Piping Joints Handbook - Piping Design Central - All About

Piping JointsHandbook

Document No. D/UTG/054/00

03000785 (RP2066) May 2000

Acknowledgements

This Handbook was originally written and illustrated byE. Marston (BPE) on behalf of the Forties Field Group in 1991.

This version was updated in May 2000 and edited byF. Zezula (BP Amoco, UTG, Sunbury) and

C. Durden (BP Amoco, Dyce).

A “hard” pocket size version of this Handbook can beordered from XFM Reprographics, BP Amoco, Dyce Office,Tel. 01224 832547 or via En-Garde quoting Ref. RP2066.

This updated version replaces the document previouslyissued under Document No: XEG/G/94/0074.

Further information is available from:

Mechanical Consultant, UTG, Dyce;Piping & Pressure Systems Consultant, UTG, Sunbury

03000785 May 2000

Piping JointsHandbook

Introduction

This booklet has been written as an introduction to and asource of general information on pipe joints.

The flanged joint appears deceptively simple but in fact thescience of flanges and joint sealing is complex and continu-ously developing. Sound joints are critical to piping integrity andplant safety.

A pipe joint thus relies on the skill and application of the fitterwho puts it together. Correct selection of materials, applicationof procedures, correct use of tools combined with the fitter’sskill are all required to ensure a joint of maximum integrity.

But mistakes have happened; choosing the wrong gaskets,using the wrong studbolts. Such mistakes cannot be ignored.

The purpose of this booklet is therefore to increase under-standing about pipe joints; from pipe specifications and how touse them, to studbolts and how to identify them. With increasedawareness and knowledge, it is expected that mistakes will beprevented.

03000785, May 2000 page 1

This page left intentionally blank.

page 2 03000785, May 2000

Contents Page

1. Technical Data - Company and National Standards 71.1 BP Amoco Engineering Standards 71.2 ANSI/API Standards 71.3 British Standards 81.4 Piping Specifications 9

2. Flanges 112.1 Flange Standards 122.2 Flange Facings 122.3 Flange Face Re-Machining 142.4 Flange Types 162.5 Flange Specification and Identification 212.6 Pipe Flanges - Do’s and Don’ts 222.7 Flange Surface Finish and Flange Distortion 23

3. Gaskets 253.1 Selection of Gasket Material 253.2 Fugitive Emissions 263.3 Compatibility with Fluid 273.4 Temperature 273.5 Internal Pressure 293.6 Special Considerations 293.7 RTJ (Ring Type Joint) Gaskets 323.8 Spiral Wound Gaskets 363.9 Sheet Gaskets 433.10 Compressed Asbestos Fibre Gasket (CAF) 463.11 Gaskets for Lined Pipework 473.12 Gaskets - Do’s and Don’ts 49

4. Compact Flanged Joints 514.1 Taper-Lok 514.2 Graylock Coupling 534.3 Other Designs 544.4 Compact Flanges Specification and Identification 55

03000785, May 2000 page 3

Contents (cont’d) Page

4.5 Compact Flanges - Do’s and Don’ts 554.6 Breaking Joints 564.7 Making Joints 58

5. Bolting for Flanges and Covers 615.1 Bolt Material Grade 625.2 Bolt Thread 625.3 Bolt Coating/Plating 635.4 Bolt Specification and Identification 655.5 Tension Controlled Fasteners - Rotabolt 665.6 Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning 705.7 Flange and Bolt Protection 725.8 Bolting - Do’s and Don’ts 725.9 Manual Bolt Tightening 735.10 Bolt Tightening - Do’s and Don’ts 775.11 Hot Bolting 785.12 Restrictions on Hot and Odd Bolting 795.13 Insulation Kits for Bolts 805.14 Insulating Kit Identification and Specification 845.15 Insulating Kits - Do’s and Don’ts 84

6. Spading and Blanking of Flanges 87

7. Screwed Piping Joints 897.1 Threaded Joints 897.2 Sealing on a Threaded Joint 907.3 Table of Thread Jointing Compounds 927.4 Screwed Unions 947.5 Screwed Joints Specification and Identification 957.6 Screwed Joints - Do’s and Don’ts 96

8. Compression Fittings 998.1 Compression Fitting Specification and 101

Identification8.2 Compression Fittings - Do’s and Don’ts 102

page 4 03000785, May 2000

Contents (cont’d) Page

9. Elastomeric O-Ring Seals 1059.1 Selection of Elastomeric O-Rings 1069.2 Elastomeric O-Ring Failures 1079.3 Elastomeric O-Rings - Specification and 108

Identification9.4 Installation of Elastomeric O-Rings - Do’s and 109

Don’ts

Appendix 1 - Miscellaneous Technical Data 1111. Bolts Material Specifications 1122. Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning 1133. Surface Finish Values for Tongue and Groove Small 113

Male/Female and Ring Joint Facings4. Chemical Resistance: Selected Elastomers and 114

Plastics

Appendix 2 - Dimensional Data 1171. ANSI B16.5 Basic Flange Dimensions 1182. ANSI B16.5 Flange Bolt Hole and Studbolt Dimensions 1263. Ring Joint Facing and RTJ Gasket Dimensions 1334. Spades for Raised Face Flanges to Suit ANSI B16.5 1405. Spades for Ring Type Joint Flanges to Suit ANSI 147

B16.56. Normal Wall Thickness for Pipe Schedule Sizes 1547. Butt Welding Elbows and Return Bends to 156

ANSI B16.9 and ANSI B16.288. Butt Welding Reducers, Tees, Lap Joint Stub Ends 157

and Caps to ANSI B16.99. Welded and Seamless Pipe, BS 1600 15810. Table of Gauges 15911. Decimal Equivalents of Fractions 160

03000785, May 2000 page 5

Contents Amendment Sheet

page 6 03000785, May 2000

Section Nos. ContentsDate

Amended

- Re-issue of handbook May 2000

1. Technical Data - Company andNational Standards

1.1 BP Amoco Engineering Standards

The following BP Amoco Standards are relevant to pipe flangedjoints:

RP 42-1 Piping SystemsGS 142-7 Gaskets and JointingRP 42-2 Bolting for Flanged Joints (Inch Series)GS 142-4 FlangesGS 142-5 Fittings

1.2 ANSI/API Standards

The following American Standards are used for the standardisationof pipe joints:

ANSI BI.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNRThread Form)

ANSI BI.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)

ANSI B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

ANSI B16.9 Factory made Wrought Steel Butt Welding Fittings

ANSI B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welding andThreaded

ANSI B16.20 Ring-Joint Gaskets and Groves for Steel PipeFlanges

03000785, May 2000 page 7

03000785, May 2000

ANSI B16.21 Non-Metallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

API 601 Metallic Gaskets for RF Pipe Flanges andFlanged Connections

API 6A Specification for Wellhead and Christmas TreeEquipment

ANSI B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS26 throughNPS60)

API 605 Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges

ANSI B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

1.3 British Standards

The following British Standards are also used for the standardisa-tion of pipe joints:

BS 1560 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

BS 3381 Metallic Spiral Wound Gaskets for Use withFlanges to BS 1560

BS 1832 Oil Resistant Compressed Asbestos FibreJointing

BS F125 Rubber Bonded Compressed Asbestos FibreJointing

BS 3293 Carbon Steel Pipe Flanges (over 24” NB) for thePetroleum Industry

BS 3799 Steel Pipe Fittings, Screwed and Socket-Weldedfor the Petroleum Industry

BS 1580 Specification for Unified Screw Threads

1.4 Piping Specifications

The Piping Specification is a document prepared during the designphase of any project. It provides the appropriate selection, specifi-cation and material grade of pipe and piping components for a givenservice.

For all subsequent maintenance and repair on a section of pipe, thepiping specification remains as the key to correct material selection.

Before commencing any job, reference to the piping specifica-tion is essential to specify and use the correct materials. Forthe job check that you are using the latest revision of the spec-ification.

Do not rely on �what was installed before must be right� as thisis not always the case! If a discrepancy is found, it should bereported.

Note that a piping specification only applies to the defined plant, siteor installation. Forties, Magnus, Dimlington Terminal for exampleeach have their own piping specifications and they are NOT inter-changeable.

To use the piping specification, reference must first be made to theProcess and Instrument Diagram. Identify the section of pipe in theP&ID and a line number will be quoted, e.g:

8�-WF-1007-1A1E which is interpreted as follows:

8� - The nominal pipe size of the line.

WF - The service code. This refers to the contents of the pipe.In this instance, WF refers to Fire Water.

1007 - The pipeline number which is a unique number allocatedto a specific section or run of pipe during the designstages.

03000785, May 2000 page 9

1A1E - The piping specification number. This is a short-handreference into the piping specification document, and isalso unique to that document. The letter normally refers tothe pressure rating of the system.

Having determined the piping specification number, turn to theappropriate page in the piping specification document. There thecorrect type of gasket, the correct grade of studbolts, spectacleblinds, blind flanges, pipe material, pipe wall thickness and muchmore will be specified for the job in hand.

page 10 03000785, May 2000

2. Flanges

There are numerous types of flanges available. The type and mate-rial of a flange to be used is dependent on the service duty of theline. Reference to the piping specification will provide such informa-tion.

It is important to be able to accurately identify flanges as thisenables confirmation of the joint location on a P&ID, confirmationof the piping specification and thus the identification of the correctmaterials for a job.

03000785, May 2000 page 11

2.1 Flange Standards

For process and utilities pipework, the two commonly used flangestandards are ANSI B16.5 (American National Standards Institute)and BS 1560 (British Standards). A third standard, API 6A(American Petroleum Institute) specifies flanges for Wellhead andChristmas Tree Equipment.

Flanges of different standards are not normally joined. If necessaryto do so, engineering advice must first be sought to ensure the com-patibility of the mating flanges.

2.2 Flange Facings

There are three types of flange facings commonly found on a plant.The surface finish of the facings is specified in the FlangeStandards. Note that they are refined and superseded by BPEngineering GS 142-4 - Pipe Flanges and Fittings. A section onsurface finish on the different flange facings is in this book extractedfrom GS 142-4.

page 12 03000785, May 2000

ASTMA105

4" xC

LAS

S1500

WN

RF

a) Ring Type Joint (RTJ)

Typically found on the most severe duties, for example highpressure gas pipework. Ring type metal gaskets must be usedon this type of flange facing.

- RTJs to API 6A Type B, BS 1560 and ANSI B16.5:The seal is made by metal-to-metal contact between thegasket and the flange groove. The faces of the twoopposing flanges do not come into contact and a gap ismaintained by the presence of the gasket. Such RTJflanges will normally have raised faces but flat faces mayequally be used or specified.

- RTJs to API 6A Type BX:API 6A Type BX flanges seal by the combined effect ofgasket compression and flange face-to-face contact andwill therefore always have raised faces. The flanges alsouse special metal ring joints. A Type BX flange joint whichdoes not achieve face-to-face contact will not seal andshould not be put into service.

b) Raised Face (RF)

Sealing on a RF flange is by a flat non-metallic gasket (or a flatmetallic gasket for special applications), which fits within thebolts of the flange. The facing on a RF flange has a concentricor phonographic groove with a controlled surface finish. If thegrooves are too deep (or a rough surface finish), then highcompression is required to flow the relatively soft gasket mate-rial into the grooves. Too shallow (exceptionally smooth surfacefinish) and again high compression is required as a leak paththen becomes more possible. It is important to always checkthe flange surface finish for imperfections which would makesealing difficult. A radial groove for example is virtually impos-sible to seal against.

03000785, May 2000 page 13

Note that the surface finish on the flange facing depends onthe type of gasket being used.

Further details are given in Section 3.8 (Spiral Wound Gaskets)and 3.9 (Sheet Gaskets).

c) Flat Face (FF)

Sealing is also by compression of a flat non-metallic gasket(very rarely a flat metallic gasket), between the phono-graphic/concentric grooved surfaces of the mating FF flanges.The gasket fits over the entire face of the flange.

FF flanges are normally used on the least arduous of dutiessuch as low pressure water drains and in particular when usingcast iron, cunifer or bronze alloy, where the large gasketcontact area spreads the flange loading and reduces flangebending.

NOTE: Both ANSI B16.5 and BS 1560 specify Flat FaceFlanges and Raised Face Flanges as well as RTJ Flanges. API6A is specific to RTJ flanges only.

2.3 Flange Face Re-Machining

Flange face re-machining may be carried out in order to repair thesealing face of a flange which has corroded, deteriorated or other-wise been damaged.

Flange face re-machining must be carried out by experienced per-sonnel using the appropriate equipment. A procedure for theprocess should be in place and must be followed.

The extent of any re-machining must be such that the flange dimen-sions still remain within the tolerance specified in the flange manu-facturing standard, ANSI B16, API 6A, BS 1560, etc. Incorrect re-

page 14 03000785, May 2000

machining which reduces the flange dimensions to below theminimum specified dimensions will result in possible leakage.

03000785, May 2000 page 15

FLANGE FACERE-MACHINING

2.4 Flange Types

The way in which the flange is attached to the pipe defines theflange type, as follows.

a) Weld-Neck Flange (WN)

The WN flange is butt-welded to the pipe. WN flanges are typ-ically used on arduous duties such as high pressures and/orhazardous fluids. The butt weld may be inspected by radiog-raphy or ultrasonics as well as MPI or DPI during fabrication.There is therefore a high degree of confidence in the integrityof the weld. A butt weld also has good fatigue performance andits presence does not induce high local stresses in thepipework.

b) Socket Weld Flange (SW)

Socket weld flanges are often used on high pressure, haz-ardous duties but will be limited to a nominal pipe size (NPS)of 11/2 inches.

The pipe is fillet welded to the hub of the SW flange.Radiography is not practical on the fillet weld and correct fit-upand welding is therefore crucial. The fillet weld will normally beinspected by MPI or DPI.

c) Slip-On Weld Flange (SO)

Used typically on low pressure, low hazard services such asfire water, cooling water, etc. The pipe is “double-welded” bothto the hub and the bore of the flange and again radiography isnot practical. MPI or DPI will be used to check the integrity ofthe weld.

page 16 03000785, May 2000

Where specified, the SO flange will be used on pipe sizesgreater than 11/2 inches with a preference for the SW flange forsizes up to and including 11/2 inches.

d) Composite Lap Joint Flange

Comprises of a hub or “stub end” welded to the pipe and abacking flange or capped flange which is used to bolt the jointtogether. This type of flanged joint is typically found on Cuniferand other high alloy pipework. An alloy hub with a galvanisedsteel backing flange is cheaper than a complete alloy flange.The flange has a raised face and sealing is with a flat gasketsuch as a CAF sheet gasket.

e) Swivel Ring Flange

As with the Composite Lap Joint Flange, a hub will be buttwelded to the pipe. A swivel ring sits over the hub and allowsthe joint to be bolted together. Swivel Ring Flanges are nor-mally found on subsea services where the swivel ring facili-tates flange alignment. The flange is sealed using a RTJ metalgasket.

03000785, May 2000 page 17

03000785, May 2000

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

Raised Face Weld Neck Flange

Ring Type Joint Flange

03000785, May 2000 page 19

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

Raised Face Socket Weld Flange

Raised Face Slip-On Weld Flange

03000785, May 2000

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

Swivel Ring Flange

Composite Lap Joint Flange

2.5 Flange Specification and Identification

2.5.1 Specification

A flange is specified by the following information:

a) Type and Facing: i.e. whether the flange is for example “WeldNeck, RTJ” or “Socket Weld, RF”.

b) Nominal Pipe Size: required for all flanges, usually in inches.

c) Flange Pressure Class: required for all flanges, e.g. Class150, 300, 900, 1500, 2500 etc.

d) Standard: i.e. ANSI B16.5, BS 1560, API 6A, API 605 or ASMEB16.47.

e) Material: a material specification must be stated and will be asquoted in the piping specification.

f) Pipe Schedule: only for Weld Neck, Socket Weld, CompositeLap Joint and Swivel Ring flanges where the flange bore mustmatch that of the pipe, e.g. Schedule 10, 30, 40, ,80, 120, 160,etc.

2.5.2 Identification

Normally, the flange specification will be hard stamped on theflange. In the case of existing plant, the information may not belegible and it is then necessary to identify the flange by visualobservation and physical measurement.

a) Visual Observation: required to identify the type of flange andtype of gasket used.

b) Physical Measurement: required to identify the nominal boreand the class of the flange. Check the number of studbolts,

03000785, May 2000 page 21

studbolt diameter, studbolt Pitch Circle Diameter (PCD) andthe flange thickness. Compare these figures with standardflange data as found.

2.6 Pipe Flanges - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Always visually inspect the surface finish of the flange for inju-rious defects. It should be clean, degreased and free of anydefects, nicks or burrs. The permissible imperfections in flangesurface finish specified in ASME B16.5, Table 3 are not allowedfor critical applications. Raised Face and Flat Face flangesshould also be checked for flatness with a straight edge.

b) All rust and burrs must be removed, small scratches should beremoved by polishing, other defects may mean componentreplacement.

c) Check the phonographic or concentric groove on the face ofRaised Face and Flat Face flanges. Any radial defects forexample will be virtually impossible to seal against.

d) RTJ grooves must be kept scrupulously clean, corrosion freeand undamaged.

Don�ts

a) When cleaning a flange face, never use a tool which maydamage the surface finish. A soft wire brush is recommended.

b) Do not use unnecessary force, say by tirforing or pulling, tobring flanges which are clearly misaligned together. This mayoverstress adjacent pipework and will make sealing of the

page 22 03000785, May 2000

flanged joint difficult and unreliable. Instead, report the situ-ation.

c) Do not mate flanges manufactured to different standardsunless specified in an approved design.

2.7 Flange Surface Finish and FlangeDistortion

To create a seal, gasket has to fill up the voids in the flange surfacepresent because of surface finish and any flange rotation (or rela-tive distortion) between the two surfaces.

The flange surface will thus give a broad indication of which gasketmaterials are likely to be suitable. Finishes of standard raised faceflanges usually fall within the range 3.2 to 12.5mm, but this may beexpressed in micro inch or roughness number.

a) Sheet Jointing

The recommended surface finish for the compressed fibrejointing (above a thickness of 1 mm) is 3.2mm to 12.5mm Ra(125m in 500min. CLA). These values are also used for graphitelaminate (above a thickness of 0.8mm).

For tongue and groove flange facings or for very thin gaskets(0.4mm or below), a surface finish of 1.6mm to 6.3mm Ra (63to 200 in. CLA) is possible.

