Perspective

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Possibility of WtE Plants in Developing and

underdeveloped countries

Technical Perspective

Incinerator systems

Stoker grate systemFluidized bed system

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Technical Perspective

Stoker Grate system

Source: MSW Incinerator Residues

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Technical Perspective

Stoker Grate system used in china

Source: Waste Management World

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Technical Perspective

Fluidized bed system

Source: MSW Incinerator Residues

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Economic Perspective

Investment cost

Cost per unitDeveloped countries: 8 cent/kWh [as of USA]

Developing countries: 4-5 cent/kWh [as of India]

Financing optionsGovernment budget

Foreign aid and investment

Public Private Partnership

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Economic Perspective

Income from Clean Development Mechanism

Most of the developing countries are not strict to the emission limits

from waste incineration plants facilitating National & International

investment.

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Economic Perspective

Investment cost example

City: New Delhi, IndiaPopulation: 14 million

MSW generation: 7000 MT/day

Incineration plant

Capacity: 2050 MT/D

Investment cost: US$ 45 million (0.9 % of total budget)

Annual budget of the city: US$ 5000 million

City: Kathmandu/Nepal

Population: 3 Million

Potential: 10 MWInvestment cost: US$ 2.81 million/MW

(Less compared to US$ 4.5 million/MW from Hydro-power)

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Environmental Perspective

WTE plants conserve fossil fuels. One ton of MSW

combusted reduces oil use by one barrel (i.e.,

35gallons) or 0.25 tons of coal.

It has been estimated that one ton of MSW

combusted rather than land-filled reduces greenhouse

gas emissions by 1.5 tons of CO2.

WTE plants do not have the aqueous emissions that

may be experienced in landfills, either now or in the

distant future.

WTE plants reduce the space required for land-filling

by about 90% thereby reducing the emission of

methane (20 times more harmful than CO2).

Using the ash from MSW incinerators for

environmentally appropriate construction not only

provides a low cost aggregate but further reduces the

need for landfill capacity

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Waste for power Generation will account for 30% (54 Million tons/year) by

2030, compared to 13% (21.54 Million tons/year)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2030

Total waste to Energy Capacity Million tons/year

30% by 2030

Future Scenario of WtE-Plants in China

Source: WTERT-Greece, SYNERGIA

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Future Scenario of WtE-Plants in China

the 3rd China WtE Outlook held on December 7th-9th in

Shanghai focused on Green Operation

during the Twelfth Five-year Plan period (2011-2015),

the total investment in municipal solid waste will reach

441 million US$

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Why WtE-plant is Not the first Choice?

expensive option and require highly skilled personnel and careful

maintenance.

Lower content of burnable constituents (means higher content of

organic material with higher Moisture content)

The average annual lower calorific value must be at least 7 MJ/kg,

and must never fall below 6 MJ/kg in any season. Misguiding view among stakeholders, specially local people

Fig. Waste Hierarchy

Source: World Bank

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Conclusion Large content of organic waste is the major obstacle for WtE plants

in Developing and under developed countries Large population resulting in large waste generation

Increasing trend of per capita income, resulting to increase inconsumption and increased waste generation.

CDM may become a vehicle to promote it as a sustainable activity

Lower cost of unit energy production [4-5 cents/KWh] as comparedto developed countries.

Flexible governmental policies and subsidies

Contribution to reducing GHGs and climate change

Subsequent decrease in landfill area by 90%

Limited availability of Landfill areas, resulted due to Urbanization A municipality can save 10-15% of Annual Budget on solid waste

Management.

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agement-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.Waste-to-energy-could-process-40-of-Beijings-waste.QP129867.dcmp=rss.page=1.htmlhttp://www.waste-management-world.com/index/display/article-display.articles.waste-management-world.waste-to-energy.2011.09.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References:

[august 2011] /COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE/Key issues for Decision-makers in Developing Countries-by un-Habitat

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLDS CITIES /WATER AND SANITATION INTHE WORLDS CITIES 2010/United Nations Human Settlements Program

2010/Collection of Municipal Solid Waste in Developing Countries/UN-Habitat

Waste to Energy/The Worldwide Market for Waste Incineration Plants 2011/2012Cologne / Oberhausen, May 2011

DEVELOPING INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN/Volume 1: WasteCharacterization and Quantification with Projections for Future/2009

POSITION PAPER ON THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN INDIA/November2009/Department of Economic Affairs/Ministry of Finance/Government of India

Urban Solid Waste Management: Waste Reduction in Developing Nations/Written

April 2003 for the requirements of CE 5993/Field Engineering in the DevelopingWorld by Olar Zerbock/M.S. Candidate

WASTE TO ENERGY: A POSSIBILITY FOR PUERTORICO/M ay 2007

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