Phu đề video History of Word in two hour
Transcript of Phu đề video History of Word in two hour
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00:00:01 What if we could tell you everything, the entire history of the world?
00:00:07 Now, what if we told you, we could do it in just two hours?
00:00:12 We're going to tell the whole story, from the Big Bang to the present day.
00:00:18 How the planet prepared, for the rise of man.
00:00:22 How the Stone Age, led to the steam engine.
00:00:27 How the first seeds sprouted, into cities and civilizations.
00:00:33 Everything is connected, and the path leads to you.
00:00:39 lt took history 1 3.7 billion years to unfold.
00:00:43 We'll show you everything you, need to know in the next two hours.
00:01:06 This is our infant universe.
00:01:09 Everything that will ever exist,everything that will ever happen,
00:01:14 all begins here, within this tiny bundle of energy,smaller than an atom.
00:01:23 And right now, history as we know it is about to mysteriously begin.
00:01:30 For reasons we may never know,our universe suddenly erupts.
00:01:45 ln a millionth of a millionth, of a millionth of a millionth
00:01:49 of a millionth, of a millionth of a second,
00:01:52 it went from a size, smaller than an atom
00:01:55 to bigger than a galaxy.
00:02:04 What you're seeing is energy,
00:02:07 and it's one key to understanding, everything that will unfold in the next two hours.
00:02:14 Within a fraction of a second, the Big Bang creates, all the energy that will ever exist,
00:02:21 all the energy that will power the stars,
00:02:24 that will fuel, anything that ever lives.
00:02:28 All the energy, that you will ever consume
00:02:31 dates back to the beginning of time. When you put gas into your car,
00:02:40 you're tapping energy, that was created during the Big Bang.
00:02:46 You're tapping, the energy of the universe itself.
00:02:58 We're only a few minutes into our two-hourjourney,but already 380,000 years havepassed. You are about to witness the birth of your original ancestors, the first atoms.
00:03:20 This is hydrogen.
00:03:23 The universe will use it to make
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everything in the world around us.
00:03:27
00:03:29 Hydrogen is like a baseball team.
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00:03:32 You say, "What player do l want
to start my team with?"
00:03:34
00:03:34 Well, if l want to start a universe,
l want to start it with hydrogen.
00:03:37
00:03:37 Because from that, with a lot of heat
and a lot of pressure,
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00:03:39 you can build more kinds of atoms.
00:03:41
00:03:43 The first atoms
blast through the early universe.
00:03:46
00:03:49 And luckily for us,
they don't spread out evenly,
00:03:52
00:03:54 because in those tiny pockets
with more atoms,
00:03:57
00:03:57 gravity, the great sculptor
of the early universe,
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00:04:01 begins to work its magic.
00:04:03
00:04:10 The first galaxies
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are beginning to form,
00:04:13
00:04:14 revealing a timeless secret
of the universe.
00:04:17
00:04:23 Throughout history,
00:04:24
00:04:24 whenever more matter and energy
can be drawn together in one place,
00:04:28
00:04:28 more complex things can emerge.
00:04:31
00:04:32 We have all of these urban centers
around the planet
00:04:36
00:04:36 where so much creativity, so much art,
so much science,
00:04:40
00:04:40 so much culture came about
00:04:42
00:04:43 because of all these opportunities for
things to interact with each other.
00:04:46
00:04:47 Really, in a sense, where
there is stuff, new stuff can develop.
00:04:51
00:04:51 And where there isn't anything,
nothing much can develop.
00:04:54
00:05:01 300 million years after the Big Bang,
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00:05:04
00:05:05 inside of forming galaxies,
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00:05:09 gravity continues to squeeze together
clouds of gas and dust,
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00:05:14 causing pressure and heat
to violently rise.
00:05:17
00:05:21 When the temperature reaches
1 8 million degrees Fahrenheit,
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00:05:25 hydrogen atoms slam together,
creating a new element, helium,
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00:05:30 and radiating bursts of energy.
00:05:32
00:05:34 The first stars are born.
00:05:37
00:05:39 Suddenly there were
these new beacons of light
00:05:42
00:05:42 shining forth,
pouring energy into the universe.
00:05:46
00:05:48 Let there be light.
00:05:49
00:05:51 But something is missing
from this early universe.
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00:05:54 There are billions of stars,
yet not a single planet.
00:05:58
00:05:59 To form planets and eventually people,
00:06:03
00:06:03 to take the next leap that would
make all of history possible,
00:06:06
00:06:07 the universe needs more to work with
than just hydrogen and helium.
00:06:11
00:06:12 The complicated elements,
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00:06:14 the heavier things
that we build stuff out of,
00:06:16
00:06:16 for example, iron or life built out
of carbon and things like that,
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00:06:21 they're actually
manufactured in stars.
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00:06:23 We may see stars like our own sun
as sources of light,
00:06:27
00:06:27 but there is something bigger
happening deep inside.
00:06:31
00:06:31 Stars are element factories.
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00:06:34 They fuse hydrogen into helium,
helium into lithium,
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00:06:38 forging 25 of the most common elements
we'll need to live,
00:06:42
00:06:42 including carbon, oxygen,
nitrogen, and iron.
00:06:46
00:06:48 So more than 1 2 billion years ago,
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00:06:51 stars are already creating the element
that will spur the lron Age,
00:06:56
00:06:56 allow for the building of cities
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00:06:59 and the creation of some of mankind's
most famous monuments.
00:07:03
00:07:08 But a look at the Statue of Liberty
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00:07:10 reveals the next challenge
awaiting the early universe.
00:07:13
00:07:14 While the statue's frame is iron,
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00:07:17 her skin requires an element
too heavy to be made in stars.
00:07:21
00:07:27 For Lady Liberty to have
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material for her skin,
00:07:30
00:07:32 for there to be
gold for wedding rings,
00:07:35
00:07:36 or uranium for nuclear reactors,
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00:07:39 some elements had
to be created another way.
00:07:42
00:07:42 Stars don't have
enough energy to do the job,
00:07:45
00:07:46 but if the element factory
isn't powerful enough,
00:07:49
00:07:49 how about blowing up the factory?
00:07:52
00:07:56 Just a few million years
after the first stars formed,
00:07:59
00:07:59 some of them exploded.
00:08:01
00:08:02 These explosions, known as supernovas,
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00:08:06 are the biggest blasts in the universe
since the Big Bang,
00:08:09
00:08:09 providing the extra boost of energy
needed to fuse heavier elements.
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00:09:09
00:09:10 Copper and tin, Bronze Age.
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00:09:12 Without supernovas,
there's no Bronze Age.