03000785, May 2000 page 23

Surface Finish

Roughness Number (BS 308)

Micro metre mm

Micro inch

12.5

500

N10

6.3

250

N9

3.2

125

N8

1.6

63

N7

Surface finishes below 1.6mm are not recommended due totheir negative effect on creep resistance of the gasket.

b) Spiral Wound Gasketing

This type of gasket requires a range of surface finishesdependent upon the application:

- General - 3.2mm to 5.1mm Ra (125min. to 200min. CLA)- Critical - 3.2mm Ra (125min. CLA).- Vacuum applications - 2.0mm Ra (80min. CLA)

c) Solid Flat Metal

A surface finish in the order of 1.6mm Ra is acceptable but formore critical conditions, a finish no more coarse than 0.8mmRa is preferred. Again for optimum performance, the smootherthe flange surface finish, the better the performance.

d) Metallic Ring Joint Gaskets

The angled surfaces (typically 23°) of both grooves and octag-onal gaskets and the contact faces of oval gaskets should havea surface finish no rougher than 1.6mm Ra.

e) Machining of Flange Faces

Under no circumstances should flange seating surfaces bemachined in a manner that tool marks extend radially acrossthe seating surface. Such tool marks are practically impos-sible to seal regardless of the type of gasket being used.

page 24 03000785, May 2000

3. Gaskets

3.1 Selection of Gasket Material

Assuming the mating flanges are in existence, the selection of thecorrect gasket material involves a logical series of considerationsand these are considered in turn.

03000785, May 2000 page 25

DO NOT CUT ORDEFORM A GASKETTO FIT A FLANGE.

3.2 Fugitive Emissions

Heightened awareness with regard to Health and the Environmentis leading to new and more stringent standard procedures and leg-islation. The goal is to reduce emissions to target levels currentlybased on the best available technology. These targets will inevitablybecome tighter in the future. Large companies have been aware ofthe issues for a number of years and will have a major part to playin the future standards and legislation. As early as 1994, FugitiveEmissions had a major impact on meeting the challenge set bymajor petrochemicals companies. Some companies set their ownhigh standards ahead of incumbent legislation.

Fugitive Emission Sources (Fluid Sealing Association)

PVRC (Pressure Vessel Research Committee)

page 26 03000785, May 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Valves ReliefValves

Pumps PipeFlanges

Compressor Other

TightnessClassification

Mass Leak Rate per mmfor Gasket DiameterClassification

Economy

Standard

Tight

0.2 mg/sec.mm

0.002 mg/sec.mm

0.00002 mg/sec.mm

T2

T2

T3

3.3 Compatibility with Fluid

The gasket should obviously not be affected by fluid being sealedover the whole range of operating conditions. The chemical resist-ance chart (see Appendix 1, Section 4) shows the resistance ofmany common jointing materials to a variety of chemicals. This is aguide only and should any doubt exist, then the gasket manufac-turer should be consulted.

3.4 Temperature

The gasket selected should have reasonable life expectancy at themaximum temperature encountered (or the minimum temperature iffor a low temperature application). A broad indication of the tem-perature pressure ratings of the common gasket materials is shownin the figure below.

Temperature/Pressure Guidelines forCommon Gasket Materials

03000785, May 2000 page 27

100

8TreatedPaper

Proofed WovenAsbestos

PTFE Sheath

CAF

Graphite Foil

Spiral Wound Gasket

Solid Metal

Rubber

120200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

10

17

64

100

130

300

340

1000

250 550

Inte

rnal

Pre

ssu

re (

bar

)

Temperature oC

(Note: Some new grades suitable for 1600oC)

Gasket materials are designed to compress under load to achievethe initial seal. However, to retain that seal, the gasket should beable to resist flow (or creep) to prevent loss of surface stress by boltreduction. This property is very important and is the one that mostreadily separates high quality from low quality gaskets.

Under ambient temperature conditions, most gasket materials donot creep significantly, but as the temperature rises beyond 100°C,creep becomes a serious consideration.

For all applications but particularly for low temperature applications,the following points should be observed:

• The gasket should be completely dry when installed (gaskets forsuch applications should be stored in a dry atmosphere).

• The required flange loading should be applied at ambient tem-perature.

Notes:

1. The above information is intended as a guide to the maximumpossible ratings of each class of jointing. It does not imply thatall the gaskets within each generic type are suitable for thetemperatures and pressures shown.

2. Even if the material chosen is theoretically suitable for the tem-perature and pressure, other factors should be consideredsuch as available bolting, flange facing type, shock loadings,etc.

3. Consultation with gasket experts should take place at thedesign stage to ensure that the gasket selected is suitable forall conditions of the application.

page 28 03000785, May 2000

3.5 Internal Pressure

The gasket has to be suitable for the maximum internal pressureexperienced; this is often the test pressure, which can be > 2 timesthe flange rating at ambient temperature.

Vacuum conditions need special considerations but as a guide:

• For coarse vacuum (760 torr to 1 torr): flat rubber or compressedasbestos fibre gaskets.

• For high vacuum (1 torr to 1x10-7 torr): rubber ‘O’ rings ormoulded rectangular seals.

• For very high vacuum (below 1x10-7 torr): specialised sealsrequired.

3.6 Special Considerations

There are many factors apart from those already considered thataffect the selection of the correct gasket material and type.

• Cycling conditions.

• If the service conditions include frequent thermal or pressurecycles, then the gasket has to be resilient enough to allow for theflange movements and strong enough to resist the mechanicalloading.

a) VibrationIf the pipeline is subjected to undue vibration, then the gaskethas to withstand the mechanical effects involved.

b) Erosive MediaCertain media (e.g. solids suspended in liquids) can slowlyerode gaskets leading to a much shorter life than expected. In

03000785, May 2000 page 29

such cases, choice of gasket material and selection of gasketdimensions are critical.

c) Risk of Contaminating the FluidSometimes the effect of contaminating the fluid by leachingchemicals from the gasket should be considered. Typicalexamples are in the sealing of potable water, blood plasma,pharmaceutical chemicals, food, beer, etc.

d) Corrosion of FlangesSome flange metals are prone to stress corrosion cracking(e.g. austenitic stainless steel). When using these, care shouldbe taken to ensure that the gasket material does not contain anunacceptable level of leachable impurities which may inducecorrosion. Such impurities include chloride ions.

e) IntegrityWhen integrity of a gasket is of prime importance (e.g. whensealing a highly toxic chemical), the choice of gasket may beinfluenced by the requirement for a larger safety margin. As anexample, a spirally wound gasket with an outer retaining ringmay be selected in place of a compressed asbestos fibregasket.

f) EconomyAlthough a gasket is a relatively low priced item, the conse-quential expense of leakage or failure should be consideredwhen deciding on quality, type and material of the gaskets.

Guidance

The following guidance is offered where pre-selection has not beencarried out. The table below is copied from BPA Standard GS 142-7 “Supply of Gaskets and Joint Rings for Bolted Joints”.

page 30 03000785, May 2000

03000785, May 2000 page 31

ServiceFlange Design Conditions

PressureClass

GasketSelection

FlangeFacing

Temp.oC

GeneralHydrocarbon

Steam/Con-densate,Boiler Feed Water

General Utilities

General Hydro-carbon, Steam/Condensate,Boiler Feed Water

General Hydro-carbon, Steam,Boiler Feed Water

Hydrogen

ChemicalOxidisers/HF Acid

-196/500*

-196/+500

-196/350

-40/+250

-196/+500

As perflange

material

-196/+500

As perflange

material

-40/+200

-40/+200

150300

600900

15002500

150300600

90015002500

150

150300600

RF

RF

RF

RTJ

RF

RTJ

RF

RF

Tanged GraphiteSheet

orSpiral Wound withFlexible Graphite

orSpiral Wound withNon Graphite Filter

Nitrile RubberBased Reinforced

Sheet

Spiral Wound withFlexible Graphite

Metal JointRing

Spiral Wound withFlexible Graphite

Metal JointRing

PTFE (reinforcedor envelope)

Spiral WoundPTFE Filler

Correct gasket selection and installation is of paramountimportance. The gasket creates the seal between the twoflange faces and contains the internal pressure at that joint.

3.7 RTJ (Ring Type Joint) Gaskets

RTJ gaskets are forged rings that fit into the machined groove of anRTJ flange. RTJ gaskets are generally used for high pressure appli-cations. Sealing is by metal-to-metal contact between gasket andflange. Solid metal joint rings have excellent tightness and toleranceto temperature and pressure changes once correctly bolted up. Veryclose attention must be given to their bolting up. Rings and groovefaces must be free of imperfections.

There are four different types of ring commonly available: Types R,RX, BX and AX. The most commonly used is Type R.

R TypeThese are either oval or octagonal in cross-section. The oval RTJ isthe original design. The octagonal RTJ is a modification to the ovaldesign and provides better sealing. R type rings may be specifiedfor Class 150 to 2500 flanges though are typically found on Class1500 flanges and often Class 900. The piping specification will statewhether an octagonal or an oval joint is to be used. R type ringsmay be used on either flat face or raised fact RTJ flanges.

page 32 03000785, May 2000

RX TypeRX gaskets fit and seal into the same groove sizes as do R typegaskets. Note that the RX gasket is wider than the R type gasketand the flange face-to-face separation will therefore be greater.

RX gaskets are normally specified up to Class 5000 API 6A Type Bflanges. They are used when a more effective seal is required whichis resistant to vibrations, shock loadings, etc., for example, on well-heads and Christmas trees.

The asymmetric cross-section makes the gasket self-energising.The outside bevel of the ring makes the initial contact with thegrooves of the flange and thus preloads the gasket against thegroove outer surface.

BX TypeThese are only used on API 6A Type BX flanges and are rated fromClass 5000 to 15000.

The pitch diameter of the ring is slightly greater than the pitch diam-eter of the flange groove. This preloads the gasket and creates apressure energised sea.

Type BX gaskets are NOT inter-changeable with R or RX gaskets.The groove on a flange which accommodates a BX gasket isdimensionally different to that for R and RX gaskets.

03000785, May 2000 page 33

When correctly fitted, the flange face-to-face separation using a BXgasket is zero.

Note: It is particularly important to check the flange face-to-faceseparation which must be uniform around the entire circumferenceof the flange. RTJ flanged joints are particularly susceptible touneven bolt tensioning and misalignment of the ring within thegroove.

RTJ Gasket Identification and Specification

a) Type: Whether R, RX or BX. If R, state whether octagonal oroval. The type of ring to be used will be specified in the pipingspecification.

b) Ring Number: For example R46 will fit a 6 inch NB Class 1500RTJ flange.

c) Material: A variety of materials is available. Again check withthe piping specification for the correct material. The materialgrade will have an identifying code. For example:

Soft Iron: DStainless Steel 316 : S316

page 34 03000785, May 2000

0

d) Standard: Either ANSI B16.20 or API 6A; as specified in thepiping specification (these two standards are equivalent andinterchangeable).

e) Identification: The type, ring number and material will alwaysbe marked on the side of the ring.

03000785, May 2000 page 35

Oval RTJ inOval Groove

Octagonal RTJ inOctagonal Groove

Oval RTJ inOctagonal Groove

3.8 Spiral Wound Gaskets

The standard of SW gaskets can vary considerably between man-ufacturers, and they should be obtained only from reputable sup-pliers.

Most Spiral Wound Gaskets now being used are Spiral Wound 316st/st Windings and Graphite Filler. These gaskets have a 316 st/stinner ring and coated carbon steel outer guide ring, but on someoccasions the outer ring could be stainless steel to provide corro-sion resistance to the external environment.

page 36 03000785, May 2000

Gasket NominalThickness

Recommended CompressedThickness

3.2 mm

4.5 mm

6.4 mm

7.2 mm

2.3 - 2.5 mm

3.2 - 3.4 mm

4.6 - 4.9 mm

4.8 - 5.0 mm

316 STAINLESSSTEEL WINDINGS

316 STAINLESSSTEEL INNER

GRAPHITEFILLER

CARBON STEELOUTER

These gaskets are fitted with an internal guide ring which:

• Provides an additional compression stop.• Restricts the lateral flow of the gaskets toward the bore.• Acts as a heat and corrosion barrier protecting the gasket and

flange.

By filling the annular space between the gasket and flange, itreduces turbulent flow of the fluid or the possibility of the accumu-lation of solids, and possible corrosion.

The piping specifications for each individual plant will be changedto accommodate the new gaskets. The stores Vocab numbers willremain the same for the equivalent size spiral wound type.

Spiral Wound Gaskets that may be present in flanges:

Spiral wound gaskets are typically used on intermediate pressuresystems and will be found on Class 300 flanges, Class 600 andClass 900 flanges.

03000785, May 2000 page 37

Filler Materials Temperature Limits

Special Canadian Asbestos

PTFE

Graphite

Ceramic

550oC

260oC

550oC

800oC

Flange Surface Finish Micro Meter

General

Critical

Vacuum

3.2 - 5.1

3.2

2.0

SW gaskets are used on RF flanges with a smooth surface finish,as quoted in “Surface Finish Values for Flange Facings for Class150 to 2500 Flanges”.

Where SW gaskets are used with standard Class 150 flanges andsmaller sizes of standard Class 300 flanges, the higher seating loadrequirements and low bolting availability necessitates use of highstrength bolting and proper bolting up procedures.

The use of gaskets with inner rings also increases the requiredbolting load.

3.8.1 Spiral Wound Section

This part of the gasket creates the seal between the flange faces. Itis manufactured by spirally winding a preformed metal strip and afiller material around a metal mandrel. Normally the outside andinside diameters are reinforced by several additional metal windingswith no filler.

When compressed, the combined effect of the metal winding andthe filler material will make the seal. The filler material will flow intothe grooves on the flange face and the metal winding will thenstrengthen and support the filler against the flange face.

3.8.2 Inner Metal Ring

The inner metal ring provides inner confinement to the gasket.Being of a specified thickness smaller than that of the uncom-pressed spiral windings, it acts as a compression stop, i.e. it pre-vents the windings from being over-compressed say due to over-tensioning of the studbolts or thermal growth of the pipework whenin operation. The inner ring also fills the annular space between theflange bore and the ID of the spiral wound section and thereforeminimises turbulence of the process fluids at that location and pre-vents erosion of the flange faces.

page 38 03000785, May 2000

Note that the spiral windings should never be exposed to the flowof the process fluids. The ID of the inner ring should be flush withthe bore of the flange and this should be checked prior to bolting up.

3.8.3 Outer Metal Ring

The outer metal ring acts as a compression stop and an anti-blowout device. It also centres the gasket on the flange face.

The spiral wound gasket should be centred on the flange with theouter ring resting against the studbolts. If this is not the case, theincorrect gasket has been chosen and should be changed.

3.8.4 Filler Material

For most applications in the petro-chemical industry, an asbestosfiller was usually specified. Asbestos is hazardous to health andeven though trapped within the spiral winding, SW gasketsshould be handled with care. Full procedures are available andshould be consulted. Piping specifications now quote a �non-asbestos� filler instead of asbestos. Graphite filler has nowtaken over as being the preferred filler material.

For special applications other materials are available, such asgraphite and ceramic fillers.

03000785, May 2000 page 39

3.8.5 Spiral Wound Gasket Specification and Identification

Spiral wound gaskets are supplied and identified as follows:

a) NPS and Flange Pressure Class: A class and nominal pipesize must be specified and must match that of the flange con-cerned. The class and size of the gasket will always be stampedon the outer ring.

b) Flange Type: Spiral wound gaskets are normally used onRFWN flanges. If used on SO flanges, this should be stated asspecial gasket sizes will be required for NPS up to 11/2 inches.

c) Filler Material: A variety of materials is available. Normallyasbestos was used but now graphite, PTFE, ceramic fillers, etc.are used predominantly. The filler material will be specified inthe piping specification. Identification is by way of a colour codeon the spiral wound section.

d) Winding Material: Winding material is important as it shouldbe resistant to the process conditions. The winding material willbe specified in the piping specification and is typically stainlesssteel. Identification is by a colour code on the outer ring.

e) Inner Ring: The inner ring will normally be the same materialgrade as the metal winding as it must equally resist the processconditions. Material grade will be specified in the piping speci-fication.

f) Outer Ring: Not such a critical parameter as the inner ring asit does not come into contact with process fluids. It is normallycarbon steel and again will be specified in the piping specifica-tion.

g) Standard: Usually ASME B16.20, BS 3381 or API 601.

page 40 03000785, May 2000

03000785, May 2000 page 41

3.8.6 Spiral Wound Gasket Colour Code Reference Chart

Warning:There are some process applications where graphite is unsuit-able. Refer to manufacturer�s data sheets for details.

Winding Material Colour Code

The outer ring of the SW gasket will be coloured to identify thewinding material. The ring may be only coloured on the outer edge.

Carbon Steel Silver304SS Yellow316SS Green347SS Blue321SS TurquoiseMonel OrangeNickel 200 RedTitanium PurpleAlloy 20 BlackHastalloy B BrownHastalloy C BeigeInc 600 GoldIncoloy White

Filler Material Colour Code

The spiral wound section of the SW gasket will be coloured to iden-tify the filler material, with flashes around the outer ring of the rele-vant colour.

Non-Asbestos PinkGraphite GreyAsbestos NonePTFE WhiteCeramic Light Green

Note that the above colour coding is based on API 601.

When inspecting gaskets already fitted to flanges, it can bedifficult to distinguish between white grey and light green.Users must be aware of this problem.

3.8.7 Spiral Wound Gasket in its Uncompressed State

page 42 03000785, May 2000

EXTERNAL RING INTERNAL RING

INNER RING ID

GASKET ID

GASKET OD

GUIDE RING OD

Joint in its Uncompressed State

Cross-Section through a Gasket

3.8.8 Surface Finish Values for Flange Facings

(Amends ANSI B16.5, 6.3.4.10)(All dimensions in mm)

3.9 Sheet Gaskets

Non-Asbestos Fibre (NAF) gaskets have now replacedCompressed Asbestos Fibre (CAF) gaskets.

They are used for low pressure applications and are typically foundon Class 150 and Class 300 flanges. They are normally used onRaised Face flanges (self-centering flat ring type gasket), but arealso used on Flat Face flanges (full face type gaskets are required).

3.9.1 Tanged Graphite Gaskets

Previously the predominant gasket used in BP Amoco has beenCompressed Asbestos Fibre (CAF). This material covers a widerange of applications, but has a known health risk.

03000785, May 2000 page 43

FlangeRatingClass

150

300 -2500

ALL

0.05

0.015

-

1.6

0.8

-

0.8

0.3

-

12.5

12.5

12.5

3.2

3.2

3.2

12.75

6.3

6.3

50

25

25

Turning†

Turning†

Other thanTurning

† The term "Turning" includes any method of machine operation producing either serrated concentric or serrated spiral grooves machined with a round nosed tool.

