PAWAGA-IDODI PROPOSED WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA - Tanzania Natural … · 2007-10-13 ·...

PAWAGA-IDODI PROPOSED WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT AREA

DRAFT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ZONE

PLAN

MBOMIPA

MATUMIZI BORA YA MALIHAI TARAFA ZA PAWAGA NA IDODI

2006

Pawaga-Idodi proposed WMA Zone Plan October, 2006

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This draft plan was prepared by a technical workshop attended by participants listed in appendix 1 in accordance with sections 36(3), 37 and eighth schedule of the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) 2005 and produced by the MBOMIPA Association. The MBOMIPA Association gratefully acknowledges the contributions of our partners and all stakeholders that have contributed to the preparation of this plan, both directly and indirectly. Specifically, we acknowledge cooperation, collaboration and moral support of: the Member of Parliament for Ismani, Honourable William Lukuvi, the Wildlife Division and Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, the Iringa District Council, Village, Ward and Division Governments, and all the stakeholders who contributed information. Finally, we acknowledge the Wildlife Conservation Society Rungwa-Ruaha Program and WWF Tanzania Program Office for co-facilitation of the MBOMIPA Association’s bid for Authorized Association status.

Art by S. Dickenson, J. Kingdon, M. Kock.


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ARUSHA MANIFESTO “The Survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places they inhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural resources and our future livelihood and well being.

In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to make sure that our children’s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and precious inheritance.

The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialist knowledge, trained manpower, and money, and we look to other nations to co-operate with us in this important task—the success or failure of which not only affects the continent of Africa but the rest of the world as well.”

Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere September 1961


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APPROVAL PAGE

Implementation of this plan has been approved by the Director of Wildlife

_____________________ Emanuel L. M Severre

Director of Wildlife


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FOREWORD

This Resource Management Zone Plan is a document to guide the conservation, development and utilization of natural, aesthetic and cultural resources in the proposed Pawaga-Idodi Wildlife Management Area by the local people of 19 villages in Pawaga and Idodi divisions of Iringa district for their own benefits.

The preparation of the zone plan is part of the process of implementing the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania 1998 which among other things requires that the conservation, management, development and utilization of; a wildlife species, a group of wildlife species, a taxon of wildlife and any protected area in Tanzania be guided by and in accordance with a General Management Plan or at least a Resource Management Zone Plan.

The process of making this plan has complied with the Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulations, 2005 section sections 36(3), 37 and eighth schedule of these regulations as stipulated in the Guidelines for the Designation and Management of Wildlife Areas (WMAs) in Tanzania, 2005 and as elaborated in the Reference Manual for implementing Guidelines for the Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Tanzania 2003 part 7.

The plan divides the WMA into areas of specified characteristics for specific; protection, conservation, development and utilization activities, identifies permitted and prohibited use(s) for each area(zone), sets up limits of acceptable use and provides an Environmental Impact Assessment for its implementation.

In compliance with the Wildlife Conservation (WMAs) Regulations 2005 the plan has a lifetime of 5 years during which time a General Management Plan will have to be prepared, approved and made operational.

Finally MBOMIPA pleads to all Pawaga-Idodi WMA stakeholders which include but not limited to; the local people in the 19 MBOMIPA villages, the Director of Wildlife, RUNAPA, Iringa District Council, investors in and around the WMA, conservation and research staff working in the WMA to implement this plan seriously in order to achieve its objectives which include; devolving the management and use rights of wildlife outside core protected areas to the local communities who live among/with/near the wildlife and enable them to obtain substantial tangible benefits and poverty alleviation as stated in the CCM 2005 Election Manifesto and the Poverty Alleviation Strategy(MKUKUTA).

M. Mtahiko

Chairman, MBOMIPA Board of Trustees


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Resource Management Zone Plan has three substantive chapters preceded by a foreword and a summary of MBOMIPA objectives. Summarized MBOMIPA objectives are;

• To establish an effective and sustainable wildlife management system under community authority and responsibility in the Pawaga-Idodi Wildlife Management Area.

• To promote sustainable management of all natural and cultural resources as a means of enhancing local economic development and contributing to the reduction of poverty in the 19 member villages.

Chapter 1 is made of an introduction, establishment history, the purpose and significance of the WMA, enabling legislation and environment for the WMA. The introduction, identifies and describes the location, present access, existing infrastructure, existing visitor facilities, the present visitor experience from hunting, vegetation, wildlife, geology, soils, physical features and climate. The establishment history summarizes events starting with the gazettement of Lunda North and South Game Controlled Areas, the Pawaga-Idodi CBC/WMA process since the Ruaha Ecosystem Wildlife Management Project (REWMP), the establishment of MBOMIPA to the present. Purpose of the WMA as stipulated in the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania 1998 is summarized in the purpose and significance section of this plan. Significance of the WMA includes; the location of the WMA in transitional vegetation region between the Zambezian miombo to the south and west and the Sudano-Sahelian Acacia-Commiphora to the north and east, the high diversity of bird life and mammals, charismatic wildlife species and the ease with which one can see large concentrations of elephants, hippos, buffaloes and crocodiles. Enabling legislation and environment identified in this plan include the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania 1998, the Wildlife Conservation (WMA) Regulations 2005, the Guidelines for the Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Tanzania 2005 and the manual for the guidelines published in 2003. Chapter 2 is the plan. It has a planning perspective which identifies the requirements set up by the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania 1998 to have a GMP/RMZP and points out the requirement of involving stakeholders and adhering to section 36(1) and 36(3) schedules 7 or 8 and the mandatory requirement for an EIA or EIA statement as part of GMP or RMZP.


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The resource values of the WMA are identified and listed in this chapter and include; natural, scenic, geological, floral, faunal, recreational, population sensitive to human activities, rare and endemic populations, threatened or endangered plants and animals that are vulnerable because of their small population and or genetic isolation, habitat necessary for the continued survival of globally threatened and endangered faunal species, resources that are usually sensitive to human activity or use and major known archaeological or important cultural resources. Four zones; Lunda, Tungamalenga, Mkupule-Kinyangesi and a 1km strip between Mkupule-Kinyangesi and RUNAPA. The permitted and prohibited uses have been listed and in addition the following identified, described and explained; resource values, visitor use, access, facilities and development, limits of acceptable use, maintenance, natural and cultural resources management for the four zones. Chapter 3 provides an EIA statement for the plan. In order to determine the consequences of the plan and based on data, information and knowledge of the WMA, specific impact topics identified by the planning process as exceptional resources were classified into three categories for the purpose of making an EIA statement. The categories and impact topics/condition/exceptional resources are summarized below;

Biological and physical resources ▪ the Great Ruaha River ▪ the diverse vegetation mosaic within the WMA ▪ threatened and endangered species ▪ the high diversity of wildlife ▪ cold and hot springs, permanent water on rocks and dry areas ▪ caves on rocks, hills, dry rivers and baobab trees ▪ special stones, gorges and ‘korongos’.

Socio-economic Conditions ▪ visitor experience ▪ tourist industry ▪ WMA operations ▪ WMA revenue

Cultural resources ▪ cultural caves and special historical graves ▪ worship places, the spirit areas and special hills ▪ traditional ngomas and bomas ▪ human foot print


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For each of the 15 resource values in the three categories, resource use limits imposed by this plan were listed and the negative impacts on them if the plan is not implemented. In conclusion, it is seen from the plan that its implementation is necessary to wildlife conservation in the WMA and its surroundings as well as to welfare, and socio-economic development of the local communities surrounding the WMA.

OBJECTIVES Summarized from the constitution of MBOMIPA the objectives are:

• To establish an effective and sustainable wildlife management system under community authority and responsibility in the Pawaga-Idodi Wildlife Management Area.

• To promote sustainable management of all natural and cultural resources as a means of enhancing local economic development and contributing to the reduction of poverty in the 19 member villages.