00:09:15
00:09:16 Go to any supermarket
and buy a multivitamin
00:09:17
00:09:19 and go and look in the ingredients.
00:09:20
00:09:20 You'll find copper. You'll find zinc.
You'll find selenium.
00:09:23
00:09:23 You'll find all sorts of elements
that can only be made in a supernova.
00:09:28
00:09:29 The elements made by stars
will become the seeds of life on Earth
00:09:34
00:09:34 and the drivers of human history.
00:09:37
00:09:38 But the journey has just begun.
00:09:40
00:09:41 Before there can be life, the universe
has to build us a suitable home.
00:09:47
00:09:49 To build a proper house, you have to
assemble the right materials
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00:09:53 all in one place.
00:09:55
00:09:57 Now when planets form,
it's the same thing,
00:10:00
00:10:00 it's the materials
that you have at hand
00:10:03
00:10:03 that's gonna dictate the kind of house
that your planet's gonna be.
00:10:06
00:10:07 To get enough of the right material
in the right place all at once
00:10:11
00:10:11 takes a very long time.
00:10:14
00:10:14 Over the next eight billion years,
00:10:17
00:10:17 more than half of history
as we know it,
00:10:19
00:10:19 the element factories
continue their work.
00:10:22
00:10:23 Stars explode and are reborn,
00:10:27
00:10:30 each generation with
more heavy elements than the last.
00:10:33
00:10:37 Until 4.6 billion years ago.
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00:10:40
00:10:41 Finally there are
enough materials gathered
00:10:44
00:10:44 for the next step on the path to us.
00:10:47
00:10:53 A new star is born.
00:10:55
00:10:56 This is our sun.
00:10:58
00:10:58 lt's so massive that it's gathered up
00:11:00
00:11:00 99.9% of the gas and dust
in the solar system,
00:11:04
00:11:05 but there's still
just enough left behind
00:11:07
00:11:07 for gravity to build
some other things,
00:11:10
00:11:10 like planets.
00:11:12
00:11:13 The third one out from this star
will be our home.
00:11:16
00:11:19 By the time Earth emerges just over
four and a half billion years ago,
00:11:23
00:11:23 two-thirds of the history
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of the universe has already passed.
00:11:27
00:11:31 The first sunrises sweep
across a foreboding alien planet,
00:11:36
00:11:37 a world spinning so rapidly
that a day lasts only six hours.
00:11:41
00:11:45 When you go back to the early Earth,
right after the planet formed,
00:11:49
00:11:50 you really have to think
of the Earth as another planet.
00:11:53
00:11:54 The sun would have looked out
over a hellacious scene
00:11:57
00:11:59 ofjust molten lava.
00:12:00
00:12:04 And in places you would
see rafts of black volcanic rock.
00:12:09
00:12:11 Within the liquefied rock
the elements are all in a jumble.
00:12:15
00:12:16 Something has to
bring order out of this chaos.
00:12:20
00:12:20 And once again
that something is gravity.
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00:12:23
00:12:25 Lighter material
drifts toward the surface
00:12:28
00:12:28 and forms a solid crust,
00:12:30
00:12:33 while heavier material
sinks toward the center,
00:12:36
00:12:36 forming a molten iron-nickel core.
00:12:39
00:12:40 This churning liquid metal
00:12:42
00:12:42 creates a magnetic field
that reaches out into space.
00:12:45
00:12:46 Like a force field,
it will protect our future home
00:12:49
00:12:49 from the sun's
deadly charged particles.
00:12:52
00:12:52 Soon this magnetic field
will allow for life to grow,
00:12:56
00:12:56 and later, guide the explorers who
will connect two halves of the world.
00:13:00
00:13:01 But for all this to unfold, the Earth
will need a critical partner.
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00:13:06
00:13:14 Four and a half billion years ago,
00:13:16
00:13:17 an object the size of Mars
smashes into the planet
00:13:20
00:13:20 at 25,000 miles per hour.
00:13:23
00:13:29 Earth swallows up
much of the impactor.
00:13:31
00:13:39 But a spray of molten debris
is whipped off into space.
00:13:43
00:13:44 Within as little as a year,
gravity gathers this debris
00:13:48
00:13:48 into a secondary sphere
in orbit around the Earth,
00:13:51
00:13:52 where it has been ever since.
00:13:54
00:13:57 The formation of the moon
00:13:58
00:13:58 was an incredibly important event
in Earth's history.
00:14:01
00:14:02 And in fact, its creation,
over four billion years ago,
00:14:03
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00:14:06 is really important to
the Earth's climate today.
00:14:08
00:14:08 The moon keeps Earth steady.
00:14:11
00:14:11 lts gravitational pull
prevents the planet from wobbling,
00:14:15
00:14:15 saving us from wild climate swings.
00:14:18
00:14:18 And the collision that formed the moon
leaves Earth tilted on its axis,
00:14:23
00:14:24 giving the planet
a key ingredient to life,
00:14:26
00:14:27 seasons.
00:14:29
00:14:32 Having seasons is very, very important
00:14:34
00:14:34 for the evolution of life
on the Earth,
00:14:36
00:14:36 and having some stability
in the tilt of those axes,
00:14:40
00:14:40 that's very, very important also
for maintaining life on the Earth.
00:14:43
00:14:46 The moon's gravity
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also begins to slow Earth's rotation,
00:14:51
00:14:51 which will eventually lengthen
our days from six hours to 24.
00:14:57
00:15:07 4.4 billion years ago.
00:15:10
00:15:11 lt's too hot on Earth
for liquid water to exist,
00:15:15
00:15:15 but there's water vapor,
steam in the atmosphere.
00:15:19
00:15:21 The trick is
how to get it out of the sky.
00:15:24
00:15:24 Onto any world where you hope
to have life, a little rain must fall.
00:15:29
00:15:36 For millions of years
as the planet cools, rain pours down,
00:15:41
00:15:41 forming puddles, lakes,
and eventually our oceans.
00:15:47
00:15:50 By 3.8 billion years ago,
00:15:53
00:15:53 our planet has a moon
and permanent oceans,
00:15:57
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00:15:57 but it hardly resembles
the place we now call home.
00:16:00
00:16:02 To become the stage
for all of human history,
00:16:05
00:16:05 Earth needs an oxygen-rich atmosphere,
00:16:08
00:16:08 fertile continents
for people to discover and develop.
00:16:12
00:16:12 Who will create our modern world?
00:16:15
00:16:15 There's a trillion of them
crawling on your skin right now.
00:16:19
00:16:28 We're telling the history of the world
in two hours,
00:16:31
00:16:31 from the Big Bang to the present day.
00:16:35
00:16:35 And our modern world
holds important clues to the story.