Methodof

Machining

Depthof

Serr.

Pitchof

Serr.

Min.mm

Max.mm

Min.mm

Max.mm

Rz

(Ref. Std. ISO 468)

RaRadius

ofTool

The replacement gasket material which contains no asbestos has astainless steel insert sandwiched between two layers of graphite. Ifnot handled correctly, the insert may cut personnel. This type ofgasket is known as a “ tanged gasket”. The gaskets are non-stick,especially on stainless steel faces.

The stainless reinforcement increases the tensile strength of thematerial, its load bearing capacity and handling characteristics. Italso improves its blow-out resistance under cycling conditions. Forlarger type gaskets, two stainless inserts may be used for greaterrigidity and ease of handling.

When handling this type of gasket, always use gloves.

Service Temperature -196oC to +450oCMax. Pressure at 150 Mpa Stress 200 barRecovery 13 - 19%Compressibility ASTM F36A 28 - 42%Sheet Size 1 x 1m or 1 x 1.5m

The use of plain graphite gaskets is not recommended in oxy-genated seawater handling systems. For such duties, a non-asbestos utility gasket should be used.

The piping specifications for each individual plant should bechanged to accommodate the new gaskets.

page 44 03000785, May 2000

GRAPHITELAYER

GRAPHITELAYER

0.005" St/StREINFORCED SHIM

3.9.2 Utility Gaskets

In utility non-hydrocarbon services up to Class 300, where the tem-perature is below 100oC, and in equipment blinding applications,high performance nitrile rubber based reinforced sheet containingnon-respirable glass fibres should be used.

3.9.3 Flat Rubber Gaskets

Flat rubber gaskets are normally found in the least hazardous andaggressive of conditions such as low pressure water services.Rubber gaskets are limited in use by temperature, pressure andchemical resistance. They are also liable to creep, e.g. if subjectedto excessive bolt loading or repeated hydrotest.

Rubber gaskets are usually full face and are used on flat faceflanges. Of the variety of rubbers available, that most commonlyused as a gasket is neoprene. Other rubber materials includenatural rubber, Viton and Nitrile.

Rubber Gasket Specification and Identification

a) NPS and Flange Pressure Class: Always to be quoted. Itshould be marked on the gasket. If not, check the correct fit ofthe gasket on the flange.

Alternatively, the gasket may be cut from rubber sheet. The boreof the pipe must not be restricted by the gasket and the entireface of the flange must be covered.

Check the thickness of the gasket by reference to the pipingspecification.

b) Material: Whether neoprene, nitrile, etc., refer to the pipingspecification.

03000785, May 2000 page 45

NOW NOT IN USE (FOR INFORMATION ONLY)

3.10 Compressed Asbestos Fibre Gasket (CAF)

CAF gaskets were used for low pressure applications and were typ-ically found on Class 150 and Class 300 flanges, and will probablystill be in many flange applications.

CAF gaskets were normally used on Raised Face flanges (self-cen-tering flat ring type gasket), but may also have been used on FlatFace flanges (full face type gaskets are required).

Though of apparently simple design, the CAF gasket should betreated with equal respect as with all gaskets to ensure effectivesealing.

CAF gaskets are manufactured from asbestos fibres bonded in anitrile rubber compound. Sealing is by a similar mechanism to thespiral wound gaskets where the gasket material is soft enough toflow into the phonographic groove on the flange face when com-pressed. Correct gasket thickness is therefore important.

The surface finish on RF flanges used with CAF gaskets will be rel-atively coarse compared to that for SW gaskets. The requiredsurface finish will be as stated in the relevant section on Class 150flanges.

The gasket may or may not be coated with graphite. The graphitehas non-stick properties and enables the easy removal of thegasket when a flange is split. Graphite coated CAF gasketsSHOULD NOT be used in the following instances:

a) Austenitic stainless steel flanges on water duties.b) Aggressive water duty (e.g. cement lined pipework).c) Duties where temperatures exceed 450 degrees C.

page 46 03000785, May 2000

Remember that CAF gaskets contain asbestos and should there-fore be handled carefully. If shaping a CAF gasket, do so by cutting,shearing or punching - NOT by sawing, grinding or drilling. Ifremoving an old CAF gasket from a flange, wet the gasket withwater to absorb any asbestos dust that may be freed, especially ifthe flange has to be scraped clean. Loose CAF waste should bedisposed of in sealed polythene bags and labelled as containingasbestos with an “asbestos warning” tag. Full procedures are avail-able and should be consulted.

CAF Gasket Specification and Identification

a) NPS and Flange Pressure Class: Always to be specified. Theinformation should also be marked on the gasket.

If not, check the correct fit of the gasket on the flange. It shouldbe centred when resting on the studbolts and the bore of thepipe should not be constricted. Alternatively the gasket may bea full face type, sized to the OD of the flange, particularly forsmall bore (less than 2 inch NB) pipework.

Check the thickness of the gasket. It will be quoted in the pipingspecification.

b) Gasket Coating: i.e. whether graphited or non-graphited. Thepiping specification should be consulted.

c) Standard: Normally BS 1832 or BS 2815 will be specified.

3.11 Gaskets for Lined Pipework

Joints in lined pipework are invariably flanged and gaskets oftenneed to create a seal despite many of the linings being of a softnature. Correct gasket selection is particularly important since:

03000785, May 2000 page 47

03000785, May 2000

• Many linings, whilst having a smooth finish, have undulating sur-faces on the flanges due to the method of manufacture (e.g.glass).

• There is usually a good reason for using lined pipework (e.g.chemically aggressive fluid or pharmaceutical fluid) and thegasket often has to be equal to the lining in terms of chemicalresistance and freedom from contamination.

• Linings tend to be of a fragile nature and bolt loads have to bekept low to prevent damage. This limits the choice of gasketmaterial.

• The gasket material has often to withstand the effects of aggres-sive cleaning fluids as well as the service fluids.

Types of Linings Available

Rubber Lined:A soft rubber gasket can be applied. A steel or ebonite spacer canbe used to prevent over-compression.

Plastic Lined:Gaskets are not normally required, but there are exceptions:• where there are dissimilar flange connections (e.g. pipe to valve);• where the lining is too undulating;• where the lining is applied via a dripping process, e.g. PVC.

Lead Lined:Creep resistant PTFE or a PTFE envelope with soft rubber insertcan be used.

Glass Lined:PTFE.

03000785, May 2000 page 49

3.12 Gaskets - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Check the type, class, size and material specification of thegasket before using it. Check with the piping specification toconfirm that it is correct. Only use gaskets with non-asbestosmaterials.

b) Check the gasket for damage, nicks, etc. Ensure that it is cleanand free from any contaminants before use.

c) Ensure that the gasket fits correctly.

d) Check the flange face-to-face separation once the gasket hasbeen installed and the bolts tensioned. A uniform separation isrequired. If not, the gasket could be locally crushed or deformedand will not seal properly.

e) Wire brush studs/bolts and nuts to remove any dirt on thethreads. Ensure that the nuts can run freely down the threadsbefore use. Coat the studs/bolts with a thin film of an approvedlubricant prior to installation.

f) Use pre-cut tanged reinforced sheet gaskets.

g) Wear gloves when handling tanged reinforced gaskets.

Don�ts

a) Do not re-use old gaskets. For every joint being made up, a newgasket should be used.

b) Do not use a gasket that has no identification. It may appear tofit the flange but this is not a guarantee.

03000785, May 2000

c) Do not cut or deform a gasket to fit a flange. If the gasketdoesn’t fit, the wrong one has been chosen.

d) Do not hand-cut tanged reinforced gasket sheet. Use pre-cutgaskets.

4. Compact Flanged Joints

A variety of different joint designs fall under the category of compactflanges. Each design is unique to its manufacturer and subse-quently reference to the joint normally involves quoting the manu-facturer’s name or a trade name, for example Graylok, Destec,Taper-lok and so on.

Compact flanges are used where savings in weight, space or mate-rial cost (especially so with exotic materials) are an advantage.

It is important to be able to recognise the different types of compactflanges available and brief descriptions of some available typesfollow.

4.1 Taper-Lok

The Taper-lok flange employs a conical gasket which is wedged asthe joint is tightened, thereby sealing on both its inside and outsidesurfaces. As internal pressure increases, the tapered gasket isforced in between the mating flanges, thereby further tightening theseal. Because of the male/female configuration requiring moreparts, Taper-lok joints have not been widely used by BP Amoco.

03000785, May 2000 page 51

The gasket - or joint ring - is externally visible allowing confirmationof installation. A relatively wide flange separation is required toremove the sealing ring and this may cause problems, especiallywhere springing of pipework is difficult.

Taper-lok flanges have been shown to be sensitive to misalignment.The flange gap must be maintained within 0.3mm uniformity inorder to prevent leakage. Sealing ring alignment must also be care-fully observed during bolt tightening.

Overtightening of the bolts can result in damage to the seal ring andcareful control of the bolt lubrication and torques is therefore essen-tial.

page 52 03000785, May 2000

Female Flange Male FlangeSeal Ring

(Seal Ring is shown loose and not sealed)

4.2 Graylock Coupling

The Graylok Coupling comprises bolting, clamps, hubs and a sealring as shown below. The function of the bolts is primarily to drawthe two halves of the clamp together and not to resist internal pres-sure. The seal ring is self-energised and also pressure-energised.

When assembling a joint, before bolting up, the stand-off betweenthe seal rib and the hub should be checked with a feeler gauge. Ifthe stand-off is smaller than the manufacturer’s recommendation,the seal must be replaced.

The seal ring and the hub sealing faces must always be lubricatedbefore assembly. A thin coat of molybdenum disulphide is normallyrecommended.

Other manufacturers produce compact flanges which are virtuallyidentical to the Grayloc, for example, Destec, Seaboard Lloyd,Techloc, Spolok, etc. NONE OF THESE DESIGNS IS INTER-CHANGEABLE.

03000785, May 2000 page 53

hub

sealring

clamp

4.3 Other Designs

There are a number of other compact flange designs, some ofwhich are either no longer manufactured or for which the manufac-turers have ceased to exist. The following diagrams illustrate a fewsuch designs.

page 54 03000785, May 2000

4.4 Compact Flanges Specification andIdentification

a) NPS and Flange Pressure Class: Some compact flanges useANSI B16.5 pressure ratings such as Class 600, 900, 1500, etc.Others require a design pressure to be specified.

b) Pipe Schedule: As specified in the pipe specification.

c) Material: Refer to the piping specification which will detail thematerial grade of the different components of the compactflange. Also obtain the manufacturer’s product data which willinterpret any abbreviations for material grade that may bestamped on the components.

d) Manufacturer�s Name/Trade Name/Model Number: A modelnumber may also be required for a particular compact flangedesign. Check with the manufacturer’s product data. This isthen sufficient to specify all the different components of thecompact flange: the seal ring, clamps, hubs, even the studbolts.The components will all be unique to the one manufacturer.

4.5 Compact Flanges - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Follow the manufacturer’s installation procedures. Each proce-dure will be different so it is important to use the correct one.

b) When assembling compact flanges that consist of two clamps,such as Grayloc, always align the clamps such that they sit tothe left and to the right of the pipe as opposed to top andbottom. This prevents water from collecting in the clamps.

03000785, May 2000 page 55

c) Many manufacturers state that their gaskets may be re-used.Always inspect a gasket for damage, deformation and wearbefore re-using it.

d) Follow the manufacturer’s disassembly procedures. Compactflange designs which include hubs, clamps and pressure ener-gised seal rings such as Grayloc and Seaboard Lloyd Clamplokshould be disassembled with care. Such designs can continueto contain residual pressure even with the studbolts removed,due to the wedging action of the clamp halves.

Always slacken the compact flange bolting and physicallydislodge the clamp halves as a safeguard against anytrapped residual pressure. Only then should bolting befully removed and the flange disassembled.

Don�ts

a) Never mix and attempt to match parts of different compactflanges. They may look the same but none are interchangeable.Only use the parts from the specified flange manufacturer.

4.6 Breaking Joints

a) Before starting, check that your permit to work is validfor the job in hand, and that the right protective clothing/equipment is worn.

b) Confirm that the line has been drained/vented or iso-lated as appropriate before attempting to break a joint.

c) Ensure that the correct tools for the job are availableand are used.

page 56 03000785, May 2000

d) When attempting to break a joint, avoid standingdirectly alongside or underneath the joint. Always breakthe bolt that is furthest away from you first, preferablythe bottom furthest bolt.

e) Continually check for leakage, seepage or signs ofpressure in the line - a hissing sound, a smell of gas,etc. Use a pair of wedges away from you to determinethis.

03000785, May 2000 page 57

BEFORE PARTINGA JOINT, ASSESSTHE FORCES INTHE PIPE.

f) If at any stage there is a sign of pressure in the line,stop work immediately. Re-tighten the joint tocontain the leak and then report the situation toyour supervisor. The line isolation will have to bechecked.

g) Never remove nuts from the studs until you have ascer-tained that the pipework is empty.

h) If a blank or a spade is being removed, or a spectacleblind is being swung, check the weight from the tables.If necessary, support with a chain block before anywork continues. Ensure the spectacle is clean and freefrom rust before releasing the studbolts.

i) Before finally parting a joint, always assess the forceson the pipe. Will the pipework spring apart? Is one halfof the joint unsupported? Temporary supports may beneeded.

4.7 Making Joints

a) Before starting, check that your permit to work is validfor the job in hand, and that the right protective clothing/equipment is worn.

b) Check if there is a procedure in place for carrying outthe intended work - and if so follow the procedure.

c) Determine the type, size and class of the flange to bebolted. Determine the piping specification number ofthe pipework. Check the material, coating and size ofthe studbolts. Check the type, pressure rating and sizeof the gasket. The studbolts and gasket specificationsfor the flanged joint must always match the descriptionsin the piping specification document.

page 58 03000785, May 2000

d) Only use the correct materials for the job. Never usedamaged materials and always use a new gasketwhen making up a joint.

e) If using a “cut from sheet” gasket, ensure that the boltholes and edges are flat with no burrs or ridges asthese will result in uneven stress loading and maycause a leak.

f) Ensure that the correct tools for the job are availableand are used.

g) Ensure the joint faces are clean before inserting joint.

h) Visually check the flanges for equal gap. If a larger gapappears on one side of the flange, tighten the boltwhich corresponds with the larger gap first.

i) Ensure the flanges are parallel after tightening.

j) Attach any QA Tags to the flange when applicable.

03000785, May 2000 page 59


page 60 03000785, May 2000

5. Bolting for Flanges and Covers

It is important to always use the correct nuts and bolts or studboltsin a given location and as defined in the piping specification.

03000785, May 2000 page 61

5.1 Bolt Material Grade

Choice of material grade is dependent on the duty of the line. Usingincorrect bolting could have serious consequences. For example,normal alloy steel bolting (B7) on a low temperature service is notsuitable as the bolting will be susceptible to brittle fracture.Stainless steel bolting has limitations at high pressure due to therelatively low strength of the stainless steel.

The piping specification will always specify the correct materialgrade of bolting to be used on a flanged joint. Common bolt speci-fications are abbreviated as follows:

a) Normal alloy steel: Grade B7 bolts x Grade 2H nuts.

b) Low temperature alloy steel: Grade L7 bolts x Grade L4 nuts.

c) Austenitic stainless steel: Grade B8M bolts x Grade 8M nuts.

If cutting bolts, always cut the end which is not stamped (seedrawing below).

5.2 Bolt Thread

The thread on all studbolts used on flanged piping joints is a UnifiedInch Series to either BS 1580 or ANSI BI.1. The thread is specifiedby quoting a certain number of threads per inch.

For alloy steel and stainless steel bolting, two thread types areused:

a) Bolt diameters up to and including 1 inch - a unified coarse(UNC) thread is used. The number of threads per inchdepends on the diameter of the bolt.

page 62 03000785, May 2000

b) Bolt diameters 11/8 inch and above - 8 threads per inch (TPI)or the 8 UN series is used.

All studbolts that are supplied to site should always conform tospecification.

5.3 Bolt Coating/Plating

Corrosion of bolting:

• threatens mechanical integrity;

• increases maintenance costs (e.g. nut seizures);

• creates safety concerns (e.g. hot bolting operations, loss ofintegrity).

Bolting may be purchased with a variety of different coatings. Thecoatings are designed to protect the bolt material from corrosion.Typical bolt coatings and plating include zinc plating, cadmiumplating and PTFE coating.

BP Amoco’s North Sea experience over recent years has been ofunsatisfactory performance of PTFE coated and electroplated low

03000785, May 2000 page 63

Rootor

Core

Thread Angle

Pitch

EffectiveDia.

FullDia.

Section ThroughThread

B7

2H

alloy steel bolting and that hot dipped spun galvanised bolting hasprovided better corrosion protection at reduced cost.

Bolts can be supplied with a variety of surface treatments. Thecommon options are:

Note that bolts with different coatings require different torquevalues to achieve the same bolt tension. It is therefore important notto mix studbolts with different coatings on a given flange, as it willbe difficult to achieve a uniform bolt tension on all the studbolts. Fullprocedures are available on bolt tightening and should be con-sulted.

A Note of Warning: Cadmium plated components give off toxicfumes when heated to sufficiently high temperatures. Therefore,heat should not be applied to release tight bolts. Furthermore,gloves should be worn when handling cadmium plated componentsto prevent skin abrasions.

page 64 03000785, May 2000

Type StandardMinimumThickness

Zinc and Cadmium Electroplate

PTFE Coating + Phosphate

PTFE Coating + Electroplate(Zn or Cd)

Sheradising (Barrelled in HotZinc Dust)

Spun Galvanised (Dipped inMolten Zinc)

BS 1706

-

-

BS 4921Class 1/2

BS 729

8 mm

30 mm PTFE

30 mm PTFE /8 mm Zn/Cd

30 mm / 15 mm

43 mm

5.4 Bolt Specification and Identification

a) Bolt Diameter: A flange of given class and size will have aspecific bolt hole diameter and a bolt diameter to suit.

b) Bolt Length: This is specific to the flange type, class and size.Two exceptions to the standard bolt length are:

i) If the flanges are to be tightened using bolt tensioningequipment, the bolt length must be long enough to suit theequipment.

ii) For flanges separated by a spade or spacer, consider thespade thickness and the additional gasket for selection ofthe studbolt length.

c) Material Grade: As specified in the piping specification.