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LIST OF ACRONYMS CBO Community based organization CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species DED District Executive Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GOT Government of Tanzania GRs Game Reserves HAT Hunters’ Association of Tanzania IWCA Iringa Wildlife Conservation Association LM Lunda-Mkwambi MBOMIPA Matumizi Bora ya Malihai Idodi na Pawaga MNRT Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism NCA Ngorongoro Conservation Area NGO Non Governmental Organization NPs National Parks P-I pWMA Pawaga-Idodi proposed Wildlife Management Area RMZP Resource Management Zone Plan RRLCP Rungwa-Ruaha Landscape Conservation Program RUNAPA Ruaha National Park TANAPA Tanzania National Parks TBD To be determined VGS Village Game Scout WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WD Wildlife Division WMA Wildlife Management Area WWF World Wide Fund for Nature WCA 1974 Wildlife Conservation Act 1974


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................... ii

ARUSHA MANIFESTO.................................................................................................. iii

APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................................... iv

FOREWORD......................................................................................................................v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................vi Biological and physical resources ............................................................................ vii Socio-economic Conditions..................................................................................... vii Cultural resources ...................................................................................................... vii

OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................viii

LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................. x

LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................xi

1. CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................1 1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE WMA...................................................... 1

1.1.1 Location:.............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Access .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.3 WMA infrastructure........................................................................................... 4 1.1.4 Existing visitor Facilities. .................................................................................. 4 1.1.5 Visitor experience .............................................................................................. 6 1.1.6 Vegetation ........................................................................................................... 6 1.1.7 Wildlife................................................................................................................. 8 1.1.8 Geology ............................................................................................................... 8 1.1.9 Soils ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.10 Physical features ............................................................................................... 9 1.1.11 Climate............................................................................................................... 9

1.2 ESTABLISHMENT HISTORY.......................................................................... 10 1.3 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WMA ..................................... 10

1.3.1 The WMA purpose.......................................................................................... 10 1.3.2 The WMA significance.................................................................................... 11

1.4 ENABLING LEGISLATION AND ENVIRONMENT IN TANZANIA: POLICY, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES AND MANUAL FOR IMPLEMENTION....................................................................................................... 11


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2. CHAPTER TWO .........................................................................................................12 2.1 THE PLAN ............................................................................................................. 12

2.1.1 Planning Perspective........................................................................................ 12 2.1.2 Exceptional Resource Value........................................................................... 12

2.2 ZONES .................................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1 Zone 1 - Lunda Zone...................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Zone 2 – Tungamalenga ................................................................................. 21 2.2.3 Zone 3– Mkupule- Kinyangesi Zone........................................................... 24 2.2.4 Zone 4- Ruaha-Kinyangesi Photographic Zone ........................................ 26

3. CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................29 3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 29

3.1.1 Biological and Physical Resources................................................................. 30 3.1.2 Socio-Economic Conditions .......................................................................... 33 3.1.3 Impacts on Cultural Resources ...................................................................... 34

4. References: ...................................................................................................................36

Appendix 1-Planning Team: .......................................................................................39

Appendix 2-List of Mammals found in the WMA ................................................40

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Overview of PI-pWMA 2 Figure 2: Participating Villages 3 Figure 3: Road Infrastructure 5 Figure 4: Vegetation Communities 7 Figure 5: Resource Management Zones 15


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1. CHAPTER ONE

1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE WMA

1.1.1 Location: Pawaga-Idodi proposed Wildlife Management Area in Tanzania is located in Idodi and Pawaga Divisions of Iringa District, Iringa Region see figs. 1 and 2. The southern boundary of Ruaha National Park forms the northern boundary of the WMA, to the west it is bound by the Iringa-Mbeya boundary; and to the south it is bound by the grazing lands of the following villages in Idodi Division: Mahuninga, Makifu, Tungamalenga, Mapogoro, Idodi, Malinzanga and Mafuluto; and the by the grazing lands of the following villages in Pawaga Division: Isele, Kisanga, Kinyika, Luganga and Ilolompya see fig. 2. The area falls between 6.9ºS to 8.0ºS and 34.8ºE and 35.7ºE.

1.1.2 Access Pawaga-Idodi WMA is accessible from Dar-es-salaam via a tarmac road to Iringa from where one can get into the WMA via murrum roads through Tungamalenga, Idodi, Malinzanga and Isele villages, (fig. 3). The Isele entry can also be accessed from Dodoma by murrum and earth road through Izazi, Makuka, Mboliboli and Mbuyuni villages.


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Figure 1

Figure 1: Overview of PI-pWMA

Ruaha

Usangu


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Figure 2

Figure 2: Participating Villages

Lunda-Mkwambi WMA Zone Plan July, 2006

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1.1.3 WMA infrastructure The WMA infrastructure consists of tracks, houses, sites used for camping and an old abandoned landing strip at Lunda game scouts’ post (see fig 3). The tracks system is made of the following:

• Lunda Game scouts’ post to Malinzanga village 28 km, see figure 3 page 4 and the under mentioned six tracks

• Lunda Game scouts’ post to Isele village 24 km • Lunda game scouts’ post to Kibaoni 27 km • Tungamalenga post to new Kinyangesi Game scouts’ post 33 km • Branch from New to old Kinyangesi Game scouts’ post 40 km • Branch from New Kinyangesi to Mbarali-Iringa inter district boundary ~10

km. • Kitengeneza-Ilusi to never ending road 28 km • 3 bridges on the Malinzanga-Lunda road; 1 over the Ilusi River at

Chambalasi (all require repairs) Housing in the WMA consists of:

• A well built Game Scouts’ camp at Lunda housing village game scouts when they take their turn and capable of housing hunting parties/visitors, parties of about 20 people.

• An old Wildlife Division house which has been repaired and is used by WCS-RRLCP as a scientific base.

• A dilapidated game scouts’ house at Malinzanga entry to the WMA. • A small scout’s house at Tungamalenga entry to western part of WMA. • A tented camp at New Kinyangesi Game scouts’ camp,

Finally there is an old abandoned airstrip at Lunda Game Scouts’ camp.

1.1.4 Existing visitor Facilities. There is no tourist accommodation in the WMA. Accommodation of up to 20 hunters is available at Lunda Game scouts post. Nevertheless tourist and accompanying crew accommodation is available as specified below;

• Camping sites/facilities: four privately owned in Tungamalenga village. • Community Development hostel at Kimande. • Guest houses at Itunundu and Tungamalenga villages • Tungamalenga camp • Hill Top and Sunset Mountain Lodges and Tandala tented camp near

Tungamalenga village


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Figure 3:

Figure 3: Road Infrastructure

Usangu

Ruaha


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1.1.5 Visitor experience At present, the primary income generating visitor experience in the area destined to become a WMA in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation WMA Regulations 2002 is hunting for meat. Hunted animals on the quota include: impala, dik dik, buffalo, eland, bushbuck, bush pig, warthog, and game birds, such as guinea fowls, francolins and ducks. Some visitors besides shooting wild animals, can take advantage of the scenic beauty of the WMA which includes the Great Ruaha River with its diverse landscape of riparian forests, woodland, reeds, and aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial wildlife. The diverse landscape of forests, woodlands, and bushlands provides excellent opportunities for walking safari, camping, bird watching, picnicking and carrying out game viewing. Special sites within the boundaries of the WMA such as Kitengeneza rock outcrops, Chambalasi Hills, Ilusi river valley, and the hippos and crocodiles at Kibaoni are first class recreational sites.

The 19 villages’ land has a wide range of attractions which can provide marvelous visitor experience if properly developed; these include the hot springs at Mahuninga, Ideremule mountain in Makifu and Tungamalenga and waterfalls in Tungamalenga.

1.1.6 Vegetation The vegetation of Pawaga-Idodi proposed Wildlife Management Area according to satellite image is summarized in figure 4. The physiognomic communities of tourism and wildlife include; Acacia woodland/bushland, Acacia – Commiphora bushland, Brachystegia woodland, Commiphora-Combretum bushland, Acacia tortilis thorn scrub, and Acacia induced woodland modified by human activities, Hyphaene plus Acacia tortilis riparian vegetation, Combretum woodland and riparian Acacia-Ficus vegetation.

The above types of vegetation distributed in the WMA forms a beautiful mosaic of vegetation communities that provide a diverse and scenic landscape, which provides spectacular game viewing scenery in the area.