00:16:39
00:16:39 ln fact, structures like this
00:16:42
00:16:42 hide a mysterious link
to the first life on Earth.
00:16:46
00:16:53 3.8 billion years ago,
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00:16:55
00:16:57 beneath the surface
of our primeval oceans,
00:17:00
00:17:02 a revolution is taking place.
00:17:05
00:17:09 Six simple elements,
including hydrogen from the Big Bang,
00:17:13
00:17:13 and oxygen, carbon,
and nitrogen created by stars,
00:17:17
00:17:17 have combined
to form the key substances
00:17:19
00:17:19 that will make up all life,
including us.
00:17:23
00:17:26 The most spectacular is DNA.
00:17:29
00:17:31 Within its spirals
hide the secret codes of life.
00:17:34
00:17:37 700,000 years
after the planet first formed,
00:17:41
00:17:42 life on Earth begins.
00:17:44
00:17:46 We stand
not on the shoulders of giants,
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00:17:49
00:17:49 but of tiny organisms, bacteria.
00:17:52
00:17:55 We're very egocentric. We think
that we animals run the world,
00:17:59
00:17:59 but in fact we are very late entrants.
00:18:02
00:18:03 lt was an empire of bacteria
long before animals.
00:18:06
00:18:06 Animals come along,
00:18:07
00:18:07 and we like to think
that we wiped out that empire.
00:18:11
00:18:11 Well, we would be dead
if we wiped out that empire.
00:18:14
00:18:15 l have within me
an entire zoo of bacteria.
00:18:18
00:18:19 ln fact, each one of us
00:18:21
00:18:21 has more bacteria living in our bodies
than there are people on the planet.
00:18:26
00:18:28 For billions of years,
00:18:30
00:18:30 microbes like these
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will have Earth to themselves.
00:18:34
00:18:36 Like our infant universe,
00:18:38
00:18:38 the first life is small, simple,
and full of possibilities.
00:18:43
00:18:44 The secret of how it explodes
00:18:45
00:18:45 into all of the incredible forms
we see today, including us,
00:18:50
00:18:50 goes back to the beginning of time.
00:18:52
00:18:53 As we've seen,
00:18:54
00:18:54 all the energy that will ever exist
was created in the Big Bang.
00:18:58
00:19:00 All creatures need to grab their share
of this energy to survive.
00:19:05
00:19:05 The more we harness,
the more efficiently we use it,
00:19:09
00:19:09 the more complex we can become.
00:19:11
00:19:12 And almost all of our share
of the Big Bang's energy
00:19:15
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00:19:15 is beamed to us by the sun.
00:19:18
00:19:21 Two and a half billion years ago,
00:19:23
00:19:24 some very special bacteria
00:19:26
00:19:26 figure out how to
consume the sun's energy to live.
00:19:30
00:19:32 ln doing this, they also create
00:19:34
00:19:35 the most important waste product
in the history of the world,
00:19:38
00:19:40 oxygen.
00:19:42
00:19:45 Soon, oxygen will remake our world,
00:19:47
00:19:48 but first,
it has another important job to do.
00:19:51
00:19:53 Earth's ancient seas
are full of iron particles,
00:19:56
00:19:56 and everyone knows
what happens when oxygen meets iron.
00:20:01
00:20:03 Here l'm a little bacterium.
l've produced this oxygen molecule,
00:20:06
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00:20:06 and here's a big piece
of iron and clump, l rust it.
00:20:09
00:20:12 The rusted iron
collects on the sea floor.
00:20:14
00:20:17 Billions of years later,
these huge deposits will be raised up
00:20:22
00:20:22 to become major sources
of the world's iron and steel.
00:20:26
00:20:30 lt was these iron deposits
00:20:31
00:20:31 that later on
drove the lndustrial Revolution.
00:20:34
00:20:36 ln this way, the Brooklyn Bridge
00:20:38
00:20:39 and the other early landmarks
of the lndustrial Age
00:20:42
00:20:42 are a direct link to
some of the first life forms on Earth.
00:20:46
00:20:49 Once there's no more iron
left in the sea to rust,
00:20:52
00:20:52 these ancient bacteria
have a mission to complete.
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00:20:56
00:20:56 They create so much oxygen
00:20:59
00:20:59 that it fills the oceans
and escapes into the atmosphere.
00:21:04
00:21:06 And from then on
we have a very different planet
00:21:09
00:21:09 from all the other planets
in the solar system.
00:21:11
00:21:12 Now, life takes a giant leap.
00:21:14
00:21:15 For the first time,
some bacteria learn to live on oxygen.
00:21:19
00:21:21 Every human breath is a ritual
two and a half billion years old.
00:21:26
00:21:29 Life tends to stick with what works
00:21:30
00:21:32 even over the course of
billions of years.
00:21:33
00:21:34 Oxygen is a game changer.
00:21:36
00:21:36 By taming its power,
00:21:38
00:21:38 life has found
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a better way to energize itself.
00:21:41
00:21:41 Twenty times more efficient
than anything used on Earth before.
00:21:45
00:21:46 What life does
with all this new energy
00:21:49
00:21:49 will be the story that leads to us.
00:21:51
00:21:58 Over the next two billion years,
life becomes more complex.
00:22:02
00:22:05 Skies become blue,
00:22:07
00:22:08 and so do the oceans
that reflect them.
00:22:11
00:22:12 Large, solid continents appear.
00:22:15
00:22:15 Earth is beginning to look
more like the place we now call home.
00:22:19
00:22:28 550 million years ago,
00:22:30
00:22:31 as the planet celebrates
its four billionth birthday,
00:22:35
00:22:36 oxygen levels in the atmosphere have
risen from next to nothing
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00:22:39
00:22:40 to as much as 1 3%.
00:22:42
00:22:44 Take a deep breath,
00:22:46
00:22:46 because life on Earth
is about to go wild.
00:22:49
00:22:55 This is the Cambrian explosion,
biology's version of the Big Bang.
00:23:00
00:23:02 Right after you have abundant oxygen,
you get size and complexity.
00:23:05
00:23:07 And oxygen lets you do that.
00:23:10
00:23:13 lt's in this breathtaking span
of roughly 30 million years
00:23:17
00:23:17 that most of the
major animal groups evolve.
00:23:20
00:23:22 By 500 million years ago, the first
bony fish have evolved in the seas.
00:23:28
00:23:29 These fish are our direct ancestors.
00:23:31
00:23:32 Though they look nothing like us,
00:23:34
00:23:34 they evolve the body parts that will
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make our own bodies possible,
00:23:38
00:23:38 including a spine,
and a mouth with jaws and teeth.
00:23:42
00:23:44 We owe a great deal
to our fish ancestors.
