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Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 Photograph from CAMNET web site ()...
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Transcript of Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 Photograph from CAMNET web site ()...
Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001
Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)
PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11 g/m3 range
Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001
PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 55-65 g/m3 range
Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)
PM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and featuresPM10 - causes and features
Total acidity, tarTotal acidity, tar
Nitrates, sulphates (?Nitrates, sulphates (?))
Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...)Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...)
Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC)Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC)
Speciation of particulate matterSpeciation of particulate matter
Fonte: ARPA
Fonte: ARPA
urban orig in
r e g i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d
Tra ffic
PM [µg/m ³]
3
1
2 2
1. near tra ffic station ( 2. urban background stations (N ansenstrasse ; Fasanenstraße) 3. reg ional background sta tions (Wa ldho f; N euglobsow )
Frankfurte r A llee )
Berlin agg lom eration
Scaling Scaling selecting representative sites selecting representative sites
origin of PM10 in the urban background in Berlin
data of 1998
organic material
20%
elementary carbon
14%
secondary PM
imported26%
secondary PM of urban origin18%
rest22%
Local Traffic27%
All other Sources in Berlin
(urban background)37%
All sources outsideof Berlin
36%
Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot
Sectors contributing to
Nature11%
Industry17%
Households8%
Agriculture3%
Other(construction
etc.)8%
Traffic53%
Traffic70%
Other (construction
etc.)11%
Nature6%
Households8%
Industry5%
motor+tyres, incl. resuspension47%
resuspension of the rest
23%
...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources within the citywithin the city
...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources
PM10-source attribution PM10-source attribution summary summary(i)(i)
PM10 emissions by constructionconstruction contribute to more more than 5%than 5% of the urban PM - background
70%70% of urban backgroundof urban background PM10 can be attributed to transporttransport sources
more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from tyre tyre abrasionabrasion and resuspended particulates, resuspended particulates, which depends on the number of vehicles
We need to tackle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions by traffic
PM10-source attribution PM10-source attribution summary summary(ii)(ii)
More than 1/31/3 of roadside PM10 - pollution can be traced back to sources outsideoutside of the Greater BerlinBerlin agglomeration
more than 40%40% of PM10-pollution are secondarysecondary particles
PM10-episodesPM10-episodes are often dominated by regional/large scale transportregional/large scale transport of PM
We need a fare balance between efforts on EU-level and local measures
when reviewing the preliminary PM-limit values for 2010
select monitoring sitesmonitoring sites representative for local, local, urban & regionalurban & regional background
calculate calculate PM-pollution originating with each of these scale categories
take urbanurban (Berlin) and nationalnational (German) emissions for PM, SO2, NOx, VOC and NH4 per sector for attributing pollution of urbanurban background background and regional regional backgroundbackground origin, respectively
distribute PM emissions among EC (elemental carbon), OC (organic carbon)- components and “rest”
attach VOCVOC-related ‘component’ to OCOC
PM-source apportionment PM-source apportionment approach approach (i)(i)
apply weighting factorsweighting factors to “resuspension” and high sources, so as to account for different dispersion characteristic
calculate each sector’s percentage sharesector’s percentage share on the total emissions
for measured PM-components originating in urban & regional background: use these percentages as a keypercentages as a key for apportionmentapportionment among sectorsamong sectors
for local (traffic) scale: allocate “rest” to resuspended road dust, EC & OC to exhaust and tyre emissions
PM-source apportionment PM-source apportionment approach approach (ii)(ii)
Trend and projection of emission Trend and projection of emission of particulates in Berlinof particulates in Berlin
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
1994 1999 2005 2010
[To
nn
es p
er y
ear]
other sources (smallbusiness, othertransport)
resuspension by traffic
transport (cars only)
domestic heating
plants subject tolicensing
Control measures already on the wayControl measures already on the way
National Emission Ceilings
cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69)
cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70)
particle filter for all public buses
further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating
total: needed:
~ 2%
~ 5%
~ 3%
~ 2 %
~ 2%
~14%
~25%
Expected total PM10
reduction by 2005
Control measures Control measures possible further actionspossible further actions
accelerated turnover of car fleet tax incentives for EURO III-V gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving
schools, refuse collection,...)
full supply of sulfur free diesel no more coal heating strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by
construction reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads
~ ?%
~ 3%~ 2%
~ 3%~ 7%
Expected total PM10
reduction by 2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
g/m
3
WP6 ECRHS II
I
I
I
B
B
E
E
EEE
S S
S
UKUK F
FCH
D
IS
Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoConcentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoPanoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000
- Feb 2001- Feb 2001
Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoConcentrazione media di PM 2.5 in invernoPanoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000
- Feb 2001- Feb 2001
E
Papa è a letto
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Co
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azio
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PM
10
(µ
g/
m
3
)
PM10 via Messina (Gravimetrico) PM10 via Juvara (TEOM)
Soglia di attenzione50 µg/m3
Soglia di allarme75 µg/m3
Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002
TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2
Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Superamento soglia di allarme PM10Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002
TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2
UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCA AGENZIA REGIONALE PROTEZIONE AMBIENTALE-LOMBARDIA
Importance for Northern Italy
• Short-term effects of air pollution locally confirmed
• Very high pollution levels, compared to rest of Europe
• High density of major sources of pollution: traffic!
• some effects appear to be stronger in Italy: interaction with other high level pollutants such as Ozone !
Cambridge1.ppt
Conclusion • Air pollution has adverse effects on health
• Evidence is strongest for short-term effects; long-term effects should be better investigated, in Europe
• PM’s are an important aspect of air pollution, but other pollutants and the mixture may be relevant, too
• The impact on public health is substantial, in Italy and Europe
• Some ‘experimental evidence’ that improvements in air quality lead to health benefits very fastly (short-term effects)
Cambridge1.ppt