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Figure 4:

Figure 4: Vegetation Communities


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1.1.7 Wildlife The diverse plant communities described above provide excellent habitats for a wide range of invertebrates (particularly insects and spiders), fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Sixty-four species of mammals (shown in appendix 2) have been recorded in the WMA. The mammal list includes flagship species such as elephants, hippo, giraffe, eland, buffalo, zebra, Lichtensteins hartebeest, roan and sable antelope, greater and lesser kudu, bushbuck, bohor reedbuck, impala, duiker, lion, leopard, cheetah, wild dog, and six species of mongoose. The WMA also represents the southern limits of Grant’s gazelle’s and lesser kudu’s ranges.

The WMA also boasts for a diverse bird community, which will likely approach 500, given the 529 bird species count from Ruaha National Park. Important reptiles common within the WMA include; Nile crocodile, monitor lizard (limburu/umburu), python (nyatu), black mamba (mhando), spitting cobra (nyamwiru) and puff adder (kipiri). In terms of bio-geographic significance, the presence of the East African Sand boa (Eryx colubrinus) in the WMA is the southern most record for the species and the recording of the Turner’s fat-toed gecko (Pachydactylus turneri) in the WMA is a significant range extension for the species. In addition to providing critical dry season water for terrestrial wildlife, the rivers within the WMA are also home to 38 fish species, freshwater mussels, and charismatic riverine species like the African clawless otter. The river’s dense woodland and riverine forests are of significant tourism potential and are critical resources for some species.

1.1.8 Geology The basement rocks in the proposed WMA are composed of gneiss and granite (Nahonyo, Mwasumbi and Bayona, 1998).The central and southern portions are composed of Precambrian gneiss of Dodoman and Usagaran types. Granite is scattered in clusters from north to south.

1.1.9 Soils Soils of the proposed WMA are intermixed lateritic and black cotton types from north to south. They are generally red brown lateritic, made of loam, silt, sand and gravel. Alluvial, black cracking soils are found in flat lowlands. Loss of ground cover due to vegetation clearing and overgrazing is apparent in some places and has resulted in shallow soils and erosion, hence loss of arable land.


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1.1.10 Physical features The main physiographic feature to the north of the proposed WMA is the Great Ruaha River which flows from the south-west to the north –east. During the past 13 years the great Ruaha has been drying during the dry season. Several rivers originating from the south of the proposed WMA flow northwards. The Little Ruaha is the only permanent river north flowing into the great Ruaha river at all times.

Idodi, Kitanewa, Tungamalenga and Mahuninga rivers pass through wetlands and flow permanently through the villages bearing their names. Further downstream these rivers converge to form the Ilusi River, which historically flowed through most dry seasons but now stops flowing due to diversions for irrigation in the villages. The ecological significance of the Ilusi and other tributaries has grown since the drying of the great Ruaha, as it flows sooner and provides an alternative source of water in areas that have now become water stressed.

Kitengeneza and Chambalasi rocky hills on the north-eastern part of the proposed WMA are scenic and are good tourists’ attractions and observation points.

The higher parts of the southwestern part of the proposed WMA are covered with miombo woodlands which are heavily infested with tsetse flies, as such, although they have scenic potential, their value for photographic tourism and vehicle based use is lower.

1.1.11 Climate The proposed WMA is a narrow southeast/northwest strip in the rift valley between the highlands to the south and the plateau to the north. Generally, the northern part is drier than the south and gets an average rainfall of >500mm per annum (TANAPA current brochure); the southern part particularly the area just outside the WMA from which the rivers named in section 1.11 above originate receive an average of 750mm-1000mm of rain per annum. (Nahonyo et al 1998). The western part of the WMA near Mtera dam gets 450mm of rain(SWECO 1985). Rainfall data collected at Msembe to the north of the WMA gives an average rainfall of 500mm per annum (TANAPA GMP 1997). Throughout the WMA and the surrounding area, rain falls during the period of November-April/May. Rainfall variance is very high (Nahonyo et al 1998, SWECO 1985, TANAPA GMP 1997).


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Temperatures are high during most of the year (Nahonyo et al 1998, SWECO 1985) and can reach 44ºC during the day time (TANAPAGMP 1997). Humidity is low and potential evapotranspiration is very high 3260 mm per annum (SWECO 1985, SMUWC 2002).

1.2 ESTABLISHMENT HISTORY The Pawaga-Idodi pilot WMA is still part of the Lunda-Mkwambi South Game Controlled Area established under section 6 of the Wildlife Conservation Act 1974. It is now in the process of being established as a Wildlife Management Area, in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation WMA Regulations 2002. The following activities to establish a pilot WMA have been completed:

• Sensitization of 19 villages, Mahuninga, Makifu, Tungamalenga, Mapogoro, Kitisi, Idodi, Malinzanga, Nyamahana, Mafuluto, Isele, Magombwe, Kinyika, Kisanga, Magozi, Mbuyuni, Kimande, Luganga, Ilolompya, Mkombilenga and Mboliboli to form a CBO MBOMIPA.

• Formation of MBOMIPA administrative and functional structure including its constitution, registration etc.

• Mapping the villages and the pilot WMA. • The 19 villages approving portions of their land to form a WMA. • Surveying the 19 villages’ land to show among other things the area

designated as the pilot WMA. • Describing the boundary of the WMA and determining its area. • Preparation of Resource Management Zone Plan (this document) • Filling in information data sheet(s)

1.3 PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WMA

1.3.1 The WMA purpose The purpose of establishing the pilot WMA is summarized below (MNRT 1998, 2005, WD 2005, 2003): • To promote the involvement of local communities participation in

wildlife conservation outside the protected area network. • To integrate wildlife conservation with rural development. • To minimize human-wildlife conflicts wherever they occur. • To promote the conservation of wildlife and its habitat outside core

areas (NPs, GRs and NCA) by establishing WMAs. • To transfer the management of WMA to local communities giving them

an incentive to take care of corridors, migration routes and buffer zones.


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• To ensure that the local communities obtain substantial tangible benefits from wildlife conservation.

1.3.2 The WMA significance The significance of the WMA includes:

• The transition zone between Zambesian and Sudano-Sahelian vegetation which results in a wide range of scenic vegetation communities suitable for photographic tourism and a diverse and unique mix of animal species.

• Charismatic species: greater and lesser kudu, roan and sable antelope (this is the only landscape in Africa harboring all four of these species), as well as other charismatic species like Lichtensteins hartebeest, wild dog, cheetah, lion, ostrich and buffalo.

• High diversity of bird life. • High diversity of mammals over 64 species • It is easy to see large groups and concentrations of elephants, hippos,

buffaloes and crocodiles.

1.4 ENABLING LEGISLATION AND ENVIRONMENT IN TANZANIA: POLICY, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES AND MANUAL FOR IMPLEMENTION The Government of Tanzania has established the following stated goals:

• Establishment of new category of Protected Area to be known as WMA for CBC.

• Soliciting the good will of rural communities for wildlife conservation. • Devolving responsibility for containing illegal uses of wildlife in WMA

to rural communities. • Training and supporting VGS to protect wildlife resources under CBC. • Devolving responsibility for the management of wildlife in settled areas

outside and the unsettled protected areas to rural people. • Allowing rural communities to receive benefits from wildlife.

The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania, 1998 through the Wildlife Management Areas Regulations, 2005 has established:

• Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Areas, 2005. • The Reference Manual for implementing Guidelines for the Designation

and Management of WMAs in Tanzania 2003. • A straightforward process for creation of Resource Management Zone

Plans for WMAs.


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2. CHAPTER TWO

2.1 THE PLAN

2.1.1 Planning Perspective The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania requires that in order to manage any protected area, a species or taxonomic group living in the wild, it is necessary to have in place:

• General Management Plan (GMP) or a Resource Management Zone Plan (RMZP).

• The process of making the GMP or RMZP should involve the relevant stakeholders.

• Schedules 7 and 8 of regulation 36(1) and 36(3) of the Wildlife Management Area regulations, 2005 require that a GMP or a RMZP be made and that an EIA or an EIA statement be made before implementing the plans.

• GMP and RMZP requirements are stated in section 7 of both guidelines and the manual for implementing guidelines.

2.1.2 Exceptional Resource Value The natural and cultural resources and unique biological attributes of the Pawaga-Idodi WMA were identified using the following criteria:

• Outstanding natural, scenic, geological, ecological, floral, faunal and recreational values.