00:23:46
00:23:46 ln fact, all vertebrates today
00:23:47
00:23:47 really represent modifications
of the original fish body plan.
00:23:50
00:23:53 For the first four billion years
of Earth's history,
00:23:56
00:23:56 plants and animals
have stuck to the seas.
00:23:59
00:24:02 But that all begins to change.
00:24:04
00:24:04 With oxygen comes an ozone layer,
00:24:07
00:24:07 protecting us from
dangerous radiation.
00:24:10
00:24:13 Plants make the move first.
00:24:15
00:24:25 Around 400 million years ago,
animals are ready to take the leap.
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00:24:30
00:24:32 Among the first ashore
are the amphibians,
00:24:35
00:24:35 whose descendants will include us.
00:24:38
00:24:39 The most amazing thing about animal
evolution ever, for me personally,
00:24:42
00:24:44 is that moment that first amphibian
00:24:46
00:24:46 walks out of the primeval ocean
onto land
00:24:50
00:24:50 and takes a big gulp of air.
00:24:52
00:24:54 Kind of like great-great-great-
great-great-great grandpa
00:24:57
00:24:57 coming out of the ocean
and seeing this fantastic world.
00:25:01
00:25:03 And it's like, "Hey! l can live here.
00:25:05
00:25:05 "Look at those trees.
Look at those bugs.
00:25:06
00:25:06 "There's food here. l can do this."
00:25:08
00:25:14 Eventually, humans will conquer
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every imaginable terrain.
00:25:18
00:25:21 But before we can do that,
00:25:23
00:25:23 our ancestors must first cut their
final tie to the water,
00:25:27
00:25:28 mating season.
00:25:29
00:25:33 Like modern frogs,
00:25:35
00:25:35 they have jelly-like eggs
that would dry out on land.
00:25:38
00:25:41 But some amphibians
eventually solve the problem.
00:25:44
00:25:45 They evolve a new form of egg
00:25:47
00:25:48 with a shell
that keeps the moisture in.
00:25:50
00:25:51 This allows us
to carry the ocean with us onto land
00:25:55
00:25:56 and signals the evolution
of amphibians into reptiles.
00:26:01
00:26:01 You could be 300, 400, 500,
1 ,000 miles away from water
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00:26:06
00:26:06 and still have the water in that egg
in order to birth.
00:26:09
00:26:10 That is the key.
00:26:11
00:26:12 lt cuts that final tie to the ocean.
00:26:15
00:26:16 That way we could colonize
the rest of the land.
00:26:19
00:26:33 300 million years ago, life flourishes
in massive tropical swamps
00:26:40
00:26:40 where planet Earth
is cooking up a surprise.
00:26:43
00:26:44 As plants die here,
00:26:46
00:26:47 they are buried, compacted,
and cooked.
00:26:52
00:26:53 Energy created in the Big Bang
00:26:55
00:26:55 and radiated by the sun
to plants on Earth
00:26:59
00:27:00 is now locked away underground
as coal,
00:27:05
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00:27:05 a gift to be opened by human beings
millions of years in the future.
00:27:10
00:27:19 250 million years ago,
00:27:21
00:27:23 an apocalypse unfolds.
00:27:25
00:27:26 The biggest spike in volcanic activity
since the early days of the planet.
00:27:31
00:27:32 The atmosphere is choked
with carbon dioxide,
00:27:36
00:27:36 and the diversity of animal life
spawned in the Cambrian explosion
00:27:40
00:27:40 is stopped dead in its tracks.
00:27:42
00:27:46 More than 70% of all species on Earth
go extinct
00:27:50
00:27:50 in the worst mass die-off in history,
the Permian extinction.
00:27:55
00:27:58 Extinction is a recurring character
in the story of planet Earth.
00:28:02
00:28:04 Five times
in the last 500 million years,
00:28:07
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00:28:07 some cataclysm
wiped out the dominant species.
00:28:11
00:28:12 lt's a reshuffling of the deck that
allows new creatures to take hold.
00:28:16
00:28:17 New creatures like the dinosaurs.
00:28:21
00:28:24 Dinosaurs will reign
for the next 1 60 million years.
00:28:28
00:28:30 During that time,
the first hardwood forests appear.
00:28:34
00:28:36 And after
more than four billion years,
00:28:39
00:28:39 the moon's gravity finally settles
Earth into a 24-hour day.
00:28:44
00:28:47 At the start of the dinosaur era,
00:28:48
00:28:49 the continents are clustered together
00:28:51
00:28:51 into a single landmass
we call Pangaea.
00:28:53
00:28:54 But now they start to break apart.
00:28:57
00:29:00 Africa separates from South America.
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00:29:03
00:29:04 The vast Atlantic Ocean opens up,
00:29:06
00:29:07 creating what will become one of the
defining barriers of human history,
00:29:11
00:29:12 the gulf
between the old and new worlds.
00:29:15
00:29:19 The undisputed stars
of the dinosaur era
00:29:21
00:29:21 are animals like Triceratops
and T-Rex.
00:29:25
00:29:25 But there are some important creatures
scurrying around their feet.
00:29:29
00:29:30 lf we were to trace our lineage back
far enough,
00:29:33
00:29:33 we would come to really small
shrew-like mammals
00:29:37
00:29:37 surrounded by
these titans of reptile life.
00:29:40
00:29:41 During that time, mammals,
we were living on the fringes.
00:29:44
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00:29:44 We were maybe stealing dinosaur eggs,
maybe just eking out an existence.
00:29:49
00:29:49 So the dinosaurs kind of held us back.
00:29:52
00:29:53 The biggest headline of the history
of dinosaurs,
00:29:56
00:29:56 which is 1 60 million years,
is that we lost!
00:29:59
00:30:00 Mammals lost.
00:30:01
00:30:02 We couldn't get much bigger
than a small cat.
00:30:05
00:30:05 For 1 60 million years,
all the medium-size, medium-big,
00:30:09
00:30:09 big, gigantic and stupendous animals
were dinosaurs, for that whole time!
00:30:14
00:30:15 They beat us fair and square.
00:30:18
00:30:20 But the deck
is about to be reshuffled.
00:30:23
00:30:32 Sixty-five million years ago,
00:30:34
00:30:34 a six-mile wide object,
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likely an asteroid,
00:30:38
00:30:38 slams into the Earth.
00:30:40
00:30:48 A dust cloud blocks out the sun.
00:30:51
00:30:51 Temperatures plummet.
00:30:53
00:30:54 Every creature on land
weighing over 50 pounds goes extinct.
00:30:58
00:31:00 The reign of the dinosaurs is over.