The studbolt material grade will be stamped on the end of thestudbolt, either B7, L7, etc.

The nut material grade will be stamped on the end of the nut,e.g. 2H, L4, etc.

d) Bolt Coating: As specified in the piping specification, i.e.cadmium plating, zinc plating, PTFE coated, etc.

e) Thread: Should be the Unified Inch Series as specified in theprevious section.

f) Nuts: Should be “heavy series” hexagon nuts.

g) Standard: Full bolt material specifications are given in furthersections.

03000785, May 2000 page 65

h) Bolt Lubricant: The screw thread of each studbolt (and themating faces of each nut and washer) must be coated with athin film of an approved lubricant (i.e. molybdenum disulphide).

5.5 Tension Controlled Fasteners - Rotabolt

The only practical direct stress/strain measurement technique cur-rently available uses a specially adapted bolt such as “Rotabolt”(see drawing below).

These bolts can be utilised with any tightening technique to achievethe load, but the key is that the load (strain) is being measureddirectly to give an indication of bolt tightness.

page 66 03000785, May 2000

Stand Off

Control Cap

Grease Packed

Gauge Length

Rota Load Indicators are madein stainless but can be suppliedin other materials

The Cap is sealed with VitonO-rings & packed with CalciumGrease to eliminate corrosion

Gauge PinMade from compatible materialas parent stud to match thermalcoefficient of expansion

Gauge pin positivelyanchored here & tested inhostile conditions to provereliability of anchor

Normally 3 threads clearunless otherwise stated

The bolt consists of a standard industry bolt which is drilled at oneend along the axis to accept a headed pin and cap mechanismwhich acts as a mechanical strain gauge.

The drawing shows the arrangement: the headed pin is positivelyanchored to the base of the hole and retains a rotor and cap whichis free to spin in a pre-set air gap between the rotor and bolt face.

When tightening takes place, the stud begins to stretch (propor-tional to load) but the head pin does not, thus the air gap closes astightening continues to extend the bolt. When the air gap is fullyclosed, the rotor locks. The pre-set air gap is directly proportional tothe bolt extension (strain) and hence the stress in the bolt (and loadtransferred to the gasket joint). The user simply turns the cap byfinger and thumb while tightening the bolt until the cap locks.Continued tightening is unnecessary and simply over-compressesthe gasket and operates the bolt nearer to its yield point. Over-extension of the bolt does not damage the strain gauge mechanismsince the now locked rotor transfers load to the pin which then startsto extend with the bolt. When the load is removed, the pin returns toits original length along with the bolt (unless it has been over-stressed beyond yield).

Every Rotabolt is individually loaded in the factory in order to pre-set the air gap for the required load. The set load is then stampedon the end of the cap for easy identification.

Rotabolts are, however, much more expensive than standard boltingand should only be used where service duty is severe or previoushistory of joint leakage justifies. For example, the cost of continuallyFurmaniting a troublesome joint, together with the possible hydro-carbon losses and even unscheduled plant shutdowns, may easilyjustify the added expense. Rotabolts have already been usedthroughout BP Amoco on troublesome heat exchangers andflanges.

03000785, May 2000 page 67

For such troublesome joints or new exchanger designs, a standarddata sheet is available to allow engineers to collect all the essentialdetails for a joint design check to be made.

page 68 03000785, May 2000

GoCA Gi B

X

tt1

rf h

g0 g1

Gasket / Bolting Design Data SheetDimensions to: BS 5500: 1994ASME VIII Appendix 2 - ANSI B16.5

Identification from Drawing Insert:

WIN No.

TAG No. and Unit

Joint Identification

Original Design Code

Year of Manufacture

Manufacturer

Flange:

Type:

DesignPressureDesignTemperatureOperatingPressureCorrosionAllowance

Duty Fluid

Original TestPressure

Flange OD No. of BoltsA

Flange OD Diameter of BoltsB

Raised Face *Unless requested otherwise, all Rotabolts will besupplied with extra length of 2 1/2 - 3 threads ateach end over dimension X and 2 standard nuts.

rf

Hub Length h

Face to Face (SiteCheck) Rotabolt RequiredX

Flange Thickness (notincluding raised face) Bolt/Tension Required

YES

YES

NO

NOt

Hub Thickness,Flange End or Hub OD Flange Endg1

Hub Thickness,Shell EndFlange FaceSurface FinishSpecial Joint Configuration, i.e. tongueand groove - detail required

Smooth Face:3.2 - 6.3 mm

Spiral Finish:6.5 / 12.5 mm

Spiral Finish:12.5 / 25 mm

or Hub OD Shell Endg0

Bolt PCD Special Bolting YES / NO - tick approp. boxC

Shell Side

Comments

Tube Side

Dimension on Drg. Dim. Bolt Data

Sketch or Attachments

Design Data Required for Calculationsfor Bolting / Joint

Material Grades

Flange and Bolt Information

(Delete as appropriate)General Notes for Rotabolt Supply and Installation:

1.

2.

3.

As the temperature rises, you can expect to flog the bolts a further2-4 times to obtain the required tension settings. It is important thatyour detail plans reflect this significant man-hour content correctly.

Bolt grade is stamped on opposite end of bolt to Rotabolt cap.

If bolt tensioning is to be used for the tightening mechanism, thenthe extra length will be supplied at the opposite end to theRotabolt cap. When bolt tensioning, the Rotabolt cap must be atthe opposite end to the extra length.

On large flanges, to obtain uniform and "locked" Rotaboltsrequires several trips around the bolt circle when the unit is cold.

Existing Gasket Data

Shell:

Material: Thickness (t1) OD (Go) I/D (Gi)

Phone/Fax No.Requester Asset Date

Bolting:

YES (drg. attached) NO

Comparison of Techniques

The table below gives a guide to the accuracy of achieving thetarget bolt load:

Techniques:

• Impact Wrenches ± 60%

• Hand Spanners ± 60%

• Manual Torque Wrenches ± 30%

• Torque Multipliers ± 30%

• Pneumatic Torque Multipliers ± 40%

• Hydraulic Torque Wrenches ± 30%

• Hydraulic Bolt Tensioners ± 10%

• Rotabolt ± 5%

03000785, May 2000 page 69

03000785, May 2000

5.6 Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning

High pressure flanges, large diameter flanges and flanges on haz-ardous services are often made up using Hydraulic Bolt Tensioners.

The Bolt Tensioners operate by hydraulically “stretching” thestudbolt to a pre-defined limit after which the operator is then ableto hand-tighten the nuts. The hydraulic load is then released and thestudbolt remains tensioned. The advantage of tensioning(stretching) against torquing is that the process is not dependent onthe type of lubrication used and eliminates the effect of frictionunder the nut and between threads. Accurate bolt tensions aretherefore obtained.

To pull down the flange evenly, several bolts can be tensioned at thesame time. All the studbolts will eventually be tensioned after suc-cessive “passes” of the bolt tensioning eqiupment.

Note that the use of the bolt tensioning equipment usually requiresthe studbolts to protrude past the nut by an additional bolt diameter.Obstructions such as pipe supports and instrument tappings mayprevent the bolt tensioning equipment from being fitted over thestudbolt. In such cases, hydraulic torque wrenches will then be usedto tension the bolts.

Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning is a specialised activity. Only trained per-sonnel carry out the bolt tensioning using equipment in good order.

03000785, May 2000 page 71

Hydraulic Bolt Tensioneror

Jacking Tool

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

PISTON

THREAD INSERT

SEAL

LOAD CELL

BRIDGE

OIL

03000785, May 2000

5.7 Flange and Bolt Protection

Considerable time may be lost when attempting to loosen rustystudbolts. Therefore, to protect the studbolts from deterioration, par-ticularly those in an exposed environment, flange protectors andbolt (or thread) protectors are used.

Flange protectors fit around the circumference of the two matingflanges and the enclosed space is then filled with a grease. Threadprotectors fit over the nut and are also filled with a grease via agrease nipple. Alternatively, grease impregnated fabric such as“Densotape” may be used to protect studbolts.

Flange and thread protectors are most typically found on flangeswhich have been hydraulically bolt tensioned.

5.8 Bolting - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Ensure that the correct size and material of bolting is used.(Refer to the piping specification.)

b) Allow for two threads to be exposed outside the nut once tight-ened; this is good practice. The only exception is when a flangerequires hydraulic bolt tensioning and the additional length ofbolt to be exposed outside the nut will be specified.

c) Only use clean, rust-free nuts and studbolts.

d) Coat the stud, the nut thread, the nut and the flange bearingsurfaces with the selected bolt thread lubricant.

03000785, May 2000 page 73

Don�ts

a) Do not use damaged or worn studbolts, bolts or nuts.

b) Do not use nuts or bolts that do not fit correctly together.

c) Do not use bolting that cannot be correctly identified.

d) Do not mix studbolts with different coatings on a particularflange. Different bolt coatings require different torques toachieve the same bolt tension, as some coatings are more lubri-cating than others.

e) Nuts should not be assembled with the hard stamp or padagainst the flange. The machined face should always come intocontact with the flange.

f) Do not use bolting which is not clearly marked with the correctmaterial grade - a wrong assumption could have serious con-sequences.

5.9 Manual Bolt Tightening

Once a flanged joint has been prepared, the correct gasketobtained (as confirmed by reference to the piping specification), thebolts and nuts cleaned or replaced (and material confirmed correctby reference to the piping specification), the joint may be assem-bled.

Guidance on the torque required for the joint, and for the type oflubricant to be used, must be obtained. The torque required toachieve a given bolt tension (recommended to be 50,000 psi) will beaffected by the following factors:

a) Nominal bolt diameter.b) Bolt material grade.c) Bolt and nut face lubricant.

5.9.1 Manual Bolt Tightening Procedure

For successful jointing of a flange, it is important to evenly tensionthe stud bolts. Uneven or incorrect bolt tensions will not seat thegasket properly and the end result will be a flange that is likely toleak under test or in service. Tested joints may leak in service dueto temperature variations across the flange face which are not seenduring testing.

The recommended manual flange bolt tightening procedure is asfollows:

a) Ensure that the flanges are parallel and axially aligned.

b) Lubricate the nut and bolt threads, and the contact face of thenut on the flange.

c) Locate the gasket and lightly nip the bolts.

d) Tighten evenly to approximately one third of the final torqueworking on diametrically opposed bolts following the sequenceshown in “Typical “Criss-Cross” Bolt Tightening Sequence onpage 76.

e) Repeat the tightening sequence in at least three more steps tothe full torque. If required by the procedure, use a torquewrench.

f) Finally re-tighten adjacent bolts, start and finish at the samebolt, e.g. 1, 3, 2, 4 and 1. Use a torque wrench if required bythe procedure.

page 74 03000785, May 2000

5.9.2 Troubleshooting

Persistent leakage may be due to one or a combination of the fol-lowing:

a) Inadequate or uneven bolt tension. Note that excessive tight-ening may lead to bolt yielding, gasket damage, flange distor-tion, etc. All of these will make the leak worse.

b) Damage to the flange sealing faces, particularly radial dentsand scratches, or the wrong surface finish. If in doubt, ask forhelp from a competent Supervisor or Engineer.

c) Hot or cold joints are generally more problematic than ambientjoints. For a flange at ambient temperature being heated by hotprocess fluids, initially the inner part of the flange is heated andexpands, whilst the bolts remain at ambient temperature.Hence the bolt load increases. If this load increase yields thebolts or crushes the gasket, when the bolts heat up and theload evens out, the flange may leak. This is one of the reasonswhy great care is required to obtain the correct bolt load whenmaking up joints.

03000785, May 2000 page 75

03000785, May 2000

Typical �Criss-Cross� Bolt Tightening Sequence

37

11

2

6

104

8

1

5

9

12

3

7

11

15

2

6

10

4

8

1

5

9

12

16

14

13

3

2

4

14 BOLT

FLANGE

12 BOLTFLANGE

16 BOLTFLANGE

20 BOLTFLANGE

24 BOLTFLANGE

8 BOLTFLANGE

3

7

2

6

4

8

1

5

3

717

11

15

2

610

14

20

48

18

1

59

13

12

16

19

3

521

15

13

1

17

9

820

24

124

6

2

23

14

1119

7

10

18

1622

5.10 Bolt Tightening - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Full bolt tightening procedures should be available for theflange size and ratings and the bolt material to be worked upon.The procedure will specify the tools and lubricant to be used. Ifin doubt, consult a competent Supervisor or Engineer.

b) Number the studs and the nuts as an aid to identification andfor applying the criss-cross bolt tightening sequence depicted inthe following figure.

c) If using a torque wrench, hand-tighten the studbolts with a shortwrench first before torquing. Use the criss-cross bolt tighteningsequence. Confirm that the torque wrench is still in calibration.If in doubt, ASK.

d) When using a torque wrench, consult the bolt tightening proce-dure to determine the correct torque settings.

Don�ts

a) Do not draw the flange up tight on one or two bolts only. Thiswill cause local gasket crushing or pinching and will ultimatelyresult in a leaking flange.

b) Do not overtighten bolts and take particular care with smallbolts, i.e. those less than 1 inch in diameter.

c) Do not align/draw misaligned pipework spools together usingflange bolts without specific agreement from the MechanicalSupervisor

d) Do not flog - results are variable and indeterminate.

03000785, May 2000 page 77

03000785, May 2000

5.11 Hot Bolting

The removal and replacement of flange bolts on live piping andequipment is practised for several reasons:

• for replacing corroded or damaged bolts;• for upgrading the material specification/grades of bolts; or• to minimise the time spent freeing bolts during plant shutdown.

The practice of removing and replacing or freeing and re-tighteningbolts on live equipment is potentially hazardous and the utmostcaution therefore needs to be exercised when planning and carryingthese operations.

The replacement must only be carried out under permit, and undercontrolled conditions. Because it involves working on live equip-ment, each application must be specially reviewed beforehand.

HOT BOLTING?

03000785, May 2000 page 79

Detailed procedures must be in place for the control of hot boltingand must be observed.

For further information, see EEMUA Information Sheet No. 17 Rev.1, dated May 1999.

5.12 Restrictions on Hot and Odd Bolting

a) Marginal time savings during shutdowns on disjointing shouldnot be considered sufficient incentive for Hot Bolting opera-tions.

b) A formal engineering review of the proposed Hot Bolting oper-ation must be carried out to establish that there are no unac-ceptably high external loads and bending moments acting onthe joint. The review should consider, as a minimum, the fol-lowing:

i) Contents of the line or eqiupment.ii) Design and operating pressures and temperatures.iii) Possible upset conditions.iv) Position and functionality of piping supports.v) Position and type of expansion bellows fitted.vi) Maintenance history of the joint.

c) Flanges should have a minimum of 8 bolts.

d) Hot Bolting shall not be considered when the operating pres-sure exceeds 60% of that specified in ASME/ANSI B16.5,Annex G, Table G for any given flange rating.

e) A thorough inspection of the flange assembly should be con-ducted to verify the integrity of the flange and fasteners. Theseoperations should not be allowed if bolts and nuts show signsof corrosion, necking or are suspected of having cracks.

03000785, May 2000

f) Equipment containing toxic materials shall not be Hot Bolted.

g) Consideration must be given to the accessibility of the areaand that adequate escape routes are available, should uncon-trolled flange leakage occur.

To repeat - it is essential that each application is reviewedbeforehand. The operation must be carried out under strictlycontrolled conditions.

5.13 Insulation Kits for Bolts

Insulation kits are designed to prevent galvanic corrosion betweenflanges of dissimilar metals, for example a carbon steel flangebolted to a stainless steel flange. A conducting liquid such as watermust be present between the two flanges for galvainc corrosion tooccur. On oil and dry gas duties, insulating gaskets ARE NOTrequired.

Because of the general unreliability of insulating gaskets, their useshould be minimised to areas where only absolutely necessary andonly then when agreed with by your Engineering Department.

If used, the insulation kit will consist of the following:

a) insulating gasket;

b) insulating sleeves to be placed around the studbolts;

c) insulating washers and steel washers.

Note: The conditions that cause galvanic corrosion (two dissimilarmetals brought into contact with a conducting medium) must beguarded against. Uncoated carbon steel studbolts used on stain-less steel flanges in a wet environment, and carbon steel pipework

03000785, May 2000 page 81

screwed into brass gate valves on water duties, are two examplesof “galvanic cells” which can easily be avoided.

Three types of kit are available:

a) Full Face Gasket Insulating Set

This set is suitable for both flat face and raised face flanges.The gasket style has the advantage of minimising the ingressof foreign matter between the flanges and therefore reducesthe risk of a conductive path between the two flanges.

1/8" THICK STEEL WASHER

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

1/8" THICK INSULATING WASHER

INSULATING SLEEVE

1/8" THICK INSULATING GASKET

1/8" THICK INSULATING WASHER1/8" THICK STEEL WASHER

03000785, May 2000

b) Inside Bolt Location Gasket Insulating Set

Is only suitable for raised face flanges and the gasket islocated within the bolts.


��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��


INSULATING SLEEVE

1/8" THICK INSULATING GASKET


03000785, May 2000 page 83

c) Ring Joint Gasket Insulating Set

The insulating oval RTJ will fit into a standard RTJflange ring groove. The kits are not used on BPAmoco sites as they are presently considered to betoo unreliable.

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��


��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��

��


INSULATING SLEEVE

INSULATING RING JOINT GASKET


03000785, May 2000

5.14 Insulating Kit Identification andSpecification

a) Nominal Pipe Size and Pipe Schedule: Must always bespecified. Insulating gaskets, unlike CAF gaskets, are an exactfit, from the OD to the ID of the flange.

b) Flange Pressure Class: Always to be specified.

c) Style of Insulating Kit: Full face or inside bolt location. RTJgasket insulating sets are not used by BP Amoco.

d) Gasket Material: Usually phenolic laminate or neoprene facedphenolic laminate.

5.15 Insulating Kits - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Always use a new insulating kit which has not been removedfrom the manufacturer’s sealed package. Good insulationrequires the insulating parts of the kit to be clean and undam-aged.

b) Follow the manufacturer’s installation instructions.

c) Use a torque wrench or tensioning equipment to tension thestudbolts to the manufacturer’s recommendations. This isimportant as insulating gaskets are particularly susceptible tosplitting or crushing if overloaded.

d) Ensure that the flange face and the studbolts are clean.

03000785, May 2000 page 85

e) Check for any conducting paths between the two matingflanges which would otherwise render the insulating gasketsineffective.

f) If in doubt, seek advice from your Engineering Department.