• Populations of sensitive, rare, endemic, threatened or endangered plants and animals that are particularly vulnerable because of their small population sizes and/or genetic isolation;

• Habitat necessary for the continued survival of globally threatened and endangered species of fauna.

• Resources that are usually sensitive to human use or activity. • Major known archaeological or important cultural resources.

According the above standards the following values were identified for P-I-WMA listed according to each criterion:

2.1.2.1 Outstanding natural, scenic, geological, ecological, floral, faunal and recreational values.

• Dense concentrations of a large variety of wildlife along Great Ruaha River particularly during dry season.


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• High diversity of wildlife (likely over 500 bird species and over 57 mammals’ species) in and around the WMA.

• High diversity of landforms within and around the strict WMA resulting in spectacular mountains, hills and outcrops i.e. Idelemule, Chambalasi, Kitengeneza, caves, rocky bridge across the little Ruaha, special water pools, water falls and Mahuninga hot water spring.

• Mosaic of vegetation, creating exception opportunities for game viewing, camping and foot safaris.

2.1.2.2 Populations of sensitive, rare, endemic, threatened or endangered plants and animals that are particularly vulnerable because of their small population sizes and/or genetic isolation; Presence of threatened and endangered species within the WMA:

CITES Appendix 1: Cheetah, Elephant and Pangolin.

1990 IUCN Red list of threatened animals African hunting dogs: endangered species Cheetah: vulnerable species African elephant: vulnerable species

2.1.2.3 Habitat necessary for the continued survival of globally threatened and endangered species of fauna.

• The WMA is part of the Rungwa-Ruaha population of African Wild Dogs (Lycaon pictus IUCN Red List status: EN C2a(i)), which is one of only 3 large (>500 individuals) populations globally.

• Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, IUCN Red List status: VU C2a(i)) is also found in the area. While this population is not paramount for cheetah in Tanzania or globally, the area in the WMA represents a significant portion of cheetah’s local range and is therefore critical for their persistence in the landscape.

• The Great Ruaha River is known to harbor 13 endemic species of fish, all of which are threatened by the drying of the river. Tributaries from the south; little Ruaha, Mahuninga, Tungamalenga, Kitanewa, Idodi and Ilusi rivers are important for providing water to wildlife during the dry season and the early wet season, especially the onset of rains when these smaller tributaries flow before the Great Ruaha.


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2.1.2.4 Resources that are usually sensitive to human use or activity. Ruaha National Park is adjacent to the proposed WMA. This 10,300 km2 park is the second largest national park in Tanzania and the core conservation area on the Rungwa-Ruaha landscape of 45, 000 km2 comprised of: one national park, four game reserves, two game controlled areas and a pilot WMA. Numerous mammal species sensitive to consumptive use are found there, as are many important timber species, and grassland communities sensitive to grazing.

2.1.2.5 Major known archaeological or important cultural resources. Numerous culturally significant sites are known within the WMA. Chambalasi hill, Kitengeneza rocks and numerous grave and homestead sites that carry great significance for local inhabitants. Archeological artifacts are occasionally found, but any significant sites have yet to be discovered. According to the MBOMIPA constitution, the objectives for the CBO and the WMA can be summarized as:

• To conserve and wisely use the natural resources, particularly wildlife, forest and fisheries, in the WMA and the 19 MBOMIPA villages of Idodi and Pawaga divisions.

• To provide awareness and education to the people of the 19 villages on environment, natural resources (wildlife, forestry, fisheries, water and soils etc) and vital issues such as disease ( for example HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases).

• To provide amenities such as schools, hospitals, dispensaries, water and other social services.

• To market products available and produced from the WMA and MBOMIPA area.


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Figure 5

Figure 5: Resource Management Zones

Ruaha

Usangu


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2.2 ZONES The following four zones are proposed for the WMA based on their biological, physical, cultural, aesthetic, geographical, physiographic and historical resource values. These zones are shown in Figure 5.

2.2.1 Zone 1 - Lunda Zone This part of the WMA is in the villages of Pawaga Division and Malinzanga and Mafuluto of Idodi Division (see fig. 5). This zone is established as a photographic tourism zone in which tourist facilities will be established and improved. The physical environment will be managed in order to restore previous known conditions for the purpose of improving the natural resources and to facilitate improved and increased tourism. During the preparation of the RMZP and until revenues from photographic tourism are available, the resident hunting managed by MBOMIPA may continue if MBOMIPA so chooses. Once this zone plan is operational this zone will be subjected to the uses described below.


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Prohibited Uses Permitted Uses • Any form of hunting • Any form of capture • Free entry except:

MBOMIPA staff on duty, residents in WMA, investors operating in the WMA, people authorized by the authority (MBOMIPA/DGO)

• During the establishment phase and if approved by MBOMIPA, licensed resident hunting.

After the WMA is established and the zone plan takes effect: • Photographic tourism and associated

developments which will include: hotels, tented camps including the establishment of temporary permanent, special and/or exclusive camping sites.

• Establishment of picnic sites, game watching and observation sites and facilities including toilets.

• Establishment of interpretative facilities, interpretative and educational trails and walkways.

• Game drives in vehicles during daytime. • Escorted walking safaris during daytime. • Limited and controlled night game drives. • Commercial photography and cinematography. • Establishment of water in places known to have

had water in the past e.g. damming seasonal water courses which were permanent flowing rivers in the past, excavating silted watering places etc.

• Establishment of picnic sites, game watching, observation sites, and facilities including toilets etc . • Establishment of interpretative facilities,

interpretative and educational trails and walkways.

• Game drives in vehicles during daytime • Escorted walking safaris. • Limited and controlled night game drives. • Commercial photography and cinematography. • Construction of wildlife management, research

and scientific facilities e.g. staff houses, office, air strips, and roads particularly by MBOMIPA.


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• All conservation and wildlife management activities by MBOMIPA.

• Carrying inventory, research and monitoring by persons and parties authorized by MBOMIPA.

• Collection of animals and plants for research, science and museums, traditional medicines etc.

• Traditional worship and cultural activities.

2.2.1.1 Resource Values This zone is located in the north eastern part of the WMA and covers about ___ km2. The northern side of this zone is bounded by the Great Ruaha river. The Great Ruaha river and its large concentrations of birdlife, wildlife including hippos and crocodiles, as well as the riparian vegetation on the river bank are primary resource values of the river part of the zone. The remaining part of the zone has a diverse physiography of spectacular hills with outcropping rocky hill tops such as Kitengeneza and Chambalasi which serve as spectacular observation points while also having unique ecological history and culture of special interest to visitors. The area is dissected by many scenic valleys, korongos, and seasonal and semi-permanent rivers. Some of these rivers, like the Ilusi, are associated with a wide range of riparian vegetation ranging from beautiful forests e.g. Acacia, Hyphaene, Ficus to beautiful parklands suitable for walking as well as to establishment of permanent tented camps. A mosaic of diverse vegetation communities ranging from grasslands, wooded and bushed grasslands, Commiphora, Combretum and Acacia woodlands, bushlands, thick bushland and thickets constitute the home/residence of a wide range of mammals, birds, and reptiles (see appendix 2 for mammals).

2.2.1.2 Visitor Use and Experience As a result of the above resource values, visitor facilities will be established in suitable locations as this will be the main photographic tourism area and will accommodate high-quality non-consumptive use. The track immediately to the south of the Great Ruaha river from Isele via Lunda to Kibaoni south of the park boundary will be improved as necessary to allow game viewing and to maintain its wilderness character. It may be realigned in order to pass through scenic sites of the river, riparian vegetation in order to improve visitor experience The main activity in this zone will be photographic tourism and will include day and controlled night game drives. Contact between parties of tourists will be


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minimal during the lifetime of the RMZP and if it occurs it will be minimized as shown below

• Visitors will be allowed to stop, get out of their vehicle and stretch their legs within 10m of their vehicle.

• Visitors will be encouraged to get out of their vehicle and walk up to 50m at designated locations/observation points, outstanding natural features or special site of interest as long as dangerous animals are at least 200m away from the area.

• Picnicking will be allowed only at designated sites. A road system will be established around the Kitengeneza and Chambalasi hills, on both sides of Ilusi river and important tributaries; Ikorongo, Nyamapili and Nyamabalo rivers, the beautiful woodlands to the south of Isele –Lunda –Kibaoni road and around Weleluka, Mbuni flood plains to facilitate access and enjoyment of the resources described in 2.2.1.1 by game drives, camping, picnicking, walking safaris and bird watch etc.