00:31:03
00:31:05 The greatest gift that the dinosaurs
ever gave us was dying.
00:31:09
00:31:10 When they went extinct,
it gave the mammals time to rise.
00:31:14
00:31:16 lt doesn't take long after
the disappearance of the dinosaurs
00:31:19
00:31:19 for the first true primates to appear.
00:31:22
00:31:23 Like their later versions,
including us,
00:31:26
00:31:26 these mammals have evolved
forward-facing eyes
00:31:29
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00:31:29 allowing for accurate depth perception
and flexible hands with five digits.
00:31:35
00:31:35 They have five fingers, just like us,
which means we can grasp things.
00:31:40
00:31:40 lf you think about other animals
that don't have digits
00:31:42
00:31:44 organized the way ours are,
their ability to hold things,
00:31:46
00:31:46 to manipulate objects,
is much more limited.
00:31:49
00:31:52 Fifty million years ago,
00:31:54
00:31:54 our primate ancestors are evolving
on a planet that is warming.
00:31:58
00:31:59 lt's so hot,
there are jungles at the poles.
00:32:02
00:32:05 As the continents drift,
00:32:07
00:32:07 the Americas and Africa
have almost fully taken shape.
00:32:10
00:32:12 But in northern Africa,
00:32:13
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00:32:14 modern-day Egypt
is submerged beneath an ancient sea.
00:32:17
00:32:19 On the floor of that sea live small,
shelled creatures called nummulites.
00:32:24
00:32:24 Their shells,
made of calcium and carbon,
00:32:26
00:32:26 pile up on the sea bottom
over millions of years,
00:32:29
00:32:29 where they form into limestone.
00:32:32
00:32:33 Limestone that will be used
to build the Great Pyramids.
00:32:36
00:32:37 lf you look closely
at the pyramids today,
00:32:39
00:32:40 you can still see evidence that
these 4,000-year-old monuments
00:32:43
00:32:43 are in fact made of
50-million-year-old seashells.
00:32:48
00:32:56 By 1 0 million years ago,
00:32:58
00:32:58 Earth is morphing into a world
most of us would recognize.
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00:33:02
00:33:02 The Colorado River
is carving out the Grand Canyon.
00:33:05
00:33:06 Mountain ranges
like the Himalayas have arisen.
00:33:09
00:33:09 They're so tall,
they disrupt weather patterns
00:33:12
00:33:13 setting the stage for a colder planet.
00:33:16
00:33:20 The lsthmus of Panama emerges
to connect North and South America,
00:33:25
00:33:25 cleaving the connection between
the Atlantic and the Pacific,
00:33:29
00:33:29 disrupting ocean currents
00:33:30
00:33:30 and tipping the world
even more towards an ice age.
00:33:34
00:33:37 With the planet getting colder,
00:33:39
00:33:39 our primate ancestors
hang on in the tropics,
00:33:42
00:33:42 but a new creature is coming in
that threatens to destroy them.
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00:33:47
00:33:56 Seven million years ago,
00:33:58
00:34:00 our primate ancestors
live safely in the trees.
00:34:03
00:34:04 But their neighborhood
is about to be invaded.
00:34:07
00:34:08 This newcomer will have
as profound an effect on human history
00:34:11
00:34:11 as any other living thing on Earth.
00:34:14
00:34:16 lt seems almost impossible to believe,
00:34:19
00:34:19 but one of the most important things
that will lead to the emergence of us,
00:34:23
00:34:24 is the emergence of grass.
00:34:27
00:34:29 The grasslands appear almost
simultaneously around the world.
00:34:33
00:34:35 We get the African savannas,
00:34:37
00:34:39 we get the Eurasian steppe lands,
00:34:41
00:34:42 we get the North American prairies,
00:34:45
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00:34:46 we get the great grasslands
ofArgentina,
00:34:49
00:34:50 appearing simultaneously
around the world.
00:34:53
00:34:56 ln Eastern Africa, grasslands invade
the traditional woodland habitat
00:35:00
00:35:01 of our ape ancestors.
00:35:02
00:35:03 With fewer trees
and greater gaps between them,
00:35:06
00:35:06 our ancestors have to adapt.
00:35:09
00:35:09 Apes would notice that there's more
and more apes in the same tree
00:35:12
00:35:12 and less and less food,
00:35:14
00:35:15 increasing incentives for apes
00:35:16
00:35:16 to go from one patch of food
to a different one,
00:35:18
00:35:18 separated by grasslands.
00:35:19
00:35:20 Now, one way to do it
is to run like hell, you know.
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00:35:23
00:35:23 The other way to do it is to extend
one's food sources into the grasslands
00:35:27
00:35:27 to seek out the foods
that are available there.
00:35:30
00:35:32 And so, some apes make the move down
into this stark, new habitat.
00:35:37
00:35:40 lt's a landscape better suited
to primates that can walk on two legs.
00:35:45
00:35:46 Keeping their heads up above the tall
grasses to watch for predators.
00:35:51
00:35:54 Standing on two feet
is a revolutionary advance.
00:35:57
00:35:59 Because it frees up our hands.
00:36:01
00:36:03 Hands we will need
to shape human history.
00:36:06
00:36:16 2.6 million years ago,
00:36:18
00:36:21 early proto-humans or hominids
00:36:24
00:36:24 walk an Earth whose rocks are
loaded with the element silicon.
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00:36:28
00:36:31 Created in the cores of stars
billions of years before,
00:36:36
00:36:36 silicon is the second-most
abundant element in Earth's crust.
00:36:40
00:36:40 One of its chemical quirks
is the ability to bond with oxygen
00:36:44
00:36:44 to form crystals
that combine into solid rocks,
00:36:48
00:36:49 rocks that can be chipped
and shaped without shattering.
00:36:52
00:36:54 Hominids started doing this
2.6 million years ago,
00:36:57
00:36:58 breaking cryptocrystalline silicates
to make sharp edges,
00:37:01
00:37:01 and people use them for millions,
literally 2.6 million years.
00:37:05
00:37:10 Simply having a modified stone
with a sharp edge on it,
00:37:13
00:37:13 now suddenly you have a hammer.
00:37:15
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00:37:15 You have a crude cutting edge.
00:37:18
00:37:18 A simple modified stone means
a human can suddenly do
00:37:22
00:37:22 a thousand more things
than we could do previously.
00:37:26
00:37:31 That little extra bit of technology
00:37:34
00:37:34 enabled our ancestors to persist
and eventually turn into us.
00:37:40
00:37:43 Silicon launches the first
technological revolution,
00:37:46
00:37:47 the Stone Age.
00:37:49
00:37:51 Millions of years after it powers
our first handheld devices,
00:37:56
00:37:56 another chemical quirk
of silicon will make it
00:37:59
00:37:59 the height of technology once again.