Don�ts

a) Do not re-use old, damaged or unclean insulating kits. Thesewill not provide effective insulation and may be subject togasket failure.

b) Do not mix and match parts from different insulation kits.

c) Do not use air driven impact tools when bolting up a flange asthe may cause the insulating washers to crack.


page 86 03000785, May 2000

03000785, May 2000 page 87

6. Spading and Blanking of Flanges

A line is positively isolated by either inserting a spade between twoflanges, swinging a spectacle/blind or installing a blind flange on theend of a flange.

Use of the correct spade or blind is imperative as the thickness ofthe spade is calculated to withstand the full test pressure of the linebeing isolated. If too thin, the spade may bow between the flangesor even fail!

See a selection list of reversible spade thicknesses for differentflange sizes and classes.

Before inserting or swinging a spade, the line must be depres-surised and gas freed. Check the face of the spade or spectacle forpitting as this face may have been out in the weather for a consid-erable period of time. The same safety precautions as whenbreaking any flanged joint apply here.

When inserting a spade or spectacle blind, always use new gasketsand use the same procedure for bolting up a flange of equivalentsize and class.

It is important to recognise the status of a spade as this indicateswhether the line has been isolated or not. The following diagramsillustrate the basic differences.

03000785, May 2000

ISOLATED

ISOLATED

NOT

ISOLATED

NOT

ISOLATED

IsolatedSpade

IsolatedSpectacle

Not IsolatedSpectacle

Not IsolatedSpacer with

Indicator Hole

03000785, May 2000 page 89

7. Screwed Piping Joints

The use of screwed piping joints, especially on new installations orplants, is becoming increasingly uncommon. On older sites, anabundance of screwed joints may still be found on a variety of serv-ices.

7.1 Threaded Joints

A variety of threaded joints exists. Those used on pipeworkare always tapered and identified by a standard, either NPT(American National Taper Pipe Thread) or BSP (BritishStandard Pipe Taper Thread). The two threads are notinterchangeable. Both 1/2” and 3/4” NB BSP and API havethe same number of threads (TPI) but have differing threadangles.

Sealing on a threaded joint will only take place on 2 to 3threads within the joint once fully tightened. A thread com-pound is used to lubricate the threaded joint when initiallymaking it up. As the joint is tightened, the compound isforced into the peaks and troughs of the thread, therebyblocking potential spiral leak paths. Sealing between the

TAPERED THREAD

METAL TO METAL SEALOF THESE SURFACES

PTFE TAPE or LIQUID JOINTINGCOMPOUND FILLS THESE GAPS

mating sides of the thread is primarily by metal-to-metalcontact; the thread compound will assist this by filling anysurface imperfections such as scratches on the threadfaces.

7.2 Sealing on a Threaded Joint

a) Reference Documents

BP RP 42-1 (formerly CP12)

BPOGRL Piping Specification EM/STAN/42-01

BPOGRL Practice - Use of Threaded Fittings EM/P0U42-02

BS 6920 Pt 1 Suitability of Non-Metallic Products on PotableWater Duties

b) Aim

Jointing compound is to act as a lubricant and sealant toprovide a pressure-tight joint. No compound or tape to be usedif the fittings are to be welded.

It shall be stable and not react unfavourably with either theservice fluid or the piping material and shall not be subject toany disintegration that could lead to line blockages. Thesystem should also have an earth continuity.

c) PTFE Tape

PTFE tape is the most common “thread compound” available.The correct amount of PTFE tape used on a threaded joint isvery important. Too little, and a seal is unlikely to be made. Toomuch could be lethal. PTFE tape must never be used tobuild up a thread - when under pressure the joint couldblow apart.

page 90 03000785, May 2000

PTFE is not to be used on bull plugs on heat exchangers.Liquid thread compound only is to be used as there is no iso-lation between the thread and the process.

PTFE tape is supplied in several thicknesses ranging fromStandard (0.075 mm thick) to Heavy Duty (0.2 mm thick).Which to use depends on the pipe (or tubing) size and themaximum pressure. Heavy Duty tape is used on “mechanical”pipe joints. Standard tape is commonly used on low pressure(up to 10 bar) small bore (3 to 25 mm diameter) instrumenttubing.

d) Liquid Thread Compounds

A variety of liquid thread compounds is available that will lubri-cate and seal a threaded joint. There is no risk in the “over-application” of a liquid compound, as there is with PTFE tape.Excess liquid will simply exude from the joint.

The manufacturer’s recommendations on use must always befollowed. Some compounds have limitations on service duties.Others require a setting time before pressure can be applied tothe system. Lists of the variety of thread jointing compoundsand their limitations on use are given below.

Jointing compounds should not be applied to any threadedjoints on stainless steel or other exotic materials until thechemical compatibility has been checked.

03000785, May 2000 page 91

7.3 Table of Thread Jointing Compounds

page 92 03000785, May 2000

ThreadServicesSealant

PTFE Tape(to BS5292,Standard,0.075mm)

PTFE Tape(to BS5292,Heavy Duty,0.2mm)

PermabondA131(AnaerobicAdhesive/Sealant)

Rocol"Oilseal"(ThixotropicLiquid)

Rocol "FoliacManganese"Applications(with PX'Linseed OilSlight OilBased Paste)

Up to1" NB

Up to1.5" NB

Up to1.5" NB

Up to1.5" NB

Up to1.5" NB

Up to10

Up to100

Up to207

Up to138

200Maximum

-190to

+200

-190to

+200

-55to

+150

-50to

+200

600Maximum

All services, except:- Downstream of Instrument Air Filter/ Regulators- Air to Breathing Apparatus

All services, except:- Downstream of Instrument Air Filter/ Regulators- Air to Breathing Apparatus

All services, except:- Refrigerant R22- Low Temperature Cyclic duties with differing metals

All services, except:- Sodium Hypochlorite- Methanol- Refrigerant R22- Firefighting Chemicals- Chemical Injection Fluids

High Pressure WaterApplications (withSlight OilComtamination)

Not Suitable for OilService

Service ThreadSize

Temp.(˚C)

PressureRange(bar g)

03000785,May 2000

page 93

WaterPortable

Boss White

Boss Green

Boss Graphite

Boss Magnesia

Stag A

Stag B*

PTFE Paste Gold End

Capaltite

Stag B is recommended for use in corroded or poorly machined threads, but only whenthe preferable alternative of a correctly made, good condition joint is not feasible.

*

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

WaterNon-

Portable

100psig

SteamHydro-

carbonsHF

Acid BrineAir

03000785, May 2000

7.4 Screwed Unions

When pipe rotation is not permissible or practicable, say whenjoining a screwed pipe system, a screwed union is used. A threadedring nut connects the two halves of the union and the seal is madeby metal to metal contact of the profiled faces shown below. The twohalves of the union may either be screwed or socket welded to thepipe, as permitted by the pipe specification.

'A'

HEXAGON NUT, SCREWSONTO PART 'A' TO PULLUP AND MAKE THE SEAL

TWO HALVES OFUNION SCREWEDTO PIPE

MATING SURFACESFOR SEAL

03000785, May 2000 page 95

7.5 Screwed Joints Specification andIdentification

a) Nominal Pipe Size: Always to be specified (only Sch. 80 andabove pipe to be threaded).

b) Thread: Whether NPT, NPS, BSP, etc. The only reliable way toidentify a thread is by using a profile gauge.

c) Note: NPT and NPS are 60 deg. thread angle while BSP is 55deg. thread angle.

03000785, May 2000

7.6 Screwed Joints - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Take care when unscrewing a joint, even though the systemmay have been depressurised:

- The seal on a union type joint breaks as soon as the ring nutis slackened.

- Threaded joints continue to seal until the threads finallyrelease, giving no warning of internal pressure. It is there-fore particularly important not to stand in front of plugsor caps when slackening them.

b) Prior to making a joint, check for thread damage, correct profileand correct engagement. Check with thread gauge if neces-sary.

c) Before applying any thread compound, a threaded joint shouldbe made up dry by hand. For pipe sizes up to 1 1/2 inch NB,ensure that at least 4 to 5 threads engage.

d) Check if there are any restrictions on the use of PTFE tape.There may be a total ban on PTFE tape, or it may be restrictedto low pressure non-hazardous duties or just to non-hydro-carbon duties.

- If using PTFE tape, ensure that you are using Heavy DutyPTFE tape (0.2 mm thick) on the mechanical (as opposed toinstrument) threaded joints. Wrap the tape in a clockwisedirection, no more than two layers thick and starting at theend of the pipe.

- If using a liquid thread compound, follow the manufac-turer’s recommendations. Some compounds have restricteduse and others require a setting time.

03000785, May 2000 page 97

e) Thread tape should not be used on Bull Plugs, i.e. testingpoints onn exchanger nozzles.

f) When wrenching up screwed joints from hand-tight, for pipesizes up to 1 1/2 inch NB at least 3 more threads should beengaged (at least 7 to 8 threads engaged in total). For largerpipe sizes, thread engagement should be checked from ANSIBI.20.1 - Pipe Threads, General Purpose.

g) It may be necessary to use a thread locking compound on thelock nut of union type joints. This prevents them from looseningdue to vibrations.

Don�ts

a) Do not cross threads, force screwed joints together or attemptto mate unmatched threads. A seal will not be made.

b) Do not make a seal by applying excessive PTFE tape tothreaded joints. If a seal cannot be made, the threads are prob-ably damaged and new threads should be cut on a freshsection of pipe.

c) PTFE tape should never extend beyond or overhang the firstthread on a joint as tape could shred and enter the fluid system.


page 98 03000785, May 2000

8. Compression Fittings

Compression Fittings are predominantly used on instrumentpipework. There are numerous designs available but that used mostby BP Amoco for low pressure instrument duties is the SWAGELOKdouble ferrule compression fitting. Other types of compression fit-tings are used on high pressure and/or hydraulic duties.

The SWAGELOK compression fitting comprises 4 parts - a nut, aback ferrule, a front ferrule and a body. When making a connectionfrom new parts, the action of tightening the nut results in both thefront and back ferrules swaging the tube. In particular, the backferrule acts as a wedge and forces the front ferrule against the tube.This swaging process usually requires about 11/4 turns of the nutfrom hand-tight to achieve.

No torque is transmitted to the tube when tightening the nut. Thetube will therefore not require restraint and there is no initial strainwhich would otherwise weaken the tube.

Once the compression fitting has been made, it may be repeatedlyundone and retightened with no adverse effects to its sealing capa-bility. As the tube will have already been swaged, only a 1/4 turn ofthe nut from hand-tight will be required to make the seal. Note thatthe front and back ferrules on a correctly swaged tube (when dis-mantled) should both be free to rotate.

Instrument pipe specifications are available and should be used tospecify material requirements in exactly the same manner as withpipe and pipe fittings. The appropriate “instrument piping specifica-tion” will be referenced in the piping specification for a particularpipe class. Hence it is necessary to identify the pipe class of thepipework to which the instrument fittings are connected.

03000785, May 2000 page 99

03000785, May 2000

Stainless Steel OD Pipe

NPT Thread

NUT

BACKFERRULE

FRONTFERRULE

BODY

8.1 Compression Fitting Specification andIdentification

a) Fitting Manufacturer: State the manufacturer and the manu-facturer’s reference code for the particular fitting that yourequire. Refer to the instrument piping specification.

b) Tube OD: CARE!! Metric and imperial compression fittings areincompatible. Refer to the instrument pipe specification tocheck which is used.

c) Tube Wall Thickness: Normally not required. If in doubt aboutwhat appears to be a very thick or thin wall, check with themanufacturer, as they normally set limitations on the tube wallthickness.

d) Pressure: Again, not normally required but quote if in doubt.Other types of compression fittings will be specified for highpressure applications.

e) Fitting Material: Must be quoted and will be as specified in theinstrument piping specification.

f) Fitting Body Connection: Dependent on the application. Avariety of body connections is available and must be quoted tocomplete the description of the compression fitting, e.g. maleNPT straight, elbow or tee connectors, female connectors forparallel pipe thread, unions, reducing unions, etc.

03000785, May 2000 page 101

03000785, May 2000

8.2 Compression Fittings - Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Ensure that the compression fitting is free of dirt or any foreignmaterial. The tube to be fitted must also be clean. The tube endmust be cut square and any burrs should be removed.

b) Follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedure for tight-ening up the fitting when new. Swagelok compression fittingsgenerally require 11/4 turns of the nut from finger-tight to obtainan effective seal. (Small tubing - 2, 3 and 4 mm - only requiresa 3/4 turn.)

c) Once tightened, check the gap between the nut and the body ofthe fitting with a Swagelok Inspection Gauge. If the gauge fits,then additional tightening of the nut is required.

d) When retightening a disconnected fitting, the nut will not requireas much tightening as when making the connection from new.Swagelok fittings require about 1/4 of a turn from hand-tight toregain the seal. Use the inspection gauge to check.

e) Metric and Imperial compression fittings are incompatible,therefore check which is being used. Swagelok metric com-pression fittings have a stepped shoulder machined on the nuthex and the body hex. The letters MM will also be stamped onshaped body fittings.

Don�ts

a) Do not combine or mix parts from various compression fittingmanufacturers. The components may have different dimensionsand tolerances and a seal will be difficult to achieve.

03000785, May 2000 page 103

b) Never turn the fitting body to make up the joint. The body shouldbe held and the nut rotated.

c) Do not use stainless steel tubing with brass fittings. The metaltubing material should either be the same or softer than thefitting material.

d) Do not use tubing which is scratched, depressed or deformed.Similarly, do not force oval tube into a fitting. The tube should becut back to sound material.

e) Do not use PTFE tape of any other thread sealing compoundbetween the nut and the body of the compression fitting.

f) Never bleed down a system by loosening the compressionfitting nut.

03000785, May 2000


03000785, May 2000 page 105

9. Elastomeric O-Ring Seals

This section only applies to O-rings used on static seals such asbolted covers and joints. Dynamic seals, as found on pump shaftsfor example, are not covered.

The sealing arrangement on a static seal typically involves a groovecut into the face of the joint surface and into which the O-ring isplaced. The O-ring will stand slightly proud of the groove until axiallycompressed by the closure cover, thereby making the seal. Oncebolted up, application of pressure forces the O-ring across thegroove and increases its sealing effect. Hard back-up rings may beused to prevent the O-ring extruding into the clearance gap betweenthe joint surfaces.

P

P

BOLTED-UP

UNBOLTED

PRESSURE APPLIED

HARD BACK-UPRING INCLUDED

03000785, May 2000

9.1 Selection of Elastomeric O-Rings

Selection of elastomeric O-rings ALWAYS needs carefulattention. Selection is normally made by the designer of thejoint who will consider both the service duty and the jointdesign as follows:

Service Duty:

a) Fluid, including any contaminants and/or additives.Certain elastomers may be susceptible to chemicalattack,for example by H2S, methanol or glycol.

Always check chemical resistance of a variety ofelastomers and plastics (see Appendix 1, Section 4).

b) Temperature range. Elastomers have operating tem-perature ranges outside which their desirable proper-ties may degenerate. For example, chemical hardeningat high temperatures, brittleness at low temperatures.

c) Pressure range. Note that certain operating conditionscan produce a “ full vacuum” and may require a specialjoint design.

d) Any transient or cyclic conditions, including thenumber of cycles. For example, rapid decompressionor “blow-down” may have serious consequences oncertain gas permeable O-rings. Special grades of elas-tomer are available where explosive decompressionmight be a problem (see “Explosive DecompressionDamage”).

e) Required operating life. Note that ozone, UV light,radioactivity, heat and oxygen may result in prematureageing and gradual loss of properties even beforeinstallation.

03000785, May 2000 page 107

Design of Joint:

a) Deformation of the O-ring. There is an optimum com-pression for O-rings used in static seals, above orbelow which permanent deformation and loss ofsealing capability may result.

b) Hardness of the O-ring. Hardness of elastomers ismeasured in units of Shore A or D or in InternationalRubber Hardness Degrees (IRHD). In general, harderO-rings are selected for higher pressures and/or toreduce extrusion; softer O-rings are selected for lowerpressures.

c) Clearance gap. The clearance gap of the jointdepends on machining tolerances, eccentricities andmetallic “breathing”. Poor machining may result inextrusion damage of the O-ring.

d) Use of back-up rings. Hard back-up rings may bespecified to reduce or eliminate O-ring extrusion, typi-cally for higher pressures and/or softer O-rings.

9.2 Elastomeric O-Ring Failures

The following examples of O-ring failure may be a result of incorrectO-ring specification or poor joint design and manufacture. O-ringsremoved from joints should always be checked for evidence of suchfailure. Failed O-rings should be kept safe for further investigationby your Engineeirng Department and the O-ring manufacturer.

a) Extrusion Damage. Extrusion is characterised by “peeling” or“nibbling” of the O-ring surface. The O-ring extrudes too farinto the clearance gap and shears.

03000785, May 2000

b) Compression Set Failure. The O-ring loses its elastomericmemory and flattens.

c) Explosive Decompression Damage. Under high pressure,gases may diffuse into the elastomer. On rapid decompression,the absorbed gases expand quickly and cause blistering andrupture of the O-ring.

9.3 Elastomeric O-Rings - Specificationand Identification

a) O-Ring Manufacturer, O-Ring Trade Name and Grade: Thisinformation should be specified on the schematic, arrangementdrawing or parts list associated with the equipment being main-tained.

03000785, May 2000 page 109

b) O-Ring Type: Fully moulded O-rings should always be speci-fied.

c) O-Ring Dimensions: These will also be specified on the rele-vant schematic, arrangement drawing or parts list.

d) Back-Up Rings: Should only be used when indicated on therelevant schematic or drawing. Dimensions and material speci-fication will also be specified.

e) Service Duty: When appropriate, full service details should beprovided, e.g. for supply of new equipment.

In particular, service duty details should be provided when theoriginal O-ring specification is unknown or if considering use ofa different O-ring specification. The equipment manufacturermust be consulted and confirmation that the O-ring is suitablefor the service duty should be sought. Any proposed materialmust then be endorsed by your Engineering Department.

9.4 Installation of Elastomeric O-Rings -Do�s and Don�ts

Do�s

a) Prior to installation, check for the correct material specification,trade name and manufacturer. Check that the O-ring (and back-up ring if specified) is the correct size, undamaged and clean.Template gauges are recommended for checking larger O-ringsizes.

b) Follow the manufacturer’s recommended installation instruc-tions. This applies to both the O-ring manufacturer and theequipment manufacturer.

