Plant Structure & Organization. Structure vs. Function Cabomba.
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Transcript of Plant Structure & Organization. Structure vs. Function Cabomba.
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Plant Structure & Organization
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Structure vs. Function
Cabomba
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Review of Life Hierarchy Cells Tissues Organs Systems
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Two Basic Systems Root System—Functions in
obtaining water & minerals from the soil; found underground (usually)
Shoot System—Obtaining CO2 from the air & obtaining light; carrying out photosynthesis; found above ground (usually)
Systems are interdependent
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Three Main Organs of Plants
Roots—absorb water and minerals; anchor the plants
Stems—responsible for growth of the plant; holds leaves; transports materials between leaves and roots
Leaves—site of photosynthesis; reproduction--flowers are modified leaves
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Types of Root Systems Fibrous Root Systems
– Mat of thin roots
– Increases plant’s exposure to water
– Anchors plant in the ground
– Holds topsoil in place; prevents erosion
– Associated with monocots
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Types of Root Systems Taproot System
– One large, vertical root
– Often store food (carrot, turnips, beets)
– Really long in desert plants
– Associated with dicots
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Root Facts Root hairs increase surface area for
water absorption; extensions of root epidermis
Adventitious Roots (extra roots)—roots that grow above ground; corn for example—above ground roots are used to “prop” up the plant
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Types of Shoot Systems Vegetative—leaf bearing Reproductive—flower bearing
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Stem Anatomy Node—point at
which leaves are attached
Internodes—Stem segments between nodes
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Stem Anatomy Axillary bud—Can
form vegetative branch; angle between stem & leaf; most are dormant
Terminal bud—located at tip of stem; site of stem growth
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Stem Growth The presence of the terminal bud
inhibits growth of axillary buds therefore there is apical dominance.
This increases a plant’s exposure to light.
Removing terminal bud will stimulate growth of axillary budy.
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Modified Stems
Stolons; Rhizomes; Tubers; Bulbs
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Leaf Anatomy Blade—Flattened part Petiole—stalk of leaf; joins to node
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Modified Leaves
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Three types of tissues in plant organs
Dermal—single layer of cells to cover and protect
Vascular—continuous throughout plant; transport materials between roots and shoots
Ground tissue—All other tissue; functions in photosynthesis, storage & support.
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Vascular Tissue Xylem—conducts water & minerals
from roots to the shoot; against gravity Phloem—transports sugars
manufactured in shoot to non-photosynthetic areas (roots; fruits, etc.)
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Xylem Composed of
tracheids & vessel elements; elongated cells
Dead at maturity Remaining cell
walls provide a conduit through which water can flow
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Phloem Composed of sieve-tube
members and companion cells
Sieve tubes are alive at maturity; lack nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuole
Companion cells connect to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata; their nuclei & ribosomes serve sieve tubes.
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Types of Plant Cells Parenchyma
– Thin & flexible primary cell walls; lack secondary walls
– “Typical” plant cells– Perform most metabolic function of plants– Developing plant cells are parenchyma
cells
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Types of Plant Cells Collenchyma
– Have thicker primary walls; no secondary walls
– Supports young parts of plant shoot without restraining growth
– “Strings” of celery are collenchyma
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Types of Plant Cells Sclerenchyma
– Thick secondary walls– Cannot elongate– Occur in regions where growth has stopped– For support; many dead at maturity– Vessel elements & tracheids are sclerenchyma
cells– Hemp & flax (rope & linen) are sclerenchyma
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