00:38:01
00:38:04 The next leap towards
becoming truly human
00:38:07
00:38:07 relies on a little-known secret
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of our home planet.
00:38:10
00:38:10 ln the known universe,
00:38:12
00:38:12 it turns out Earth
may have a rare and special power.
00:38:15
00:38:21 Of all the planets and moons
in the solar system,
00:38:24
00:38:24 we think that Earth is unique
in the ability to sustain fire.
00:38:29
00:38:32 Other planets and moons
have lightning and lava.
00:38:35
00:38:38 But only on Earth do we have
the two critical things
00:38:40
00:38:41 we need for fire to burn,
00:38:43
00:38:45 a vast fuel supply
in the form of plants and trees,
00:38:48
00:38:49 and an atmosphere full of oxygen
to fan the flames.
00:38:52
00:38:53 lf fire wasn't a possibility, you'd
have nothing like us running around.
00:38:57
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00:39:01 Homo sapiens,
they made a world with fire.
00:39:04
00:39:10 Our ancestors have fire firmly
under control by 800,000 years ago.
00:39:15
00:39:19 lt's a skill that connects us
back to the very beginning.
00:39:22
00:39:24 Remember that all energy
was created in the Big Bang
00:39:27
00:39:27 and all life is in a competition
for our share of this energy.
00:39:31
00:39:33 Using fire to cook is like having
00:39:35
00:39:35 an external stomach
to break down foods,
00:39:38
00:39:38 releasing more calories,
giving us more energy,
00:39:42
00:39:42 which in turn allows us
to support bigger brains.
00:39:45
00:39:48 Fire is also the ultimate
gateway technology.
00:39:51
00:39:52 We will soon use it
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to turn clay into pottery,
00:39:55
00:39:56 metal into weapons,
00:39:58
00:39:59 water into steam power.
00:40:01
00:40:03 lf you don't have fire, you can't have
the internal combustion engine.
00:40:06
00:40:06 No fire, no metal.
00:40:08
00:40:08 No fire, no rubber.
00:40:09
00:40:11 lt's a technology that opens a world
of possibilities
00:40:14
00:40:14 for creatures that know how to use it.
00:40:16
00:40:22 200,000 years ago,
00:40:24
00:40:27 the modern human
has fully taken shape.
00:40:29
00:40:31 The larynx or voice box
00:40:33
00:40:33 which is high up in the throat
in our ancestors, descends.
00:40:37
00:40:38 More complex sounds are now possible.
00:40:41
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00:40:44 We begin to speak.
00:40:47
00:40:49 For the first time,
information can be shared
00:40:52
00:40:52 between individuals
and across generations.
00:40:56
00:40:57 Humans have gained
a critical advantage
00:40:59
00:40:59 over every other creature on Earth.
00:41:01
00:41:02 You can tell, "My grandfather said
that when the elephants didn't show up
00:41:05
00:41:05 "we go off and hunted zebras."
00:41:06
00:41:07 You know, "My aunt told me that her
cousin found this water hole
00:41:10
00:41:10 "on the other side of that river."
00:41:11
00:41:13 And we can all benefit
00:41:14
00:41:14 and we can all understand what they
mean when they were describing
00:41:17
00:41:17 what they found out on that landscape.
00:41:19
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00:41:20 Language changes humans
from being like stand-alone computers
00:41:24
00:41:24 to being networked computers
where you can share information.
00:41:27
00:41:30 Now, one doesn't need to depend
on one's own personal experience.
00:41:32
00:41:33 One can borrow the personal experience
of anyone
00:41:36
00:41:36 with whom one can communicate.
00:41:37
00:41:38 That's a powerful advantage.
00:41:39
00:41:39 No other creature has that.
00:41:41
00:41:42 As a species,
humans become exponentially smarter.
00:41:46
00:41:47 The global game board has been set,
and we are now ready to play.
00:41:51
00:41:54 1 00,000 years ago, man can move.
00:41:58
00:41:59 We have agile hands
and primitive tools.
00:42:02
00:42:02 We can communicate and control fire.
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00:42:05
00:42:06 We are finally ready to expand
out of our African home
00:42:09
00:42:11 on a path
millions of years in the making.
00:42:14
00:42:19 Shifting continents have linked Africa
and Eurasia
00:42:22
00:42:22 into the largest contiguous landmass
on Earth, Afro-Eurasia.
00:42:27
00:42:29 33 million square miles,
00:42:31
00:42:31 more than twice the surface area
of our entire moon.
00:42:34
00:42:36 For early humans,
00:42:37
00:42:37 this means more than half the land
on Earth can be reached on foot.
00:42:42
00:42:47 Human dispersal
was a crucial game changer.
00:42:50
00:42:51 We are one of the few primates
00:42:53
00:42:53 that live on more than
one continent simultaneously.
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00:42:56
00:42:57 So what that means is that
we're better insulated
00:43:00
00:43:00 from the kinds of things that caused
big mammals to become extinct
00:43:02
00:43:03 than other primates are.
00:43:04
00:43:05 lt's extinction insurance.
Dispersal is extinction insurance.
00:43:08
00:43:12 But just as the world
begins to open itself up to man,
00:43:16
00:43:16 the planet turns on us.
00:43:18
00:43:20 An ice age begins.
00:43:22
00:43:24 Now the planet will test us
like never before.
00:43:27
00:43:29 By 50,000 years ago, glaciers begin
to advance down from the North Pole.
00:43:34
00:43:34 At the same time, humans continue
their conquest of the globe,
00:43:38
00:43:38 arriving in China and Australia.
00:43:40
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00:43:41 By 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens
reach Europe for the first time.
00:43:45
00:43:46 By 20,000 years ago, with the ice
nearing its most extreme,
00:43:50
00:43:51 the march of man reaches the frigid
tundra of Northeast Siberia.
00:43:55
00:43:57 Despite the trials of the lce Age,
00:43:59
00:44:00 man endures and develops the last
skills we will need to be truly human.
00:44:07
00:44:12 The clues lie in these symbols.
00:44:14
00:44:16 We have taken an intellectual leap,
00:44:18
00:44:18 to think beyond the here and now,
00:44:21
00:44:21 beyond what is simply
needed to survive.
00:44:24
00:44:25 We can only start saying we have
an organism that is human,
00:44:28
00:44:28 that is the same as us,
00:44:29
00:44:29 when we start seeing evidence
of symbolic thought.
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00:44:31
00:44:33 lt's when we start seeing
a picture of a cow
00:44:37
00:44:38 that everybody will recognize
as the picture of a cow.