03000785, May 2000

c) Check the condition of the ring groove and any bearing sur-faces. Ensure that they are thoroughly cleaned with a recom-mended cleanser and dried before installation of the O-ring.CARE! Many cleaning of degreasing agents may chemi-cally attack the elastomer.

d) O-rings may be lubricated only where specified lubricants arerecommended by the supplier.

e) Always use fully moulded O-rings.

f) Take care not to cut, pinch or shear an O-ring when assemblingthe joint.

Don�ts

a) Never force or stretch the O-ring into a groove for which it is notspecifically designed.

b) Do not use unmarked O-rings or O-rings that have not beenstored in the supplier’s packing.

c) Do not install an O-ring with an expired shelf life.

d) Do not make up an O-ring joint if the previous O-ring showedevidence of faliure. Check with your Engineering Departmentfirst.

e) Never cut O-rings to size and then glue or bond back together.

f) Do not estimate O-ring dimensions from the groove dimensions.Only use the schematic, arrangement drawing or parts list forthe equipment you are dealing with.

g) Do not re-use hard back-up rings. New back-up rings must befitted when installing new O-rings.

03000785, May 2000 page 111

Appendix 1Miscellaneous Technical Data

1. Bolts Material Specifications2. Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning3. Surface Finish Values for Tongue and Groove Small Male/

Female and Ring Joint Facings4. Chemical Resistance - Selected Elastomers and Plastics

1. Bolts Material Specifications

page 112 03000785, May 2000

WorkingTemp ˚C Alloy Type

Min. Max.

-20

-100

-20

-200

-200

-200

-200

-250

400

400

520

575

575

600

600

750

1% ChromiumMolybdenum

1% ChromiumMolybdenum

1% ChromiumMolybdenum - Vanadium

Austenitic ChromiumNickel 18/8(Type 321 and 347)

Austenitic ChromiumNickel 18/8(Type 304)

Austenitic ChromiumNickel Molybdenum(Type 316)

Precipitation HardeningAustenitic NickelChromium

Precipitation HardeningNickel ChromiumTitanium AluminiumAlloy

Austenitic NickelChromiumMolybdenum Copper

Duplex Stainless SteelHigher Chromium

Duplex Stainless Steel

Nickel Copper Alloy

Nickel Copper AlloyPrecipitation Hardening

4882B7

4882L7

(Impact Tested)

4882B16

4882B8T, B8TX, B8C

and B8CX

4882B8

4882B8M

4882B17B

4882B08A

-

-

-

3076NA13

3076NA18

A193B7

A320L7

(Impact Tested)

A193B16

Aa193/A320B8T and B8C

A193/A320B8

A193/A320B8M

-

-

B473(UNS-N08020)

-(UNSS-S32550)

A276(UNS-S31803)

B164(UNS-04400)

-(SAE AMS 4676)

AMBIENT

AMBIENT

AMBIENT

AMBIENT

AMBIENT

Material Specificationand Bolt Grade

Min. Max.

48822H or 4

4882K4

48827

48828T and 8C

48828

48828M

488217B

80A

-

-

-

-

-

A1942H or 4

A1944

(Impact Tested)

A1947

A1948T and 8C

A1948

A1948M

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Nut Grade

BS ASTM

03000785, May 2000 page 113

2. Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning

The following flange sizes, classes, services will normally be ten-sioned by a hydraulic bolt tensioning contractor:

Nominal Bolt Diameter Condition

50mm and over All joints.

38mm and over (a) Class 600 and over.(b) Hydrogen Service.(c) Toxic Service.

25mm and over (a) Joints subject to high temperature orcyclic duties.

(b) Joints with a leakage history.(c) Joints where high integrity is required.(d) Other duties specified by BP.

3. Surface Finish Values for Tongue andGroove Small Male/Female and Ring JointFacings

(Amends ANSI B16.5 - 1981, 6.3.4.2 and 6.3.4.3)

Tongue and Groove: Small Male/Female

Ring Joint (including side walls)

3.2

1.6

0.8

0.4

3.2

1.6

12.5

6.3

Min.mm

Max.mm

Min.mm

Max.mm

Rz Ra

03000785, May 2000

4. Chemical Resistance -Selected Elastomers and Plastics

The following tables are only intended as guidance. Further spe-cialised advice should be sought from your EngineeringDepartment when assessing material suitability for a particularapplication.

Key to Performance:

Code Rating Significance

1 Good Satisfactory performance in relativelyhigh level of chemical.

2 Fair Satisfactory only if low temperature and/or low level of chemical.

3 Poor Performance depends on required lifeand level of chemical.

4 Bad No tolerance to chemical - DO NOT USE.

5 Unknown No data available.

03000785, May 2000 page 115

MATERIAL CODECHEMICAL NATURE

TRADENAME

OIL Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Aromatic Hydrocarbons Crude Oil (< 120oC) Crude Oil (> 120oC)SOUR CRUDE OILSOUR NATURAL GAS

OIL BASED MUDWATER BASED MUDWATERSTEAMINHIBITORS AminesCOMPLETION FLUIDS CaCl/CaBr ZnBr K2CO3BRINE SeawaterCONTROL FLUIDS Mineral Oils Glycol BasedALCOHOLS MethanolACIDS HCI (dilute) HCI (concentrated) HF (< 65% cold) Acetic Acid (Hot)SURFACTANTSCHLORINATED SOLVENTS

METHANECARBON DIOXIDEH2S (< 80oC and < 100 ppm)H2S (> 150oC and > 15%)

TEMPERATURE LIMITSNormal Low Temp Duty (oC)Normal High Temp Duty (oC)

CRPolychloropreneRubberNEOPRENE

232433

222331112211341424

2214

-45100

AE/AUPolyurethaneRubberADIPRENE

232433

211321124124245444

2134

-3090

NBRNitrileRubberBUNA-N

121422

112321421111343414

1124

-30120

ECO/COEpichloro-hydrinHYDRIN

111433

111221121111135254

1124

-40135

HNBRHydrogenatedNitrileTHERBAN

232322

211121311111243333

1114

-25150

EPDMEthylene-propylene-dieneNORDEL

444443

411121211311131314

4214

-40150

FKMVDF Fluoro-elastomerVITON

111222

112131111114111411

1223

-20200

FCMTFE/P Fluoro-elastomerAFLAS

122222

211111111211111313

1212

10230

FFKMPerfluoro-elastomerCHEMBRAZ/KALREZ

111122

111111111111111111

1111

0230

ELASTOMERIC SEALING MATERIALS

ETFEE/TFE Fluoro-PolymerTEFZEL

111111

111111111111111111

1111

-190200

PEEKPolyether-etherketoneVICTREX

111111

111111111111122211

1111

-190250

PTFEPolytetra-fluoroethyleneTEFLON

111111

111111111111111111

1111

-190290

ENGINEERING PLASTIC BACK-UP MATERIALS

Custom Page Size: 289 x 150 mm

03000785, May 2000 page 117

Appendix 2Dimensional Data

1. ANSI B16.5 Basic Flange Dimensions.

2. ANSI B16.5 Flange Bolt Hole and StudboltDimensions.

3. ANSI B16.5 Ring Joint Facing and RTJGasket Dimensions.

4. Spades for RF Flanges.

5. Spades for RTJ Flanges.

6. Pipe Schedules.

7. ANSI B16.9 and ANSI B16.28 Butt WeldingElbows and Return Bends.

8. ANSI B16.9 Butt Welding Reducers, Tees,Lap Joint Stub Ends and Caps.

9. Weight of Welded and Seamless Pipe.

10. Table of Gauges.

11. Decimal Equivalents of Fractions.

03000785, May 2000

1. ANSI B16.5 Basic Flange Dimensions

1.1 Basic Flange Dimensions for Classes 150 and300

C

D1 A1SLIP-0N

WELDING

SOCKETWELDING

LAPPED

WELDINGNECK

BLIND

B

A1

B

C

D1

A1

B

C

D1A1

B

C

D1 A1

B

03000785, May 2000 page 119

1.1.1 Basic Flange Dimensions for ANSI B16.5 Class 150

PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D1

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es o

nly

spec

ified

for

1 /2

to 3

inch

N.B

. Dim

ensi

on D

1 as

for

slip

-on

flang

es.

All

dim

ensi

ons

in in

ches

.R

aise

d fa

ce th

ickn

ess

for

RF

flan

ges

= 0

.06

inch

. See

5.3

for

RT

J fla

nges

.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

414

1618

2024

129 /

32

7 /16

1 /2

9 /16

3 /4

15/1

615

/16

111

/813

/16

11/4

13/8

17/1

619

/16

111 /

1617

/811

/16

13/1

611

/215

/16

31/1

641

/455

/16

79/1

691

1 /16

1214

3 /8

153 /

418

197 /

822

261 /

829

/16

5 /8

5 /8

11/1

61

13/1

615

/16

19/1

613

/411

5 /16

23/1

621

/421

/221

1 /16

27/8

31/4

7 /8

5 /8

5 /8

11/1

61

13/1

615

/16

19/1

613

/411

5 /16

23/1

631

/837

/16

313 /

1641

/16

43/8

7 /8

17/8

21/1

623

/16

21/2

23/4

331

/24

441

/25

551

/251

1 /16

627

/16

31/2

37/8

41/4

671

/29

1113

1 /2

1619

2123

1 /2

2527

1 /2

325

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A1

B C

03000785, May 2000


PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D1

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es o

nly

spec

ified

for

1 /2

to 3

inch

N.B

. Dim

ensi

on D

1 as

for

slip

-on

flang

es.

All

dim

ensi

ons

in in

ches

.R

aise

d fa

ce th

ickn

ess

for

RF

flan

ges

= 0

.06

inch

. See

5.3

for

RT

J fla

nges

.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

414

1618

2024

129 /

32

9 /16

5 /8

11/1

67 /

811

/811

/417

/16

15/8

17/8

221

/821

/423

/821

/223

/413

/16

11/2

17/8

21/8

35/1

645

/853

/481

/810

1 /4

125 /

814

3 /4

163 /

419

2123

1 /8

275 /

823

/4

7 /8

111

/16

15/1

611

1 /16

17/8

21/1

627

/16

25/8

27/8

331

/431

/233

/443

/16

13/1

6

7 /8

111

/16

15/1

611

1 /16

17/8

21/1

627

/16

33/4

443

/843

/451

/851

/26

13/1

6

21/1

621

/427

/16

23/4

31/8

33/8

37/8

43/8

45/8

51/8

55/8

53/4

61/4

63/8

65/8

211 /

16

33/4

45/8

47/8

61/2

81/4

1012

1 /2

1517

1 /2

201 /

223

251 /

228

301 /

236

61/8

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A1

B C

03000785, May 2000 page 121

1.2 Basic Flange Dimensions for Classes 600 andAbove

C

A2SLIP-0N

WELDING

SOCKETWELDING

LAPPED

WELDINGNECK

BLIND

B

D2

A2 D2

D2

A2

B

C

A2

B

C

D2A2

B

C

B

03000785, May 2000


PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D2

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es o

nly

spec

ified

for

1 /2

to 3

inch

N.B

. Dim

ensi

on D

2 as

for

slip

-on

flang

es.

All

dim

ensi

ons

in in

ches

.R

aise

d fa

ce th

ickn

ess

for

RF

flan

ges

= 0

.25

inch

. See

5.3

for

RT

J fla

nges

.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

414

1618

2024

129 /

32

9 /16

5 /8

11/1

61

11/4

11/2

17/8

23/1

621

/225

/823

/43

31/4

31/2

47 /

8

11/2

17/8

21/8

35/1

645

/86

83/4

103 /

413

1 /2

153 /

417

191 /

221

1 /2

2428

1 /4

23/4

7 /8

111

/16

17/1

611

3 /16

21/8

25/8

333

/835

/831

1 /16

43/1

645

/85

51/2

11/4

7 /8

111

/16

17/1

611

3 /16

21/8

25/8

343

/845

/85

51/2

661

/271

/411

/4

21/1

621

/427

/16

27/8

31/4

445

/851

/46

61/8

61/2

771

/471

/28

23/4

33/4

45/8

47/8

61/2

81/4

103 /

414

161 /

220

2223

3 /4

2729

1 /4

3237

61/8

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A2

B C

03000785, May 2000 page 123


PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D2

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es o

nly

spec

ified

for

1 /2

to 3

inch

N.B

. Dim

ensi

on D

2 as

for

Cla

ss 1

500

slip

-on

flang

es.

All

dim

ensi

ons

in in

ches

.R

aise

d fa

ce th

ickn

ess

for

RF

flan

ges

= 0

.25

inch

. See

5.3

for

RT

J fla

nges

.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

414

1618

2024

129 /

32

11/2

13/4

23/1

621

/223

/431

/833

/831

/24

41/4

51/2

561

/491

/411

3 /4

141 /

216

1 /2

173 /

420

221 /

424

1 /2

291 /

2

21/8

23/4

33/8

441

/445

/851

/851

/46

61/4

8

21/8

23/4

33/8

41/2

555

/861

/861

/271

/281

/410

1 /2

441

/251

/263

/871

/477

/883

/881

/29

93/4

111 /

2

91/2

111 /

215

181 /

221

1 /2

2425

1 /4

273 /

431

333 /

441

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

US

E C

LA

SS

150

0

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

IN

TH

ES

E S

IZE

S

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A2

B C

03000785, May 2000


PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D2

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es o

nly

spec

ified

for

1 /2

to 3

inch

N.B

. Dim

ensi

on D

2 as

for

slip

-on

flang

es.

All

dim

ensi

ons

in in

ches

.R

aise

d fa

ce th

ickn

ess

for

RF

flan

ges

= 0

.25

inch

. See

5.3

for

RT

J fla

nges

.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

414

1618

2024

129 /

32

7 /8

111

/811

/217

/821

/831

/435

/841

/447

/851

/453

/463

/87

811

/4

11/2

13/4

21/1

641

/851

/463

/89

111 /

214

1 /2

173 /

419

1 /2

213 /

423

1 /2

251 /

430

23/4

11/4

13/8

15/8

21/4

13/4

11/4

13/8

15/8

21/4

27/8

39/1

641

1 /16

55/8

785

/891

/210

1 /4

107 /

811

1 /2

1313

/4

23/8

23/4

27/8

445

/847

/863

/483

/810

111 /

811

3 /4

121 /

412

7 /8

1416

31/4

43/4

51/8

57/8

81/2

101 /

212

1 /4

151 /

219

2326

1 /2

291 /

232

1 /2

3638

3 /4

467

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A2

B C

NO

T S

PE

CIF

IED

FO

R C

LAS

S 1

500

03000785, May 2000 page 125


PIPE FLANGE

LENGTH THRO'HUB D2

NO

TE

S:

(1)

(2)

(3)

Soc

ket w

eld

flang

es n

ot s

peci

fied

in C

lass

250

0.A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rai

sed

face

thic

knes

s fo

r R

F fl

ange

s =

0.2

5 in

ch. S

ee 5

.3 fo

r R

TJ

flang

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

27/3

213

/64

15/1

623

/831

/241

/265

/885

/810

3 /4

123 /

412

9 /32

13/1

611

/413

/82

25/8

341

/45

61/2

71/4

13/4

111 /

162

21/4

33/4

51/4

61/2

91/4

1214

3 /4

173 /

831

/8

19/1

611

1 /16

17/8

23/4

35/8

41/4

67

910

23/8

27/8

31/8

31/2

565

/871

/210

3 /4

121 /

216

1 /2

181 /

443

/8

51/4

51/2

61/4

91/4

1214

1921

3 /4

261 /

230

8

Nom

inal

Pip

eS

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Thi

ckne

ss Slip

-On

Lapp

ed

Wel

dN

eck

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Hub

Dia

met

er

A2

B C

NO

T S

PE

CIF

IED

FO

R C

LAS

S 2

500

CLA

SS

250

0

FLA

NG

ES

NO

T

SP

EC

IFIE

D

IN T

HE

SE

SIZ

ES

03000785, May 2000

2. ANSI B16.5 Flange Bolt Hole and Stud BoltDimensions

F

G

E

H

03000785, May 2000 page 127

2.1 Flange Bolt Hole and Stud Bolt Dimensions forANSI B16.5 Class 150

LENGTH OFSTUDBOLTS H

NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

23/8

23/4

31/8

43/4

671

/291

/211

3 /4

141 /

417

183 /

421

1 /4

223 /

425

291 /

237

/8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

7 /8

11

11/8

11/8

11/4

11/4

13/8

5 /8

21/4

21/2

21/2

31/4

31/2

31/2

441

/441

/243

/451

/451

/453

/461

/463

/423

/4

--

333

/44

441

/243

/45

51/4

53/4

53/4

61/4

63/4

71/4

31/4

44

44

48

88

1212

1216

1620

204

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

7 /8

11

11/8

11/8

11/4

1 /2

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.06

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

03000785, May 2000



NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

25/8

31/4

31/2

565

/877

/810

5 /8

1315

1 /4

173 /

420

1 /4

221 /

224

3 /4

2732

41/2

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

7 /8

7 /8

111

/811

/411

/413

/813

/813

/815

/87 /

8

21/2

33

31/2

41/4

41/2

43/4

51/2

61/4

63/4

771

/273

/48

931

/2

331

/231

/24

43/4

551

/26

63/4

71/4

71/2

881

/483

/410

4

44

48

88

1212

1616

2020

2424

244

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

111

/811

/811

/411

/411

/411

/23 /

4

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.06

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

03000785, May 2000 page 129



NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

25/8

31/4

31/2

565

/881

/211

1 /2

133 /

417

191 /

420

3 /4

233 /

425

3 /4

281 /

233

41/2

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

111

/811

/413

/813

/811

/215

/813

/413

/42

7 /8

331

/231

/241

/45

53/4

63/4

71/2

81/2

83/4

91/4

1010

3 /4

111 /

413

41/4

331

/231

/241

/45

53/4

63/4

73/4

81/2

83/4

91/4

1010

3 /4

111 /

213

1 /4

41/4

44

48

88

1212

1620

2020

2024

244

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

3 /4

7 /8

111

/811

/411

/413

/811

/215

/815

/817

/83 /

4

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.25

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

03000785, May 2000



NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

71/2

91/4

121 /

215

1 /2

181 /

221

2224

1 /4

2729

1 /2

351 /

2

111

/411

/411

/211

/211

/215

/813

/42

21/8

25/8

53/4

63/4

71/2

83/4

91/4

1010

3 /4

111 /

412

3 /4

133 /

417

1 /4

53/4

63/4

73/4

83/4

91/4

1011

111 /

213

1 /4

141 /

418

88

1212

1620

2020

2020

20

7 /8

11/8

11/8

13/8

13/8

13/8

11/2

15/8

17/8

221

/2

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.25

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

US

EC

LA

SS

150

0D

IME

NS

ION

SIN

TH

ES

E S

IZE

S

03000785, May 2000 page 131



NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

31/4

31/2

461

/28

91/2

121 /

215

1 /2

1922

1 /2

2527

3 /4

301 /

232

3 /4

3947

/8

7 /8

7 /8

11

11/4

13/8

11/2

13/4

221

/823

/825

/827

/831

/835

/811

/8

41/4

41/2

553

/47

73/4

101 /

411

1 /2

131 /

414

3 /4

1617

1 /2

191 /

221

1 /4

241 /

451

/2

41/4

41/2

553

/47

73/4

101 /

212

3 /4

131 /

215

1 /4

161 /

418

1 /2

203 /

422

1 /4

251 /

251

/2

44

48

88

1212

1216

1616

1616

164

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

7 /8

11/8

11/4

13/8

15/8

17/8

221

/421

/223

/43

31/2

1

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.25

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

03000785, May 2000



NO

TE

:(1

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

31/2

33/4

41/4

63/4

910

3 /4

141 /

217

1 /4

211 /

424

3 /8

53/4

7 /8

7 /8

111

/813

/815

/821

/821

/825

/827

/811

/4

43/4

551

/27

83/4

1013

1 /2

1519

1 /4

211 /

463

/4

43/4

551

/27

910

1 /4

1415

1 /2

2022

63/4

44

48

88

812

1212

4

3 /4

3 /4

7 /8

111

/411

/22

221

/223

/411

/8

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

er o

f Bol

tC

ircle

(P

CD

)

