Physio blood physiology
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Transcript of Physio blood physiology
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Dr. Kathryn-Daphne M. OngUE-College of DentistrySY 2008-2009
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I. Composition of BloodII. Erythrocytes: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocritIII. Erythropoiesis : RBC production and degradationIV. Leucocytes: types, functions, leucocytic reaction during
infection, pathophysiology of some blood diseasesV. Immune System (Humoral Immunity) : characteristics of
immunoglobulins, mechanism of humoral responseVI. Immune System (Cellular Immunity) : T cell subclasses and
characteristics, mechanism of cellular responseVII. Blood Groups: ABO System, Rh system, Blood Typing,
erythroblastosis fetalis, ABO incompatibility, blood transfusion
VIII. Thrombocytes: functions, platelet countIX. Hemostasis: role, sequence of eventsX. Blood Coagulation: steps in coagulation and fibrinolysis
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Fluid component Cellular component
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General Characteristics: Size Shape Lifespan
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Functions
Hemoglobin formation
Hematocrit
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Location Stages
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Regulation
Maturation
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Anemia
Polycythemia
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General Characteristics Types Functions Reactions Abnormalities
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Most abundant (60-70%) Granular, phagocytic Life span – 8 days Seen in acute inflammation Band forms/ stabs –
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Monocyte immature macrophage Largest formed element 1-8% of WBC Highly mobile and phagocytic
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1-4% of total WBC Life span : 8 days Parasitic infections Allergic reactions
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least abundant (<1%) Granules contain HH
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second most abundant (25-35%) Seen in chronic infections, viral
infections 2 types: ▪ B-lymphocyte▪ T-lymphocyte (most abundant)
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Reactions Inflammation▪ 1. vasodilatation▪ 2. increased permeability of capillaries▪ Migration of cells▪ Walling off, killling
Abnormalities Leukocytosis – high WBC count Leukopenia - Low WBC count Leukemia – excessive WBC count
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NON – SPECIFIC DEFENSES
(INNATE)
SPECIFIC DEFENSES / IMMUNITY(ACQUIRED)
Skin and mucous membranesInterferon and complement sys.
Natural killer cellsPhagocytic cells (Neutrophils ,
macrophage)
Lymphocytes (B &T)Antibodiescytokines
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Innate Immunity (general)▪ Phagocytosis▪ Secretions▪ Skin▪ Blood
Acquired Immunity (specific) Cell (location, development/processing) Types▪ Cellular▪ Humoral
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T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes
Origin Thymus dependent Bursa of Fabricius/ Gut-Assoc. LymphT
Distribution Numerous; 75% of circulating lymphocytes
Less numerous; 25% of circulating lymphocytes
Life span Long lived Short lived
Antibody production
None Present; secreted by Plasma cells
Nomenclature Helper cellsKiller cellsSuppressor cells
Give rise to Plasma cells
Type of Immune response
Cell mediated immune response
Humoral Immune response
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Cells involved Types of T lymphocytes
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Primary vs Secondary Response Antibodies
Types Actions
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Specific protein molecules that circulate freely in blood and lymph or bound to lymphocyte
Secreted by plasma cells 5 broad classes (A, D, E, G,M)
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM
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comprises almost 75% of the Ig of normal human serum.
the only class that crosses the placenta and produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
neutralize bacterial toxins or effective against viral infections.
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Largest immunoglobulin
comprise about 7% of the Ig.
capable of activating complement; thus readily induces lysis of foreign cells
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comprises 15% of Ig found in secretory
products such as saliva, tears, colostrums, nasal and tracheobronchial mucus and released into the intestinal lumen.
plays a protective role at the surface of mucus membrane.
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Immune Tolerance Abnormalities
AIDS Autoimmune Diseases
Active immunity vs Passive immunity
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comprises 0.2% of Ig. main immunoglobulin on
the surface of lymphocytes in the newborn.
no proven antibody activity
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the least amount of immunoglobulins.
mediates allergic reactions and parasitic infections
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ABO system Agglutinogens Antigens Transfusion reaction Rh system
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General Characteristics Shape Lifespan
Function Development Count
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1 megakaryocyte 2,000-4,000 platelets
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1. Vascular Constriction2. Formation of platelet plug3. Formation of blood clot4. Fibrous tissue growth into the blood clot5. Fibrinolysis
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1. Platelet Activation2. Platelet Adhesion3. Platelet aggregation
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Procoagulants =Anticoagulants
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1. Formation of prothrombin activator2. Prothrombin to thrombin3. Fibrinogen to Fibrin4. Stabilization of the fibrin clot
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Plasminogen to Plasmin T-PA
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1. Vitamin K deficiency2. Hemophilia3. Thrombocytopenia