00:44:41
00:44:41 Because only when we start seeing
all of those things
00:44:44
00:44:44 can we say that is a human.
00:44:46
00:44:47 People or creatures
that think like us,
00:44:50
00:44:51 that see the world
in the same way as us.
00:44:53
00:44:54 And from that moment on,
00:44:55
00:44:55 human history was marked to be
radically different
00:44:56
00:44:58 to any other species on this planet.
00:45:00
00:45:01 Now, with huge amounts of the planet's
water locked up in ice,
00:45:05
00:45:05 sea levels plummet by 300 to 400 feet.
00:45:09
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00:45:10 The last great barrier
to the spread of man is erased.
00:45:14
00:45:14 We come across the Bering Land Bridge
from Siberia to North America.
00:45:19
00:45:23 We are telling the history
of the world in two hours,
00:45:26
00:45:26 and in just one hour, more than
1 3 billion years have already passed.
00:45:31
00:45:31 These years of preparation
have allowed man
00:45:34
00:45:34 to finally emerge
and spread out across the planet.
00:45:37
00:45:38 And human history as we know it
can truly begin.
00:45:41
00:45:48 Our history of the world began with
the beginning of time, the Big Bang.
00:45:53
00:45:54 lt has taken us on a journey
of nearly 14 billion years.
00:45:58
00:46:01 Now, as humans take center stage,
00:46:04
00:46:04 it's important to remember
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00:46:06
00:46:07 just how small a slice of history
we actually occupy.
00:46:11
00:46:12 To make things simple,
00:46:13
00:46:13 imagine compressing 14 billion years
of history
00:46:17
00:46:18 down to just 14 years.
00:46:20
00:46:22 On this scale, the Earth would have
existed only for the past five years.
00:46:28
00:46:29 So that's about a third
of the history of the universe.
00:46:31
00:46:32 Large complex creatures
would have developed seven months ago.
00:46:36
00:46:37 On this scale, dinosaurs went extinct
only about three weeks ago.
00:46:42
00:46:43 The entire recorded history of humans
00:46:45
00:46:46 would span
only the last three minutes.
00:46:49
00:46:50 Modern industrial societies,
00:46:51
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00:46:52 the lndustrial Revolution,
effectively, six seconds ago.
00:46:55
00:46:57 What this shows me is that we humans
have been around
00:47:00
00:47:00 for only a very brief instant in
the recorded history of the universe.
00:47:05
00:47:06 Mankind has waited billions of years
for our brief instant to shine,
00:47:11
00:47:12 as the stars and our evolving planet
00:47:14
00:47:14 carried out the slow work
of organizing the elements
00:47:17
00:47:18 in a way that would
make human history possible.
00:47:20
00:47:27 lt's 1 0,000 B.C.,
00:47:29
00:47:29 less than 1 00,000 years
after expanding out ofAfrica,
00:47:34
00:47:34 man has reached South America.
00:47:36
00:47:37 Humans have met the adversity
of the ice age head on,
00:47:40
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00:47:41 and rather than die off,
00:47:42
00:47:43 we have adapted,
become even more intelligent.
00:47:46
00:47:47 And now
we have colonized the entire globe.
00:47:50
00:47:52 From coast to mountaintop,
00:47:55
00:47:58 from tundra to desert,
00:48:03
00:48:04 humans are there.
00:48:06
00:48:07 Our closest living ancestors,
the chimpanzees, live in the tropics.
00:48:11
00:48:11 They only live in the tropics.
00:48:13
00:48:13 Humans have managed to colonize
the entire globe.
00:48:16
00:48:18 lce age land bridges allowed man
to spread around the world,
00:48:22
00:48:22 but now the ice begins to melt
and sea levels rise again.
00:48:28
00:48:28 Humans are trapped and separated in
two vast and unconnected hemispheres.
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00:48:33
00:48:33 Each pocket of humanity left to make
the best of what it has been given.
00:48:38
00:48:39 As the glaciers recede,
00:48:41
00:48:41 they carve out lakes,
rivers, and bays.
00:48:45
00:48:46 The map as we know it emerges.
00:48:48
00:48:51 ln Africa,
00:48:52
00:48:52 increased rainfall causes Lake
Victoria and Lake Albert to overflow
00:48:56
00:48:58 and form Egypt's Nile River.
00:49:00
00:49:02 ln Eurasia, other rivers emerge,
00:49:04
00:49:05 the Tigris and Euphrates
in Mesopotamia, modern-day lraq.
00:49:09
00:49:11 The lndus in modern-day Pakistan
and China's Yellow and Yangtze.
00:49:16
00:49:18 These river valleys
become critically important
00:49:20
00:49:20 for how human history will now be
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played out
00:49:23
00:49:23 following the retreat
of these ice sheets.
00:49:25
00:49:27 These are the river valleys
whose waters and fertile soils
00:49:31
00:49:31 will allow the first seeds
of civilization to be planted.
00:49:35
00:49:38 With temperatures warming
after the ice age,
00:49:41
00:49:41 plants and animals are more plentiful,
00:49:44
00:49:45 and man can finally
choose to stop moving.
00:49:48
00:49:50 Permanent settlements begin.
00:49:52
00:49:54 Populations grow.
00:49:55
00:50:00 With more mouths to feed,
our ancestors have to get clever.
00:50:04
00:50:06 They had to find a way
to increase the amount of food
00:50:08
00:50:08 they could get from the surroundings.
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00:50:10
00:50:11 Now, one discovery forever changes
the planet and the path of mankind.
00:50:17
00:50:20 We learn to plant seeds.
00:50:22
00:50:25 And the seeds we sow
come from the same plants
00:50:28
00:50:28 that millions of years earlier
spurred our evolution from ape to man,
00:50:33
00:50:33 the unheralded hero
of human history, grass.
00:50:38
00:50:40 A grass seed is tiny, right?
lt's no food.
00:50:42
00:50:42 l can hunt a bison
or l can take grass.
00:50:44
00:50:45 You hunt a bison, right?
00:50:47
00:50:47 lronically, grass seeds
become the most important food crops
00:50:50
00:50:50 in the world, but they're the things
that are ignored by hunter-gatherers
00:50:53
00:50:53 for thousands and thousands of years.
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00:50:55
00:50:55 People don't start using them until
they absolutely have to use them.
00:50:58
00:51:00 Some of the species of grass
that we are most familiar with
00:51:03
00:51:03 includes sugarcane.
00:51:05
00:51:05 lt includes wheat and rye and barley,
00:51:09
00:51:09 all of the cereal crops
are types of grass.
00:51:12
00:51:13 So it's not just
that beautiful green lawn
00:51:16
00:51:16 that we measure
our middle class success from.