0.25

inch

Rai

sed

Face

Fla

nge

Rin

g Jo

int

Fla

nge

Num

ber

of B

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olts

Dia

met

er o

fB

olt H

oles

F GE

CL

AS

S 2

500

FL

AN

GE

S N

OT

SP

EC

IFIE

DIN

TH

ES

E S

IZE

S

03000785, May 2000 page 133

3. Ring Joint Facing and RTJ GasketDimensions

P

K

K

O

L

23o

J

J

I min

N

R TYPERING TYPE JOINT(OCTAGONAL)

M

03000785, May 2000

3.1 Ring Joint Facing and RTJ Gasket Dimensionsfor ANSI B16.5 Class 150

OCTAGONAL RING TYPE JOINTGASKET

FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

21/2

451

/463

/485

/810

3 /4

1316

163 /

419

211 /

223

1 /2

2831

/4

17/8

31/4

41/2

57/8

75/8

93/4

1215

155 /

817

7 /8

203 /

822

261 /

229

/16

23/1

639

/16

413 /

1663

/16

715 /

1610

1 /16

125 /

1615

5 /16

1515

/16

183 /

1620

11/1

622

5 /16

2613

/16

27/8

19/1

621

5 /16

43/1

659

/16

75/1

697

/16

1111

/16

1411

/16

155 /

1617

9 /16

201 /

1621

11/1

626

3 /16

21/4

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

11/3

211

/32

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

Thi

ckne

ssP

1522

2936

4348

5256

5964

6872

7619

R N

umbe

r

CLASS 150 FLANGES NOTSPECIFIED IN THESE SIZES

03000785, May 2000 page 135



FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

221

/223

/441

/453

/467

/891

/211

7 /8

1416

1 /4

1820

225 /

825

291 /

239

/16

111 /

3211

1 /16

231

/447

/857

/885

/16

105 /

812

3 /4

1516

1 /2

181 /

221

2327

1 /4

211 /

16

119 /

322

25/1

631

1 /16

55/1

665

/16

83/4

111 /

1613

3 /16

157 /

1616

15/1

618

15/1

621

7 /16

231 /

227

7 /8

3

13/3

213

/811

1 /16

213 /

1647

/16

57/1

677

/810

3 /16

125 /

1614

9 /16

161 /

1618

1 /16

209 /

1622

1 /2

265 /

823

/8

1 /4

5 /16

5 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

1 /2

5 /8

5 /16

7 /32

1 /4

1 /4

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

3 /8

7 /16

1 /4

9 /32

11/3

211

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

17/3

221

/32

11/3

2

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

3 /8

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

11/1

613

/16

1 /2

Thi

ckne

ssP

1113

1623

3137

4549

5357

6165

6973

7720

R N

umbe

r

03000785, May 2000



FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

221

/423

/441

/453

/467

/891

/211

7 /8

1416

1 /4

1820

225 /

825

291 /

239

/16

111 /

3211

1 /16

231

/447

/857

/885

/16

105 /

812

3 /4

1516

1 /2

181 /

221

2327

1 /4

211 /

16

119 /

322

25/1

631

1 /16

55/1

665

/16

83/4

111 /

1613

3 /16

157 /

1616

15/1

618

15/1

621

7 /16

231 /

227

7 /8

3

13/3

213

/811

1 /16

213 /

1647

/16

57/1

677

/810

3 /16

125 /

1614

9 /16

161 /

1618

1 /16

209 /

1622

1 /2

265 /

823

/8

1 /4

5 /16

5 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

1 /2

5 /8

5 /16

7 /32

1 /4

1 /4

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

3 /8

7 /16

1 /4

9 /32

11/3

211

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

17/3

221

/32

11/3

2

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

3 /8

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

11/1

613

/16

1 /2

Thi

ckne

ssP

1113

1623

3137

4549

5357

6165

6973

7720

R N

umbe

r

03000785, May 2000 page 137



FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

61/8

71/8

91/2

121 /

814

1 /4

161 /

218

3 /8

205 /

823

3 /8

251 /

230

3 /8

47/8

57/8

85/1

610

5 /8

123 /

415

161 /

218

1 /2

2123

271 /

4

55/1

665

/16

83/4

111 /

1613

3 /16

157 /

1617

1 /8

191 /

821

3 /4

233 /

428

1 /4

47/1

657

/16

77/8

103 /

1612

5 /16

149 /

1615

7 /8

177 /

820

1 /4

221 /

426

1 /4

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

5 /8

5 /8

3 /4

3 /4

1

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

7 /16

7 /16

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

21/3

221

/32

25/3

225

/32

11/1

6

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

13/1

613

/16

15/1

615

/16

11/4

Thi

ckne

ssP

3137

4549

5357

6266

7074

78R

Num

ber

US

E C

LA

SS

150

0D

IME

NS

ION

SIN

TH

ES

E S

IZE

S

03000785, May 2000



FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

23/8

25/8

213 /

1647

/865

/875

/893

/412

1 /2

145 /

817

1 /4

191 /

421

1 /2

241 /

826

1 /2

311 /

435

/8

19/1

613

/42

33/4

53/8

63/8

85/1

610

5 /8

123 /

415

161 /

218

1 /2

2123

271 /

421

1 /16

17/8

21/1

625

/16

43/1

651

3 /16

613 /

1681

3 /16

111 /

413

3 /8

157 /

817

1 /2

195 /

822

1 /8

241 /

428

5 /8

3

11/4

17/1

611

1 /16

35/1

641

5 /16

515 /

1671

3 /16

1012

1 /8

141 /

815

1 /2

173 /

819

7 /8

213 /

425

7 /8

23/8

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

7 /16

7 /16

7 /16

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

7 /8

111

/811

/811

/413

/85 /

16

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

3 /8

7 /16

7 /16

9 /16

5 /8

11/1

611

/16

11/1

613

/16

1 /4

11/3

211

/32

11/3

215

/32

15/3

215

/32

17/3

221

/32

21/3

229

/32

11/1

613

/16

13/1

615

/16

17/1

611

/32

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

5 /8

5 /8

11/1

613

/16

13/1

611

/16

11/4

13/8

13/8

11/2

15/8

1 /2

Thi

ckne

ssP

1214

1624

3539

4650

5458

6367

7175

7920

R N

umbe

r

03000785, May 2000 page 139



FLANGE GROOVE

NO

TE

:(1

)(2

)A

ll di

men

sion

s in

inch

es.

Rin

g di

men

sion

s as

per

AN

SI B

16.2

0.

1 /2

3 /4

12

34

68

1012

1416

1820

2411

/2

29/1

627

/831

/451

/465

/88

1113

3 /8

163 /

419

1 /2

41/2

111 /

162

23/8

45

63/1

69

1113

1 /2

1631

/4

225

/16

211 /

1647

/16

51/2

613 /

1693

/411

7 /8

145 /

817

1 /4

311 /

16

13/8

111 /

1621

/16

39/1

641

/259

/16

81/4

101 /

812

3 /8

143 /

421

3 /16

5 /16

5 /16

5 /16

7 /16

1 /2

5 /8

3 /4

7 /8

11/8

11/4

7 /16

1 /4

1 /4

1 /4

5 /16

3 /8

7 /16

1 /2

9 /16

11/1

611

/16

5 /16

11/3

211

/32

11/3

215

/32

17/3

221

/32

25/3

229

/32

13/1

615

/16

15/3

2

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Dia

met

erof

Rai

sed

Sec

tion

Out

side

Dia

met

er

Insi

deD

iam

eter

Wid

thO

Dep

th o

fG

roov

e

Gro

ove

Pitc

hD

iam

eter

J K

Wid

thL M NI

1 /2

1 /2

1 /2

5 /8

11/1

613

/16

15/1

611

/16

13/8

11/2

5 /8

Thi

ckne

ssP

1316

1826

3238

4751

5560

23R

Num

ber

CL

AS

S 2

500

FL

AN

GE

S N

OT

SP

EC

IFIE

D IN

TH

ES

E S

IZE

S

03000785, May 2000

4. Spades for Raised Face Flanges to SuitANSI B16.5

DC E

STANDARD TYPEREVERSIBLESPADE

THICKNESS = T

BORE AND RATINGSTAMPED ON THISFACE.

IDENTITY HOLE(APPLICABLE TO

RING SPADES ONLY)BORE AND RATINGSTAMPED ON THIS

FACE

C

B

A

B

D

C E

STANDARD TYPEBLIND SPADE

THICKNESS = T

G

F

B

L

D

C E

STANDARD TYPERING SPADE

G

F

B

A

L

03000785, May 2000 page 141

A

SEE DETAILSOF LUGS

BORE AND RATINGSTAMPED ON LUG

12 D HOLE DRILLED IN RING SPADE LUGBLIND SPADE LUG TO BE UNDRILLED

DETAIL OF LUG FOR RING AND SPADES - 22KG AND UNDER

DETAIL OF LUG FOR RING AND BLIND SPADES - 22KG

LIFTING LUG ROD DIAMETERSUP TO WEIGHT OF 100KG: 016UP TO WEIGHT OF 100 - 300KG: 020UP TO WEIGHT OF 300 - 550KG: 025OVER THE WEIGHT OF 550KG: 030

25

H

THICKNESS = T

ALTERNATIVE TYPEOF RING SPADE

B

ALTERNATIVE TYPEOF BLIND SPADE

B


12 R CUTOUT IN RING SPADE LUGBLIND SPADE LUG TO BE UNCUT75

H

03000785, May 2000

BORE AND RATINGSTAMPED ON THIS

FACETHICKNESS = T

A

B

ALTERNATIVE TYPEREVERSIBLE SPADE

B

2C

SEE DETAIL OFTIE BARS

TIE BAR 25x6 THICKFOR REVERSIBLE

SPADES WEIGHING 12KGAND UNDER

AND 40x10 THICK FORREVERSIBLE SPADES

WEIGHING 45KG AND UNDER

TIE BAR FOR REVERSIBLESPADES WEIGHING OVER 45KG

40J

40

K

03000785, May 2000 page 143

4.1 Spades for Raised Face Flanges to SuitANSI B16.5 Class 150

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-075

5M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 1

50

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KL

TR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

28 40 54 80 108

158

210

260

310

340

390

440

500

600

64 82 102

135

172

220

275

335

405

445

510

545

605

715

40 49 60 76 95 121

149

181

216

238

270

289

318

375

16 16 20 20 20 22 22 25 25 30 30 32 32 35

38 38 45 50 50 75 75 100

100

100

100

100

100

100

20 20 22 22 22 25 25 32 32 38 38 45 45 50

95 100

130

160

180

220

250

300

350

380

420

450

500

560

150

150

150

158

158

158

165

165

165

172

172

172

178

178

- - - - - - - - - - 40 40 40 45

- - - - - - - - - - 12 16 16 20

100

100

100

100

100

150

150

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

6.5

6.5

6.5

6.5

9.5

13 13 16 19 22 22 25 28 35

0.25

0.32

0.44

0.68 1.4

2.6

3.4

6.4

10.4

14.5

17.7

19.9

26.3

39.5

0.28

0.39

0.55

0.95

2.08

4.62 6.8

14.3

22 31 39 51 70 118

0.3

0.5

0.73

1.14 2.8

5.5

8.6

17.2

27.7

39.5

46.3

63.5

86 144


page 144 03000785, May 2000

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-075

5M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 3

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KL

TR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

28 40 54 80 108

158

210

260

310

340

390

440

500

600

70 92 108

145

178

248

304

360

420

480

535

595

650

770

44 57 64 84 100

135

165

194

225

257

286

314

343

405

20 22 20 22 22 22 25 30 32 32 35 35 35 42

50 50 50 50 50 75 75 100

100

100

100

100

100

100

20 22 22 25 25 25 25 32 32 38 38 45 45 50

100

130

130

150

180

220

250

300

360

380

440

480

540

600

158

158

158

158

165

165

165

172

178

178

185

190

190

205

- - - - - - - - - 40 45 45 45 50

- - - - - - - - - 20 20 22 25 28

100

100

100

100

100

150

150

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

6.5

6.5

9.5

9.5

13 16 22 25 28 32 38 42 44 54

0.3

0.5

0.86

1.27

2.09

4.63

8.16

12.7

17.7

26.8

37.6

48.5

58 91

0.33

0.58

1.04

1.63 3.0

7.0

14.3

23 35 50 73 99 127

201

0.36

0.64

1.25

2.15 4.0

10 20 30 45 68 100

130

167

280


03000785, May 2000 page 145

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-075

5M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 6

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KL

TR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

28 40 54 80 108

158

210

260

310

340

390

440

500

600

70 92 108

145

190

265

318

395

455

490

560

610

680

785

44 57 64 84 105

146

175

216

245

264

302

327

362

420

20 22 20 22 25 30 32 35 35 38 42 45 45 50

50 50 50 50 50 75 75 100

100

100

100

100

100

100

20 22 22 25 25 32 32 38 38 45 45 50 60 60

100

130

130

165

200

250

280

340

380

440

480

500

580

640

158

158

158

158

172

178

178

185

185

185

190

198

198

205

- - - - - - - 35 35 45 50 50 50 58

- - - - - - - 20 22 22 25 28 32 40

100

100

100

100

100

150

150

200

200

200

200

200

200

200

6.5

9.5

9.5

13 16 22 28 35 42 44 50 58 64 74

0.3

0.63

0.82 1.6

2.9

7.2

10.8

20.9

29.9

38.1

55.8

68 89 128

0.33

0.73 1.0

1.9

3.8

10 18.4

37 54 71 105

139

188

291

0.36 0.9

1.2

2.9

5.2

15.6

28.5

54.4

80 100

150

195

270

403


page 146 03000785, May 2000

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-075

6M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 9

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KL

TR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

32 48 60 89 114

168

219

273

324

355

406

457

508

609

76 95 140

165

203

286

355

431

495

517

571

635

695

835

51 62 83 95 118

159

197

235

267

279

308

343

374

451

25 28 25 25 32 32 38 38 38 41 45 50 54 67

75 75 75 75 75 75 100

100

100

125

125

125

125

170

25 28 25 25 32 32 32 38 38 45 45 50 60 70

130

145

160

180

210

270

320

380

420

450

490

530

580

680

165

170

170

175

180

200

200

220

220

240

240

250

250

260

- - - - - - - 48 48 51 55 60 70 80

- - - - - - - 20 22 25 30 35 35 40

150

150

150

150

150

150

200

200

200

250

250

250

250

320

7 9 10 15 20 30 35 44 50 55 63 70 78 94

0.4

0.6

1.2

2.5

4.7

12 21 30 52 70 73 97 172

218

0.5

0.8

1.8

3.1

6.3

17 32 55 85 112

135

185

248

426

0.6

0.9

2.1

4.2

8.2

23 33 67 102

129

169

240

282

560

5. Spades for Ring Type Joint Flanges to SuitANSI B16.5

03000785, May 2000 page 147

TIE BAR 25x6 THICKFOR REVERSIBLE

SPADES WEIGHING 12KGAND UNDER

AND TIE BAR 40x10 THICKFOR REVERSIBLE SPADES

WEIGHING 45KG AND UNDER

TIE BAR FOR REVERSIBLESPADES WEIGHING OVER 45KG

40H

F

E

D

G

SEETIE BAR

DETAIL FORWEIGHTS

45KG ANDUNDER

SEETIE BARDETAIL FORWEIGHTSOVER 45KG

RINGGROOVE

RINGGROOVE

RING GROOVE RING GROOVEDETAIL X

BORE AND RATINGSTAMPED ONBOTH FACES

DETAIL X

REVERSIBLE SPADE

E92 min

23o

40

JTHICKNESS OFTHE BARS

A

D

J

AB

C

D

03000785, May 2000

SEE LUG DETAILS

RING GROOVE RING GROOVE


12 D HOLE DRILLED IN RING SPADE LUGBLIND SPADE LUG TO BE UNDRILLED

DETAIL OF LUG FOR RING AND SPADES - 22KG AND UNDER

DETAIL OF LUG FOR RING AND BLIND SPADES - 22KG

LIFTING LUG ROD DIAMETERSUP TO WEIGHT OF 100KG: 016UP TO WEIGHT OF 100 - 300KG: 020UP TO WEIGHT OF 300 - 550KG: 025OVER THE WEIGHT OF 550KG: 030

25

K

BLIND RING


25 R CUTOUT IN RING SPADE LUGBLIND SPADE LUG TO BE UNCUT75

K

DETAIL X

B

C

DA

5.1 Spades for Ring Type Joint Flanges to SuitANSI B16.5 Class 300

03000785, May 2000 page 149

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-124

3M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 3

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

70 90 110

145

175

240

300

355

415

455

510

575

635

750

25 40 55 80 105

155

205

260

310

335

385

440

490

590

22 22 25 25 26 34 36 40 45 48 52 58 64 76

50.8

68.3

82.6

123.

8

149.

2

211.

1

269.

9

323.

8

381.

0

419.

1

469.

9

533.

4

584.

2

692.