Walking will be allowed under controlled conditions, specifically with an MBOMIPA scout or with an investor/tour operator approved by MBOMIPA.

2.2.1.3 Access Access to this zone by visitors from Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa will be by the roads from Isele and Malinzanga villages and from Msembe airstrip(RUNAPA) will be through the never ending and Kitengeneza road/track.

2.2.1.4 Facilities and Development The following types of developments will be permitted:

• Roads: the Malinzanga –Lunda-Kitengeneza-Ilusi-never ending road will be upgraded to all weather road.

• Permanent roads will be made around Kitengeneza and Chambalasi hills which will be connected to Malinzanga-Lunda and Lunda-Kibaoni roads respectively.

• New earth tracks/roads will be made along: o Both sides of the Ilusi River and its major tributaries from its

junction with the Great Ruaha to the point where the Ilusi enters the WMA. Roads will be situated so that they do not spoil views from opposite sides of the river or put game viewing vehicles into direct line of sight with one another.


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o Nyamabalo, Ikorongo, and Nyamapili Rivers from where these rivers enter the WMA down stream to where these rivers join and thereafter to the confluence with the Great Ruaha River.

o A southern circuit branching off from the Lunda–Isele road at Petwa’s grave going through the diverse woodland and returning to the main road on the ridge west of Kambi ya Lema

o The western side of Chambalasi hill circuit through the woodlands, bush lands, thickets to Kibaoni.

The above described track system will have diversions and loops to spectacular sites.

At suitable spectacular sites (e.g. Kitengeneza and Chambalasi hills, Ikorongo, and flood plains) look outs, interpretative facilities, nature trails, observation points may be established. Overnight accommodation will include:

• One lodge/hotel/tented camp accommodating not more than 24 to be established at a suitable place along the Ilusi river valley and small tented camp of not more than 12 at allocation to be determine by MBOMIPA.

• Camps sites of up to 12 on the Isele side near the circuit described above and parts of the zone selected by MBOMIPA.

• Administrative/Management • Two permanent Game scout’s camps supplied with potable water

radio/mobile phone communication will be established at entry points along the roads from Malinzanga and Isele to control entry/exit and collect fees.

• A smaller camp will be established at entry point to Kitengeneza-Ilusi on the never ending road

2.2.1.5 Limits of Acceptable Use Number of vehicles at present is virtually none, and recommended maximum is 1 vehicle per 3 km(excluding those on transit to RUNAPA via the never ending road.) Accommodation at present: nil and recommended maximum: lodge/hotel/permanent tented camp of not more than 24 people, permanent/semi-permanent tented camp not more than 12 people and camping/campsites not more than 12 people.


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2.2.1.6 Maintenance Maintenance activities will include mechanized and manual repair of roads, buildings, and other facilities.

2.2.1.7 Natural Resources management The character and natural processes of the land in this zone will protected while accommodating game viewing, camping, etc. Any visible negative visitor use effects will be mitigated and human disturbance causing significant visual obstruction will be removed. WMA resource specialists will be responsible for preventing or mitigating resource damaging activities. The environment, natural resources and processes will be protected while carrying out wise, sustainable use as described above. No off-road driving.

2.2.1.8 Cultural Resource Management The Chambalasi hill is associated with special spirits; consequently visitors wishing to drive the Chambalasi circuit will have to hire a game scout at Lunda and will be required to strictly adhere to scouts’ instructions while around Chambalasi. No off-road driving.

2.2.2 Zone 2 – Tungamalenga This zone is an area of 73 km2 on either side of the Tungamalenga–Ruaha National Park road, consisting of land in the P-I pWMA within Mapogoro, Tungamalenga and Makifu village lands. As tourist accommodation already exists in Tungamalenga village and this part of the WMA(Tandala tented camp) this area is zoned as an intensive tourism development zone in order to enable the optimum operation of the tourist accommodation within this part of the WMA and Tungamalenga village to the economic advantage of Tungamalenga village MBOMIPA and the lodge owners.


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Prohibited Uses Permitted Uses • Any form of hunting • Any form of capture • Free entry as

described in zone 1.

• Photographic tourism as described in zone 1 except placing lodges, hotels, tented camps and camping sites.

• All uses described in zone 1. • Water development as described 1.

2.2.2.1 Resource values The mosaic of Commiphora, Combretum and Cordia woodlands/bushlands, Acacia. and Adansonia digitata together with Tungamalenga, Idodi, Kitanewa rivers going through this part of WMA farther diversify the vegetation to include riparian vegetation constituting an excellent habitat for a wide range of animals including:

• Mammals- elephants, giraffe, buffalo, greater kudu etc. • Birds-such as both helmeted and crested guinea fowls all of which sum

up to attract game viewers.

2.2.2.2 Visitor use and Experience This zone as a result of its attractive vegetation, variety of wildlife and its proximity to overnight accommodation will accommodate the highest level of visitation. The main use will be day and controlled night game drives, as for zones 1 and 2:

• Visitors will be permitted to get out of their vehicles at any point in the drive where the tour guide/driver considers safe and stretch out within 10m of the vehicle.

• At designated points visitors will be allowed to disembark from their vehicles and walk up to 50 meters from their vehicles as long as there is no dangerous animal within 200 meters. Picnicking, interpretation, nature trail walk etc will be permitted at these designated sites.

2.2.2.3 Access Currently there are no game viewing roads in this zone except for the Tungamalenga to Msembe road, the never ending road and the track to Kinyangesi. These roads/track will provide access to this zone. New game viewing roads will be established to create a circuit that connects the major natural water holes and spectacular sites to enhance visitors stay.


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2.2.2.4 Facilities and Development Overnight accommodation will be provided by Tandala Tented Camp, Ruaha Hilltop and Tarimo lodges, Tungamalenga camp and several camp sites. Because decent accommodation is available within/near this zone no new overnight accommodation will be promoted in or near this zone. The administrative and management base of operations for MBOMIPA falls adjacent to this zone. Also, the hut at the entrance to Kinyangesi part of the WMA will be upgraded to a game scouts’ post with the responsibilities of controlling entry to this zone and collecting entry fees. MBOMIPA well trained game scouts will be stationed at the Management Office and will be available to serve as guides.

2.2.2.5 Limits of Acceptable Use Vehicles at present: not regulated; and recommended: maximum 1 vehicle per 3 km. on the tracks to be established and one vehicle per 2km along the Tungamalenga-Msembe main road. Accommodation at present: about 150 beds for tourists in the form of lodges, tented camps and luxury campsite are found in this part of the WMA and at Tungamalenga village. In addition there are guest houses which accommodate auxiliary staff which if necessary can be used by low income tourists. No more accommodation is recommended in this zone.

2.2.2.6 Maintenance The main maintenance activity will be mechanized and manual repair of roads and tourist facilities in the area.

2.2.2.7 Natural Resources Management Nature, the environment, natural resources and processes in this zone will be protected while the area is subjected to day and night game drives. Driving off road will be prohibited.

2.2.2.8 Cultural Resource Management Graves and other cultural areas will be protected, preserved and treated as required by the Wahehe elders.


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2.2.3 Zone 3– Mkupule- Kinyangesi Zone. This is an area west of zone 3 and extends westwards to the western end of P-I proposed WMA at the Mbeya/Iringa regional boundary. About 80–90% of this zone is dominated by Miombo and transitional miombo woodland both of which are infested by tsetse fly to varying degrees. The remaining 10-20% is Commiphora Combretum and Acacia woodland/bushland. As a result of tsetse fly infestation, comfortable photographic tourism is precluded; consequently this block will be subjected to consumptive utilization. Prohibited Uses Permitted Uses • Photographic tourism

during the hunting season.

• Hunting during the non-hunting season.

• High profit generating hunting organized and managed by MBOMIPA and a credible and reputable concessionaire

• Development of hunting tracks/roads. • Construction/development of wildlife

management facilities. • Wildlife and other research e.g. wildlife inventory

and monitoring. • Beekeeping. • Controlled natural resource exploitation e.g.

collection of medicines and medicinal plants. • Traditional worship and rituals. • Water development in places known to have had

water in the past. • Game viewing during the non-hunting season.