00:51:18
00:51:19 lt's also the staple crop
upon which civilization depends.
00:51:24
00:51:24 lt is the majority
of our calorie intake.
00:51:27
00:51:29 Once again,
it all goes back to the Big Bang.
00:51:32
00:51:34 Central to the story of all life
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is our competition for that energy
00:51:37
00:51:37 created at the beginning of time.
00:51:39
00:51:40 Just as oxygen gave us an edge,
00:51:43
00:51:43 just as fire allowed us
to consume more calories,
00:51:47
00:51:47 switching to farming
is an energy revolution.
00:51:50
00:51:51 A hunter-gatherer
needs 1 0 square miles of territory
00:51:54
00:51:54 to provide himself
with enough sustenance,
00:51:57
00:51:57 enough energy in the form of
plants and meat to survive.
00:52:01
00:52:02 A farmer can harvest the sun's energy
so efficiently,
00:52:06
00:52:06 he can fulfill his needs using
only a tenth of a square mile of land.
00:52:11
00:52:14 ln the warming after the last ice age,
farming begins to take hold
00:52:18
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of the world.
00:52:55
00:52:56 Unlike the Fertile Crescent
and the rest ofAfro-Eurasia,
00:53:00
00:53:00 places like sub-Saharan Africa
and the Americas
00:53:03
00:53:03 have very few wild species
that can be easily domesticated.
00:53:08
00:53:10 lt's a critical difference.
00:53:13
00:53:13 People blessed with the right mix
of plants and animals
00:53:16
00:53:16 will become more powerful
00:53:18
00:53:18 and get a massive head start
on the road to the modern world.
00:53:22
00:53:30 One animal that gives any human
who can tame it
00:53:33
00:53:33 an almost unbeatable edge
is the horse.
00:53:37
00:53:39 lt's a little-known fact that although
horses first evolved in the Americas,
00:53:43
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00:53:43 they died out there
along with many other large mammals
00:53:47
00:53:47 around 1 0,000 B.C.
00:53:49
00:53:49 There were at least three species
of ice age horses in North America,
00:53:52
00:53:52 maybe more, some as small as ponies,
some as big as Clydesdales.
00:53:56
00:53:56 And they had evolved in North America
for 40 million years.
00:53:59
00:53:59 They're part of the whole history, and
then... They're gone. They're gone.
00:54:03
00:54:04 These powerful potential allies
00:54:06
00:54:06 disappear before they can be used
by the first North Americans.
00:54:10
00:54:10 Fortunately before that happened,
00:54:12
00:54:12 large numbers of horses escaped back
across the Bering Strait land bridge
00:54:16
00:54:16 and spread out
across the great grasslands
00:54:18
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00:54:18 and steppe lands of Central Eurasia.
00:54:20
00:54:22 A narrow escape that had
a profound effect on human history.
00:54:26
00:54:27 Around 4,000 B.C.,
00:54:29
00:54:29 nomadic people in Central Asia
learn to tame them for the first time.
00:54:34
00:54:36 Domesticated horses will be harnessed
across Eurasia,
00:54:40
00:54:40 advancing everything
from work to warfare.
00:54:43
00:54:47 Perhaps no other animal
has had a bigger influence
00:54:50
00:54:50 on the course of human history.
00:54:52
00:54:54 And the circle wouldn't be complete
for another 5,000 years
00:54:58
00:54:58 when Christopher Columbus
would bring horses with him
00:55:01
00:55:01 on his second voyage to the Americas.
00:55:04
00:55:05 His horses would be the first
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to set hooves in the Americas
00:55:09
00:55:09 since the great die-off
over 1 0,000 years earlier.
00:55:13
00:55:21 6,000 years ago,
domestication of animals and plants
00:55:25
00:55:25 sets the stage for the next phase
of human history.
00:55:29
00:55:30 Like clouds of interstellar dust
gathering in material to form stars,
00:55:35
00:55:35 a type of gravity is at work
as places like Sumeria,
00:55:39
00:55:39 located in part of the
Fertile Crescent known as Mesopotamia,
00:55:43
00:55:43 draw in people,
support large populations,
00:55:46
00:55:46 and spin up into centers of power
and innovation.
00:55:50
00:55:52 By 3,000 B.C.,
00:55:54
00:55:54 some of these Sumerian settlements
can truly be called our first cities.
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00:56:46 ln the case of the Middle East,
wheat and barley.
00:56:48
00:56:49 ln the case of wheat and barley,
00:56:50
00:56:50 they both ripen
at about the same time.
00:56:53
00:56:53 Humans have to gather the seeds
at the same time.
00:56:56
00:56:56 So now we have our food for the year
that has arrived in one hit.
00:57:00
00:57:01 lt's like getting your salary
paid once a year.
00:57:04
00:57:04 You need to record it.
You need to plan,
00:57:06
00:57:06 because if inevitably your crop fails,
you have famine.
00:57:10
00:57:11 And you're not gonna have another go
for another 1 2 months.
00:57:14
00:57:19 ln these first cities, crops are king.
00:57:23
00:57:25 To keep track of them,
00:57:27
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00:57:27 our ancestors
develop the first writing.
00:57:30
00:57:30 To protect them, the first armies.
00:57:33
00:57:34 And to administer them,
the beginnings of politics.
00:57:37
00:57:38 When you have hundreds or thousands
of people who are living together,
00:57:42
00:57:42 there's simply too many people
00:57:43
00:57:43 to sort of run around
and create a census.
00:57:45
00:57:45 lt creates a need for government.
00:57:48
00:57:49 lt creates a need for some form of
social and political hierarchy.
00:57:53
00:57:55 Planting seeds has set man
on a new path.
00:57:57
00:57:59 Settlements have grown into cities.
00:58:01
00:58:02 But to take the next epic step
from city to civilization,
00:58:07
00:58:07 we'll need the help
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of a very surprising creature.
00:58:11
00:58:22 5,000 years ago,
00:58:25
00:58:25 after wandering the Earth
for more than 1 00,000 years,
00:58:29
00:58:30 mankind has begun to settle down.
00:58:32
00:58:35 We cluster near rivers,
along the Tigris and Euphrates,
00:58:39
00:58:41 the Nile, the lndus,
00:58:45
00:58:47 the Yellow and Yangtze.
00:58:49
00:58:49 Civilizations are about to take off.
00:58:51
00:58:54 But first,
they must all master one thing, trade.
00:58:58
00:58:59 The more they exchange goods
and learn from other lands,
00:59:02
00:59:02 the faster they grow.
00:59:04
00:59:05 lt seems that long-distance trade
and communication
00:59:08
00:59:08
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00:59:10