2

6.4

6.4

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

9.5

11.1

8.7

8.7

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

13.5

16.7

115

140

150

190

230

290

355

420

480

535

600

660

725

850

- - - - - - - 30 40 40 40 40 40 45

6 6 6 10 10 10 15 15 15 20 20 25 25 30

158

158

158

158

165

165

165

172

178

178

185

190

190

205

0.6

0.9

1.4

2.4

3.3

7.1

10.7

16.4

21.7

28.2

34.2

48.8

64.8

101

0.7

1.1

2.0

3.3 5 12 20 32 48 61.5

83 177

158

264

1.2 2 3.5

5.5 8 19 30.5

48.5

70 90 120

166

225

369


page 150 03000785, May 2000

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-124

3M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 6

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

70 90 110

145

175

240

300

355

415

455

510

575

635

750

25 40 55 80 105

155

205

260

310

335

385

440

490

590

22 25 27 32 34 44 50 56 62 66 73 80 89 104

50.8

68.3

82.6

123.

8

149.

2

211.

1

269.

9

323.

8

381.

0

419.

1

469.

9

533.

4

584.

2

692.

2

6.4

6.4

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

9.5

11.1

8.7

8.7

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

13.5

16.7

115

140

150

190

245

320

370

445

495

545

610

675

735

865

- - - - - - - 40 40 45 45 50 50 55

6 6 6 10 10 10 15 15 20 20 20 25 25 40

158

158

158

158

172

178

178

185

185

185

200

205

205

220

0.6

1.1

1.4

2.5

4.15 9.1

14.9

17.4

28.4

46.2

48 67 88.5

150

0.7

1.3 2 4.6

6.4

15.4

28.6

42.6

64 85.2

115

161

220

360

1.2

2.3

3.5 7

10.5

24.5

40.5

60.5

93 132

165

228

310

512


03000785, May 2000 page 151

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-124

3M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 9

00

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

70 90 125

155

180

240

310

350

420

465

525

595

650

770

25 40 50 75 100

150

195

245

290

320

365

415

455

560

22 25 32 38 41 50 60 66 76 89 95 108

114

132

50.8

68.2

95.2

123.

8

149.

2

211.

1

269.

9

323.

8

381.

0

419.

2

469.

8

533.

4

584.

2

692.

2

6.4

6.4

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

11.1

11.1

12.7

12.7

15.9

8.7

8.7

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

11.9

16.7

16.7

19.8

19.8

27

125

150

190

215

255

330

405

470

535

570

635

710

760

915

- - - - - - 45 45 45 45 50 55 55 55

6 6 6 10 10 10 15 20 20 25 25 25 40 40

158

158

158

158

172

185

185

200

205

205

205

215

215

240

0.6

1.07 2.5

4.3

7.9

12.8

23.2

29.5

42.4

58.8

76.5

124

147

245

0.7

1.38

2.88

5.55

8.25

18.3

35.4

49.5

83 118

160

238

300

514

1.2

2.5

5.4

9.9

16.2

30 60 84.5

126

180

238

364

448

760


page 152 03000785, May 2000

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-124

3M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 1

500

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24

70 90 125

170

195

250

315

370

440

490

545

610

675

795

25 40 50 75 100

150

195

245

290

310

360

410

465

565

24 27 35 43 48 60 75 84 101

111

124

136

145

173

50.8

68.2

95.2

136.

5

161.

9

211.

1

269.

9

323.

8

381.

0

419.

1

469.

9

533.

4

584.

2

692.

2

6.4

6.4

7.9

7.9

7.9

9.5

11.1

11.1

14.3

15.9

17.5

17.5

17.5

20.6

8.7

8.7

11.9

11.9

11.9

13.5

16.7

16.7

23 27 30.2

30.2

33.3

36.5

125

150

190

230

265

345

420

510

595

660

735

785

865

1015

- - - - - - 50 55 55 65 70 75 85 95

6 6 6 10 10 10 20 20 25 25 30 30 40 40

158

158

158

158

172

178

190

205

205

230

230

250

260

285

0.64 1.1

2.74

5.86

8.24

14.6

28.3

5

40 65.7

96.4

126.

8

171.

5

213.

1

329.

3

0.74 1.4

3.3

7.38

10.8

6

22.9

46.1

69.6

118.

8

162.

5

226.

2

313.

9

405.

5

667.

6

1.3

2.6

5.1

13.4

19.3

37.7

75 111

187

261

356

489

523

1002


03000785, May 2000 page 153

NO

TE

:(1

)D

imen

sion

s fr

om B

P S

tand

ard

Dra

win

g S

-124

3M.

Pip

eS

ize

CL

AS

S 2

500

DIM

EN

SIO

NS

(M

M)

WE

IGH

T (

KG

)

NP

SA

BC

DE

FG

HJ

KR

ing

Blin

dR

ev

1 11/2 2 3 4 6 8 10 12

85 115

135

170

205

280

340

425

495

25 35 45 70 90 135

160

210

260

29 37 41 51 62 81 97 118

133

60.4

82.5

101.

5

127.

0

157.

2

228.

6

279.

4

342.

9

406.

4

6.4

7.9

7.9

9.5

11.1

12.7

14.3

17.5

17.5

8.7

11.9

11.9

13.4

16.6

19.8

23.0

30.1

33.3

140

180

205

255

305

395

455

560

650

- - - - - 60 60 70 75

6 6 6 10 10 15 20 25 30

158

158

158

158

172

178

178

185

185

1.1

2.65 4 7.3

12.5

4

30 53.5

98.6

145

1.2

2.9

4.5

8.82

15.7

38.7

68.5

130.

2

200.

3

2.3

5.6

8.5

16.3

28.6

69 123

230

348

6. Normal Wall Thickness for Pipe ScheduleSizes

page 154 03000785, May 2000

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

erS

CH 5

SC

H10

SC

H20

SC

H30

SC

H40

SC

HS

CH

60S

CH

80S

CH

XS

SC

H10

0S

CH

120

SC

H14

0S

CH

160

SC

HX

XS

3.17

mm

1 /8"

10.3

mm

.405

"1.

73.0

681.

73.0

682.

41.0

952.

41.0

95

6.35

mm

1 /4"

13.7

mm

.540

"1.

20.0

491.

72.0

652.

24.0

882.

24.0

883.

02.1

193.

02.1

19

9.52

mm

3 /8"

21.3

mm

.840

"1.

20.0

491.

72.0

652.

31.0

912.

31.0

913.

20.1

263.

20.1

26

12.7

mm

1 /2"

10.3

mm

.405

"1.

72.0

652.

11.0

832.

77.1

092.

77.1

093.

73.1

473.

73.1

474.

78.1

877.

47.2

94

19.1

mm

3 /4"

26.7

mm

1.05

0"1.

72.0

652.

11.0

832.

87.1

132.

87.1

133.

91.1

543.

91.1

545.

54.2

187.

82.3

08

25.4

mm 1"

33.4

mm

1.31

5"1.

72.0

652.

77.1

093.

38.1

333.

38.1

334.

55.1

794.

55.1

796.

35.2

509.

09.3

58

31.8

mm

11/4

"42

.2m

m1.

660"

1.72

.065

2.77

.109

3.56

.140

3.56

.140

4.85

.191

4.85

.191

6.35

.250

9.70

.382

38.1

mm

11/2

"48

.3m

m1.

900"

1.72

.065

2.77

.109

3.68

.145

3.68

.145

5.08

.200

5.08

.200

7.1

.281

10.1

6.4

00

50.8

mm 2"

60.3

mm

2.37

5"1.

72.0

652.

77.1

093.

91.1

543.

91.1

545.

54.2

185.

54.2

188.

74.3

4311

.07

.436

63.5

mm

21/2

"73

.0m

m2.

875"

2.11

.083

3.04

.120

5.16

.203

5.16

.203

7.01

.276

7.01

.276

9.52

.375

14.0

2.5

52

76.1

mm 3"

88.9

mm

3.50

0"2.

11.0

833.

04.1

205.

49.2

165.

49.2

167.

62.3

007.

62.3

0011

.13

.438

15.2

4.6

00

88.9

mm

31/2

"10

1.6m

m4.

000"

2.11

.083

3.04

.120

5.70

.226

5.70

.226

8.10

.318

8.10

.318

15.9

1.6

36

101.

6mm 4"

114.

3mm

4.50

0"2.

11.0

833.

04.1

206.

02.2

376.

02.2

377.

1.2

818.

56.3

378.

56.3

3711

.13

.438

13.4

9.5

3117

.12

.674

03000785, May 2000 page 155

Nom

inal

Pip

e S

ize

Out

side

Dia

met

erS

CH 5

SC

H10

SC

H20

SC

H30

SC

H40

SC

HS

CH

60S

CH

80S

CH

XS

SC

H10

0S

CH

120

SC

H14

0S

CH

160

SC

HX

XS

127.

0mm 5"

141.

3mm

5.56

3"2.

77.1

093.

38.1

346.

55.2

586.

55.2

589.

52.3

759.

52.3

7512

.7.5

0015

.88

.625

19.1

.750

152.

4mm 6"

168.

3mm

6.62

5"2.

77.1

093.

38.1

347.

11.2

807.

11.2

8010

.97

.432

10.9

7.4

3214

.28

.562

18.2

6.7

1821

.95

.864

203.

2mm 8"

219.

1mm

8.62

5"2.

77.1

093.

73.1

486.

35.2

508.

18.3

227.

04.2

778.

18.3

2210

.31

.406

12.7

.500

12.7

.500

15.0

8.5

9318

.26

.718

20.6

3.8

1223

.0.9

0622

.22

.875

254.

0mm

10"

273.

0mm

10.7

50"

3.38

.134

4.08

.165

6.35

.250

9.27

.365

7.80

.307

9.27

.365

12.7

.500

15.0

8.5

9312

.7.5

0018

.26

.718

21.4

3.8

4325

.41.

000

28.5

81.

125

25.4

1.00

0

304.

8mm

12"

323.

9mm

12.7

50"

3.96

.156

4.55

.180

6.35

.250

9.52

.375

8.38

.330

10.3

1.4

0614

.28

.562

17.4

8.6

8712

.7.5

0021

.43

.843

25.4

1.00

025

.58

1.12

532

.01.

312

25.4

1.00

0

355.

6mm

14"

355.

6mm

14"

6.35

.250

8.0

.312

9.52

.375

9.52

.375

11.0

7.4

3715

.08

.593

19.1

.750

12.7

.500

23.8

.937

27.0

1.09

331

.75

1.25

035

.71

1.40

6

406.

4mm

16"

406.

4mm

16"

6.35

.250

8.0

.312

9.52

.375

9.52

.375

12.7

.500

16.6

6.6

5621

.4.8

4312

.7.5

0026

.19

1.03

130

.95

1.21

836

.51

1.43

740

.48

1.59

3

457.

2mm

18"

457.

2mm

18"

6.35

.250

8.0

.312

9.52

.375

11.0

7.4

3714

.28

.562

19.1

.750

23.8

.937

12.7

.500

29.3

1.15

634

.92

1.37

539

.61.

562

45.2

41.

781

508.

0mm

20"

508.

0mm

20"

6.35

.250

9.52

.375

9.52

.375

12.7

.500

15.0

8.5

9320

.62

.812

26.1

91.

031

12.7

.500

32.5

11.

280

38.1

1.50

044

.51.

750

50.0

1.96

8

609.

6mm

24"

609.

6mm

24"

6.35

.250

9.52

.375

9.52

.375

14.2

8.5

6217

.48

.687

24.6

.968

30.9

51.

218

12.7

.500

38.8

91.

531

46.0

31.

812

52.3

82.

062

59.5

32.

343

762.

0mm

30"

762.

0mm

30"

6.35

.250

8.0

.312

12.7

.500

9.52

.375

15.8

8.6

2512

.7.5

00

914.

4mm

36"

914.

4mm

36"

8.0

.312

12.7

.500

9.52

.375

15.8

8.6

2519

.1.7

5012

.7.5

00

7. Butt Welding Elbows and Return Bends toANSI B16.9 and ANSI B16.28

page 156 03000785, May 2000

C

D

B

B

A

Nom.Bore

90o

Elbow45o

Elbow Return Bend

Centre toEnd A

Centre toEnd B

ShortRadius

LongRadius

LongRadius

Centre toCentre C

ShortRadius

LongRadius

Back toFace D

ShortRadius

LongRadius

1/23/41

11/223468

10121416182024

--1

11/223468

10121416182024

11/211/811/221/4

341/2

69

1215182124273036

5/87/16

7/811/813/8

221/233/4

561/471/283/410

111/4121/2

15

--23468

121620242832364048

321/43

41/269

12182430364248546072

--

15/827/16

33/16

43/461/495/16

125/16

153/8183/8

2124273036

17/8111/16

13/16

31/443/16

61/481/4

125/16

165/16

203/8243/8

2832364048

Notes: (1)(2)(3)

Long radius elbows and return bends to ANSI B16.9.Short radius elbows and return bends to ANSI B16.28.All dimensions in inches.

8. Butt Welding Reducers,Tees, Lap Joint StubEnds and Caps to ANSI B16.9

03000785, May 2000 page 157

C

A BB

D

BE

Nom.Bore

Reducers Tees CapsLap JointStub Ends

A B C D EW.T.Limitfor E

E1

1/23/41

11/223468

10121416182024

-11/2

221/2

331/2

451/2

678

1314152020

111/811/221/421/233/841/855/8

781/2101112

131/21517

334466688

10101212121212

13/8111/16

227/835/8

563/16

81/2105/8123/4

15161/4181/2

2123

271/4

11

11/211/211/2

221/231/2

456

61/2789

101/2

0.180.150.180.220.220.3

0.340.430.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5

11

11/211/213/421/2

34567

71/289

1012

Notes: (1)(2)(3)

All dimensions to ANSI B16.9.All dimensions in inches.Use E for wall thicknesses less than the "W.T. Limit for E" andE1 for wall thicknesses greater than "W.T. Limit for E".

9. Welded and Seamless Pipe, BS 1600

page 158 03000785, May 2000

Nom.Bore SCH

30SCH40

SCH60

SCH80

WEIGHT - POUNDS/FOOT

SCH100

SCH120

SCH140

SCH160

1/2

3/4

1

11/2

2

3

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

24

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

24.7

34.2

43.8

54.6

62.6

82.1

104.1

140.8

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

35.7

54.7

73.2

85.0

107.5

138.2

166.5

238.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

50.9

77.0

107.3

130.8

164.9

208.1

256.2

302.9

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

67.8

104.1

139.7

170.2

223.6

274.3

341.1

483.2

-

-

-

-

-

-

19.0

36.4

60.7

89.3

125.5

150.8

192.4

244.1

296.4

429.5

0.9

1.1

1.7

2.7

3.6

7.6

10.8

19.0

28.6

40.5

53.6

63.4

82.8

104.8

123.0

171.2

1.1

1.5

2.2

3.6

5.0

10.2

15.0

28.6

43.4

64.4

88.6

106.1

136.6

170.8

208.9

296.5

1.3

1.9

2.8

4.9

7.5

14.3

22.5

45.3

74.7

115.7

160.3

189.2

245.2

308.6

379.1

542.1

10. Table of Gauges

03000785, May 2000 page 159

GaugeNo.

GaugeNo.

IN MM IN MM

ImperialStandard

BirminghamWire & Stubs

ImperialStandard

BirminghamWire & Stubs

IN MM IN

4/03/02/0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

910

1112131415

16171819202122

.400

.372

.348

.324

.300

.276

.252

.232

.212

.192

.176

.160

.144

.128

.116

.104

.092

.080

.072

.064

.056

.048

.040

.036

.032

.028

.454

.425

.380

.340

.300

.284

.259

.238

.220

.203

.180

.165

.148

.134

.120

.109

.095

.083

.072

.065

.058

.049

.042

.035

.032

.028

232425

26272829

30313233

34

3536

3738394041

42434445464748

0.609

0.558

0.508

0.457

0.416

0.375

0.345

0.314

0.294

0.274

0.254

0.233

0.213

0.193

0.172

0.152

0.132

0.121

0.111

0.101

0.091

0.081

0.071

0.060

0.050

0.040

.024

.022

.020

.018

.0164

.0148

.0136

.0124

.0116

.0108

.0100

.0092

.0084

.0076

.0068

.0060

.0052

.0048

.0044

.0040

.0036

.0032

.0028

.0024

.0020

.0016

10.160

9.448

8.839

8.229

7.620

7.010

6.400

5.892

5.384

4.876

4.470

4.064

3.657

3.251

2.946

2.640

2.336

2.032

1.828

1.625

1.422

1.219

1.016

0.914

0.812

0.711

11.530

10.795

9.852

8.636

7.620

7.213

6.578

6.045

5.588

5.156

4.572

4.190

3.759

3.403

3.048

2.769

2.413

2.108

1.828

1.651

1.473

1.244

1.066

0.880

0.812

0.711

MM

0.635

0.558

0.508

0.457

0.406

0.355

0.330

0.304

0.254

0.228

0.203

0.177

0.127

0.101

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.025

.022

.020

.018

.016

.014

.013

.012

.010

.009

.008

.007

.005

.004

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11. Decimal Equivalents of Fractions

page 160 03000785, May 2000

Frac

tion

Dec

imal

Frac

tion

Dec

imal

Frac

tion

Dec

imal

Frac

tion

Dec

imal

1/64

1/32

3/64

1/16

5/64

3/32

7/64

1/8

9/64

5/32

11/64

3/16

13/64

7/32

15/64

1/4

.015625

.03125

.046875

.0625

.078125

.09375

.109375

.125

.140625

.15625

.171875

.1875

.203125

.21875

.234375

.25

17/64

9/32

19/64

5/16

21/64

11/32

23/64

3/8

25/64

13/32

27/64

7/16

29/64

15/32

31/64

1/2

.265625

.28125

.296875

.3125

.328125

.34375

.359375

.375

.390625

.40625

.421875

.4375

.453125

.46875

.484375

.5

33/64

17/32

35/64

9/16

37/64

19/32

39/64

5/8

41/64

21/32

43/64

11/16

45/64

23/32

47/64

3/4

.515625

.53125

.546875

.5625

.578125

.59375

.609375

.625

.640625

.65625

.671875

.6875

.703125

.71875

.734375

.75

49/64

25/32

51/64

13/16

53/64

27/32

55/64

7/8

57/64

29/32

59/64

15/16

61/64

31/32

63/64

1

.765625

.78125

.796875

.8125

.828125

.84375

.859375

.875

.890625

.90625

.921875

.9375

.953125

.96875

.984375

1.0

Piping Joints Handbook - Piping Design Central - All About

Documents

Transcript of Piping Joints Handbook - Piping Design Central - All About