Pneumonia Fatima Al-Awadh

OBJECTIVES• Define Pneumonia.• Mention the classifications .• Explain the pathophysiology of pneumonia.• State the anatomy of the lung.• Describe the risk factors and causes.• Asses the relation between hypertension and pneumonia.

Definition and Epidemiology• DEFINITION:An inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection. • Epidemiology:Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths (7% of the worlds yearly total).Rates are greatest in children less than five and adults older than 75 years of age. It occurs about five times more frequently in the developing world versus the developed world. Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases.

Classificationpathogen Bacterial

AtypicalFungalViralOther; Rickettsias, Parasites, protozoa

Anatomy Lobar

Bronchial

Acquiring Community acquired Pneumonia CAP

Hospital acquired pneumonia HAP, NP

Nursing home acquired pneumonia NHAP

Immuno-compromised acquired pneumonia ICAP

The Lungs anatomy

Pathophysiology of pneumoniaBacteria enter the

lungs (from the throat or nose, airborne

droplets, or blood).

Bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli.

The macrophages and neutrophils inactivate

the bacteria. The neutrophils also

release cytokines

This cause general

activation of the immune system.

Leading to the fever, chills, and fatigue.

The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid fill the

alveoli

Resulting in the consolidation

seen on chest X-ray.

Cause

There are over a hundred microorganisms which can cause CAP. The most common types of microorganisms are different among different groups of people. Newborn infants, children, and adults are at risk for different spectrums of disease causing microorganisms.

• Breathing infected amniotic fluid or across the placenta.

• Commonly caused by Streptococcus agalactiaeInfants

• children less than five years are much less likely to have pneumonia

• older children and teenagers are more likely to acquire certain types of pneumonia than adults.

Children

• Viruses; influenza, para-influenza.• Bacteria; Atypical organisms, Streptococcus

pneumonia, Hemophilus influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Adults

Risk factors• Age; If you're age 65 or older, young children.• Obstruction of bronchi, the lung is not able to clear fluid when

it accumulates. • Lung disease; Diseases such as emphysema or habits such as

smoking • Certain diseases; AIDS , immune deficiencies , heart disease.• Exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants.

Hypertension and Pneumonia• High blood pressure can be caused by lifestyle habits, a

chronic condition or a family history of it. In some cases an infection can also cause a dramatic rise in blood pressure. High blood pressure should be assessed by your physician and treated with lifestyle changes and medication to prevent long-term damage to vital organs. In addition, if an infection is causing your high blood pressure, it should also be diagnosed and treated.

References• http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/jpkc/rjnk/3/ppt/28.ppt• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia• High Blood Pressure & Infection | eHow.com http://

www.ehow.com/about_5557093_high-blood-pressure-infection.html#ixzz2ChHotq1J