2.2.3.1 Resource Values The miombo woodland portion of this zone and the diversity of bushland provide habitat for a wide range of game animals and birds including elephants, giraffes, buffalo, sable, Lichtensteins hartebeest, impala, dik dik, greater and lesser kudu. In addition to the diversity of game animals the area is heavily infested with tsetse fly and has several springs in many locations which attract game animals and birds during the dry season.

2.2.3.2 Visitor use and Experience Owing to the heavy infestation referred to above photographic tourism is not the best option. Consequently this area will be subjected to:


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• Hunting: MBOMIPA will decide who hunts and how. All usually hunted species whether tourist species or meat species shall be subjected to sustainable hunting in order to maximize profit for MBOMIPA and the 19 villages.

• Beekeeping activities during off hunting season. • Medicinal plant collection during off hunting season. • Visitor experience will be high for hunters.

2.2.3.3 Access Although there are three entry points to this area: from RUNAPA, Madibira and the game scout’s camp at Tungamalenga, only the latter will be used.

2.2.3.4 Facilities and Development Two types of facilities will be developed or improved in this zone: First, the facilities associated with the protection and management of resources such as the construction of permanent game scouts’ posts equipped with radio, small office, potable water supply and accommodation at the present and old Kinyangesi Game scouts’ post. This will also include an increased network of tracks to good game areas. Second, the clearing of hunting tracks as required by hunting clients/operators, establishing camping sites for operators/clients and construction of hunters accommodation similar to that at Lunda Game scouts’ post.

2.2.3.5 Limit of Acceptable Use Limits of acceptable use will be governed by two factors, first by the hunting quota and second by the hunting track system which will determine the privacy which any one hunting party can have.

The hunting quota will be determine by the Director of Wildlife who in the determination process will take into account the advice provided by the District Game Officer Iringa and the inventory/monitoring data availed to him by MBOMIPA. It will be an optimum and not the maximum utilization quota. Under the existing track system only one hunting party at a time can be allowed. As the track system is increased with time, it can be increased to no more than three the movements of which should be coordinated by the Kinyangesi camp using radio communication.


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2.2.3.6 Maintenance It will consist of manually maintaining all the tracks including bridges, drifts, causeways, buildings and campsites within the zone as well as intensive foot and/motorized anti-poaching patrols at all times.

2.2.3.7 Natural Resource Management Nature, the environment and natural resources such as: the diverse miombo and Commiphora/Combretum/Acacia woodlands/bushland, all vegetative matter, land resources such as landscape, rocks, stones, soils, water and minerals including all kinds of wild animals and natural processes will be protected except for legal use by/under/through MBOMIPA through hunting, beekeeping, medicine collection and as described above.

2.2.3.8 Cultural Resources Management All cultural resources e.g. rocks and trees, caves, graves and graveyards etc. will be protected and be subjected to respect, use and treatment prescribed by the tribes surrounding this zone.

2.2.4 Zone 4- Ruaha-Kinyangesi Photographic Zone Section 16 (1) (h) of the WCA(1974) prohibits hunting and other wildlife consumptive uses within 1 km of a national park. The Great Ruaha River for a long stretch forms the northern boundary of the south western part of Pawaga-Idodi WMA; consequently the 1 km strip of zone 3 bordering Ruaha National Park (see fig.5) is established as a non-hunting zone for photographic tourism. Prohibited Uses Permitted Uses • Any form of hunting • Any form of capture • Free entry except:

MBOMIPA staff on duty, residents in WMA, investors operating in the WMA, people authorized by the authority (MBOMIPA/DGO)

• During the establishment phase and if approved by MBOMIPA, licensed resident hunting.

After the WMA is established and the zone plan takes effect: • Photographic tourism and associated

developments which will include: hotels, tented camps including the establishment of temporary permanent, special and/or exclusive camping sites.

• Establishment of picnic sites, game watching and observation sites and facilities including toilets.

• Establishment of interpretative facilities,


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• Game drives in vehicles during daytime. • Escorted walking safaris during daytime. • Limited and controlled night game drives. • Commercial photography and cinematography. • Establishment of water in places known to have

had water in the past e.g. damming seasonal water courses which were permanent flowing rivers in the past, excavating silted watering places etc.

• Establishment of picnic sites, game watching, observation sites, and facilities including toilets etc . • Establishment of interpretative facilities,


• Game drives in vehicles during daytime • Escorted walking safaris. • Limited and controlled night game drives. • Commercial photography and cinematography. • Construction of wildlife management, research

and scientific facilities e.g. staff houses, office, airstrips, and roads particularly by MBOMIPA.

• All conservation and wildlife management activities by MBOMIPA.

• Carrying inventory, research and monitoring by persons and parties authorized by MBOMIPA.

• Collection of animals and plants for research, science and museums, traditional medicines etc.

• Traditional worship and cultural activities.

2.2.4.1 Resource values The scenic Great Ruaha river and its large concentrations of birdlife, wildlife including hippos and crocodiles as well as the beautiful riparian vegetation on the river bank, are this area’s primary resource values.


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2.2.4.2 Visitor Use and Experience As a result of the above values, visitor facilities will be established within the 1 km strip to enable tourists to stay drive, walk, camp and carry out bird/wildlife viewing from specially made hides/look outs etc.

Game viewing by vehicle, including limited and controlled night game drives will be the main activity in this zone. Contact between parties of tourists will be minimized during the lifetime of the RMZP by:

• Allowing visitors to stop, get out of their vehicle and stretch their legs within 10m of their vehicle.

• Encouraging visitors to get out of their vehicle and walk up to 50m at designated locations/observation points, outstanding natural features or special sites of interest as long as dangerous animals are at least 200m away from the area.

• Allowing picnicking at designated sites.

2.2.4.3 Access This zone will be accessible from Iringa by the Tungamalenga-Kinyangesi track, from Msembe (RUNAPA) by the Mdweka-Kinyangesi road/track and from Mbeya by the Mbeya-Rujewa- Mkupule-Husmans road/track.

2.2.4.4 Facilities and Development Facilities in this zone will include overnight accommodation for up to12 people in the form of a tented camp/exclusive campsite.

2.2.4.5 Limits of acceptable use Number of vehicle per km is virtually nil and it is recommended that there be one vehicle per 5km of game viewing track. It is further recommended that only one overnight facility of not more than 12 people be placed in the zone.

2.2.4.6 Maintenance Major maintenance activities will include mechanized and manual road and other facility repair.

2.2.4.7 Natural Resources Management The natural character and natural processes of the land in this zone will be protected while accommodating game viewing, camping, and walking safaris. Any visible negative visitor use effects will be mitigated and human disturbance causing significant visual obstruction will be removed. WMA resource specialists will be responsible for preventing or mitigating resource damaging activities. No off-road driving.


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2.2.4.8 Cultural Resource Management There are no cultural resources identified in the zone however if they are discovered/located during the lifetime of the RMZP they will be preserved and used to enrich history and interpretation.

3. CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment In order to determine the consequences of the plan described above and based on data, information and knowledge of the WMA, specific impact topics were identified. These were selected because the planning process identified them as exceptional resources and are classified into three categories: Biological and Physical Resources

• The great Ruaha river • The diverse vegetation mosaic within the WMA which includes

catchments forest in which are water sources. • Threatened and endangered species. • The high diversity of wildlife; particularly mammals and birds. • Caves on hills, dry rivers and in trees particularly baobab. • Gorges/korongos

Socio-Economic Conditions

• Visitor experience • Tourist industry • WMA operations • WMA revenue

Cultural Resources

• Cultural caves on hills/mountains and trees, special historical graves • Worship places, the spirit area, and special hills


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3.1.1 Biological and Physical Resources

3.1.1.1 The Great Ruaha River With the exception of those described in this zone plan, the plan will prohibit the future construction of lodges, hotels, tented camps, administrative/management/research facilities, roads and the establishment of campsites within one kilometer of the great Ruaha river. Permanent living places should get their water from underground sources for conservation and health reasons. It is expected that the limitation imposed above will to a great extent reduce; the destruction of the scenic river environment and its vegetation, pollution of the river, soil erosion, siltation, human fecal contamination, diesel/petrol/oil spills, and wildlife disturbance and provide adequate protection of the river and its habitats. Impacts on the Great Ruaha River if plan is not implemented: There is a wide range of investors, developers, users, who want to use this zone in a wide range of visitor activities including hunting. This plan will enable MBOMIPA to avoid and resist uncontrolled, unplanned, poorly planned development activities which will spoil this spectacular area, with the end result of declining quality of tourism and MBOMIPA income.

3.1.1.2 Diverse Vegetation Mosaic This zone plan will limit physical development: lodges, hotels, tented camps, roads, and administrative/management/research facilities etc. in order to minimize vegetation destruction. In addition it will;

• limit and control the number/area of livestock grazing in the WMA during exceptional dry years.

• use fire, fire breaks, vegetation monitoring data to maintain the diverse vegetation within the WMA.

• regulate the wild animal populations profitable in order to maintain the diverse vegetation.

• prohibit the introduction of exotic plant species and the removal of native species.

• prescribe proper beekeeping and medicinal plant collection methods to be used in the zones of the WMA where these activities are permitted.

Impact on the diverse vegetation if the plan is not implemented:

• Some vegetation communities (including the scenic ones) will be reduced or totally disappear.


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• Some plants (particularly medicinal) will be reduced and ultimately become locally extinct.

• Forage will be reduced resulting in the reduction in populations of grazing wildlife (particularly buffalo and zebra) and the value of the WMA as a dry season livestock rescue will be reduced or disappear.

• The net result will be; • loss of biodiversity of the WMA. • decline of the WMA value as a photographic tourism and hunting area

leading to decline of MBOMIPA income. • reduced socio-economic value of the WMA to MBOMIPA and the 21

villages.

3.1.1.3 Threatened, endangered and important species This plan ensures the continued presence of threatened and endangered species (cheetah, elephant, leopard, pangolin and important valuable species such as sable antelope, greater and lesser kudu etc) by;

• maintaining a suitable socio-economic environment within the WMA and the 19 villages to ensure the continued presence of threatened, endangered and important species in the WMA while accruing benefits to the WMA and 19 participating villages.

• maintaining ecologically suitable habitats for the species within the WMA.

• in collaboration with the Director of Wildlife limit/regulate the off take and disturbance of endangered, threatened and important species by strictly controlling photographic tourism, capture and hunting.

Impacts on the Threatened, Endangered and Important species if the plan is not implemented: If the plan is not implemented, populations of the three categories of animals will decline and ultimately become locally extinct. This will reduce the value of the WMA as a photographic tourist and hunting destination and therefore decrease the income for MBOMIPA and the 19 villages.

3.1.1.4 Impacts on caves Within the WMA and the 19 villages there are caves on rocks, hills, dry steep river banks and baobab trees. As these become open to tourists the following will happen;

• the landscape, particularly soils and vegetation around the caves will be disturbed and damaged.

• damage to the rocks and earth within the caves.


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• damage to the rocks, earth/soil and the baobabs on which the caves are. • noise destroying the solitude of the caves and surroundings.

Impacts on the caves if the plan is not implemented: The indiscriminate, unplanned, uncontrolled, poorly plan use of these caves will cause:

• increase of bare ground, soil compaction and erosion around the caves. • the inside of the caves will be manipulated and destroyed which will lead

to their losing their natural appearance. • landslide of the earth/soil around the caves particularly those on river

banks. • loss of the solitude which the tourist are looking for. • decline in cave visitation and quality of tourism to the caves. • decline of income to MBOMIPA and individuals and investors involved

in caves tourism.

3.1.1.5 The special owl (kisimbusi) and the special snake. According to the customs of the villages surrounding these animals, the animals have a special way of being treated or dealt with; when these are open to tourism;

• there will be many people visiting them. • some of the visitors and/or their guides will fail to comply with customs

of handling/dealing with these creatures.

Impacts if this plan is not implemented. If the controls and limitations imposed by this plan are not implemented;

• the creatures will suffer disturbance • problems such as visitors’ snake bites and deaths, disappearance of the

the owl could occur. • bad omen/calamities will befall the visitors who do not comply.

3.1.1.6 Impacts on Gorges The plan limits and will control the number of people/parties visiting the gorges as well as the number of walkers and the paths, walking mode around and in the gorges in order to prevent destruction in and around the gorge;

• landslide or collapse of the gorge walls. • trampling the vegetation near the gorges to bare ground. • noise


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Impacts on gorges if the plan is not implemented: If the plan is not implemented there will be environmental condition and gorge value decline and destruction. This will lead to decline on tourism and tourist income from the gorges.

3.1.2 Socio-Economic Conditions

3.1.2.1 Impacts on the visitor experience Development of overnight accommodation, roads and other tourist facilities should be limited to the plan.

Impacts on visitor experience if the plan is not implemented: If the limits set up by this plan are not adhered to and taking into account of the present and proposed investments around Tungamalenga the WMA is going to turn into a cheap, mass tourism and improperly controlled tourist area.

3.1.2.2 Impacts on tourist industry All future tourism development within the WMA and the 19 MBOMIPA villages will have to comply with this RMZP. Investors in the industry will be required to commit more financial, human and time resources to plan and construct facilities in the WMA and villages. The developments in accordance with this plan will ensure excellent visitor experience on perpetually conserved wild land.

Impacts on tourist industry if the plan is not implemented: If the plan is not implemented the already existing pressure to carry out fast, cheap improperly planned developments, as well as, the greedy attitude among some investors of “harvest as fast as you can” will cause;

• the quality of tourism to decline. • the collapse of the tourist industry in and around the WMA • initially decline and finally total loss of income by MBOMIPA, the 19

villages, individuals within these villages investors operating in the area and their employees.

3.1.2.3 Impacts on WMA operations The zone plan will enable MBOMIPA to guide and manage the WMA and 19 villages resources in a rational, systematic and coordinated manner using a zone plan prepared by interdisciplinary teams of protected area managers, researchers, planners, administrators, tour operators, hotel operators and MBOMIPA. The plan will strictly be adhered to in implementing the day to day


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activities of the WMA. The instructions provided to MBOMIPA and its field staff by this plan will enhance the effectiveness of the WMA operations. Impacts on WMA operations if the plan is not implemented If the plan is not implemented MBOMIPA will end up in a confusion as on what, when, how they can and cannot carry out specific activities especially in the light of a wide diversity of investors ranging from low volume high cost to high volume low cost. The existing diametrically opposed debates on the appropriate use of the WMA and its surrounding area will continue and get worse.

3.1.2.4 Impacts on WMA Revenue MBOMIPA currently earns about $40,000 USD per annum. It’s 2005-6 recurrent and development budget is about $77,600 USD. If the existing and planned permanent and camping accommodation within the strict WMA is utilized at half capacity during the high season, 5 tourists per day enter the WMA during the high season from the accommodation in and around Tungamalenga village, all investors pay their dues to MBOMIPA at least $150,000 USD will be generated per annum. An experienced investor and P-I WMA stakeholder operating in RUNAPA in the process of making this RMZP made MBOMIPA income projections under the existing and RMZP proposed tourist facilities and infrastructure use. ‘Taken over a 40 week season at an occupancy/use of 40% MBOMIPA will earn US$ 124365 per season’(per annum). Consequently implementing the plan will earn MBOMIPA 3-4 times its present income. In addition there will be income for MBOMIPA from; hunting in zone 3, payment for the use of VGS in providing services within the WMA and in the 19 villages. Finally people from the MBOMIPA villages benefit through paid jobs in the tourism sector, selling goods e.g. souvenirs and services e.g. traditional dances.

Impacts on WMA Revenues if the Plan is not implemented: If the plan is not implemented such that there will be indiscriminate tourist development to the extent of lowering visitor satisfaction and consequently visitor numbers, the revenues of the WMA will decline.

3.1.3 Impacts on Cultural Resources The plan requires that all the cultural resources described be protected and that they be used judiciously so that even our children’s grand children will be able to see them. Consequently the plan by regulating the use of the cultural resources described above will preserve them and make money out of them.


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Impacts on Cultural Resources if the Plan is not implemented: If this plan is not implemented there will be unplanned and uncontrolled use of these resources resulting in the decline of their quality. This will lead to tourism and tourist income decline.


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4. References: Barnes R.F.W, Barnes K.L. and E.B. Kapela 1989. Ecological changes in Ruaha National Park. WCS and TANAPA 1989. CCM, 2005. CCM Election Manifesto for the 2005 General Election. Collinge, S. 2005. Rodent community characteristics (unpublished) GOT 2006 Poverty Alleviation Strategy (MKUKUTA) Kibuga K.F, Kimaro, I.J, Mikata F, Mundo IAA, Ngwani G. 1999. Mboliboli village. Report of participatory land use planning activities carried out in Mboliboli village, Pawaga Division.25-28th may and 4-5th June 1999 MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F. 1999. Mahuninga village. Report of participatory land use planning activities carried out in Mahuninga village Idodi Division 7th -10th September,1999.MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F 1999. Makifu village. Report of participatory land use plannining activities carried out in Makifu village, Idodi Division, 27th -30th September 1999.MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F 1999. Tungamalenga village .Report of participatory land use planning carried out in Tungamalenga village, Idodi Division 8th -11th November 1999.MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F 1999. Malinzanga village. Report of participatory land use planning activities carried out in Malinzanga village, Idodi Division 12-15 November 1999.MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F ed, Bikurakule D,Longo A.D, Mackoba J.J,Mchomvu J.J, Mwaikambo V, Mwampashe T.N, Ng’unga E. and Zayumba H.1999. Mafuluto village. Report of participatory land use planning activities carried out in Mafuluto village, Idodi Division 1999.MBOMIPA 1999. Kibuga K.F 2001. Idodi Village. Report of Participatory land use planning out in Idodi village, Idodi Division 3-5 July 2001.MBOMIPA 2001


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Kibuga, K.F 2001. Nyamahana village. Report of Participatory land use planning activities carried out in Nyamahana village, Idodi Division 16th -19th October 2001.MBOMIPA. 2001. Kibuga, K.F. 2001. Mapogoro village. Report of participatory land use planning activities carried out in Mapogoro village, Idodi Division, 15-18th may, 2001. MBOMIPA 2001. Kihwele D.V.N Lwoga P.D and Sarakikya 1999. Feasibility study of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting in the MBOMIPA Project Area, Iringa District. Report No. MCR 4.MBOMIPA, Iringa. Ecosystem Consultants 1996. Aerial Game Survey of Lunda-Mkwambi Game Controlled Area and adjacent Areas of Ruaha National Park; First Survey, 21-27 April 1999.MBOMIPA Report No. MCRS, Iringa. GOT, 1974. The Wildlife Conservation Act 1974, Government Printer Dar- es-salaam, Tanzania. GOT 2002. The Wildlife Conservation (Wildlife Management Areas) Regulation, 2002. Govt printer, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. MNRT, 1998. Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar-es-Salaam Tanzania. MBOMIPA, Constitution for the Registered Trustees of Matumizi Bora ya Malihai-Idodi na Pawaga MBOMIPA. MBOMIPA, Katiba, Asasi ya Matumizi Bora ya Malihai Idodi na Pawga MBOMIPA. Nahonyo C.L, Mwasumbi L., and Bayona D.G. 1998. Survey of the vegetation communities and utilization of woody plant species in the MBOMIPA Project Area. MBOMIPA Iringa. Nahonyo C.L. 1996.Impact of elephant browsing on vegetation in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. MSc. Thesis University of Dar-es-Salaam,1996. Nahonyo C.L, Mwasumbi L., and Bayona D.G. 1998. Survey of the vegetation Communities and utilization of woody plant species in the MBOMIPA Project Area. MBOMIPA, Iringa.


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SWECO, 1985. Mtera Reservoir, Ecology of a new man-made Lake in Tanzania. SWECO 1985. TANAPA, 1994. Management Zone Plan; Tarangire National Park. TANAPA, 1997. Management Zone Plan; Manyara National Park TANAPA, 1997. Ruaha National Park; General Management Plan.5th Draft. Tanzania national Parks . WCS-RRLCP, 2005. Six Month (January-June, 2005) Report, Wildlife Conservation Society, Rungwa-Ruaha Landscape Conservation Project. July,2005 WD, 2002. Guidelines for Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas 2002. WD, 2003. Reference Manual for Implementing Guidelines for the Designation and Management of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) in Tanzania.2003


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Appendix 1-Planning Team: 1. I.A. Hante - District Land and Natural Resources officer. 2. Kazaroho Duma - Chairman, MBOMIPA Executive Committee. 3. Leonard Chengula - Vice-Chairman, MBOMIPA Executive committee 4. Josephat Kisanyage - Secretary General, MBOMIPA Executive committee 5. Rhoida (Mrs.) - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 6. Jonas Nkusa - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 7. Shaban Kodi - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 8. Christopher Mademla - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 9. Khalfan Lulimi - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 10. Mashuhuri Msavi - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 11. Leopold Utenga - Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 12. Vedasto Rweyemamu Member, MBOMIPA Executive committee. 13. Alphonce Mdindile - Member, Executive Committee. 14. I.J. Kimaro - District Game officer. 15. K.S. Ngomelo - Advisor, MBOMIPA. 16. M. Majid - District Forest Officer. 17. K. Sanga - Cartographer. 18. Senje (Mrs.) - Town Planning Officer. 19. H. Mwechaga (Mrs.) - Game Officer. 20. R. Nhambu (Mrs.) - Game Officer. 21.T.Kahatano - District Beekeeping Officer. 22. K. Kyungu - District Land Use Officer. 23. P. Coppolillo - Director, WCS-RRLCP. 24. B. Mbano - Senior Conservationist, WCS-RRLCP. 25. N. Shirima - Research Assistant, WCS-RRLCP. 26. Godfrey Mlelwa - Research Assistant, WCS-RRLCP.


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Appendix 2-List of Mammals found in the WMA

No. ENGLISH KISWAHILI 1 Aardvark Muhanga 2 Aardwolf Fisi mdogo 3 Baboon yellow Nyani 4 Bat eared fox Mbweha masikio 5 Buffalo Nyati 6 Bush pig Nguruwe mwitu 7 Bush baby lesser Komba 8 Bushbuck Pongo/Mbawala 9 Caracal Simba mangu 10 Cheetah Duma 11 Civet African Fungo 12 Civet two spotted palm Fungo 13 Dikdik Digidigi 14 Duiker common Nsya/Norombo 15 Eland Pofu/Mbunju 16 Elephant Tembo/Ndovu 17 Elephant shrew 18 Genet large spotted Kanu 19 Genet common Kanu 20 Gerbil naked soled 21 Giraffe Twiga 22 Hare cape Sungura 23 Hartebeest Lichtenstein’s kongoni 24 Hippopotamus kiboko 25 Hyena striped Fisi Miraba 26 Hyena spotted Fisi madoa 27 Hyrax-rock Pimbi 28 Hyrax -tree Pimbi/perere 29 Impala Swala pala 30 Jackal black backed bweha 31 Jackal side striped bweha 32 klipspringer Mbuzi mawe 33 Greater kudu Tandala mkubwa 34 Lesser kudu Tandala mdogo 35 Leopard Chui 36 lion Simba 37 Mouse pygmy Panya 38 Mouse spiny Panya


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39 Mouse Zebra Panya 40 Mongoose banded Nguchiro 41 Mongoose dwarf Nguchiro 42 Mongoose Egyptian Nguchiro 43 Mongoose marsh Nguchiro 44 Mongoose slender Nguchiro/Karambago 45 Mongoose white tailed Nguchiro 46 Monkey vervet Tumbili/ngedere 47 Otter Cape clawless Fisi maji 48 Pangolin giant Kakakuona 49 Porcupine Nungunungu 50 Rat multimammate Panya 51 Rat unstriped grass Panya 52 Ratel/honey badger Nyegere 53 Reedbuck bohor Tohe 54 Roan antelope korongo 55 Sable antelope Palahala/Mbarapi 56 Serval mondo 57 Spring hare Kambendegere 58 Steinbuck Dondoro 59 Squiral ochre kikuwi 60 Warthog ngiri 61 Waterbuck defassa Kuro 62 Wild dog Mbwa mwitu 63 Wild cat Kimburu 64 Zebra Punda milia

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