Paul Geladi feb 06 Is Hyperspectral Imaging an Analytical Instrument?
Transcript of Paul Geladi feb 06 Is Hyperspectral Imaging an Analytical Instrument?
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Is Hyperspectral Imaging an Analytical Instrument?
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Paul Geladi
Head of Research NIRCEChairperson NIR Nord
Unit of Biomass Technology and ChemistrySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåTechnobothniaVasa
paul.geladi @ btk.slu.se paul.geladi @ uwasa.fi
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content
• Short introduction of the topic
• Space imaging
• Instrumentation
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Multivariate Image
K << I ≈ J
I
J
K
I
J
K
HyperspectralImageK≈I≈J
What is a hyperspectral image?
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Paul Geladi feb 06
256
320
128
512
614
224
MatrixNIR
AVIRIS
First defined in airborne imaging
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Na Mg
Al Si
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Cr Fe
Ni
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Cu Zn
Van Espen P., Janssens G., Vanhoolst W. & Geladi P., Imaging and image processing in analytical chemistry, Analusis, 20, 81-90, 1992.
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Airborne hyperspectral imaging•http://www.microimages.com/getstart/hyprspec.htm
• Randall Smith 2001
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Some airborne systems
Sensor Country Nr bands Range m
AVIRIS USA 224 0.4 - 2.5
AISA FI 286 0.45 - 0.9
CASI CA 288 0.43 - 0.87
DAIS USA 211 0.4 - 12
HYMAP AU 128 0.4 - 2.45
PROBE1 USA 128 0.4 - 2.45
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Orig
Veg
Water
Soil
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Conclusions Airborne
• Not too much chemometrics
• Calibration / standardization / correction problems
• Comparison of airborne / ground spectra
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Paul Geladi feb 06
0 nm 3000 nm
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Lab versus airplane
• We have our own “sun”
• It is controllable
• Only within limits
• Problems still exist
• How to quantify / correct problems?
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content
• Short introduction of the topic
• Space imaging
• Instrumentation
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
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Paul Geladi feb 06
AVIRIS
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Rotating filter wheel
Camera
Filter wheel
Field of study under polychromatic illumination
Signal out
Alternative: illumination diode array
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Paul Geladi feb 06
PbS camera
Fiber ring
Radiation source
Interference filters
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Paul Geladi feb 06
680 nm 740 nm 800 nm 840 nm
1010 nm 1110 nm 1200 nm
Geladi P, Sethson B, Nyström J, Lillhonga T, Lestander T & Burger J, Chemometrics in spectroscopy: Part 2. Examples, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 59, 1347-1357, 2004.
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Paul Geladi feb 06Prism-Grating -Prism
Prism
Grating
Prism
Focusing
Focusing
Rectangulardetector
Pushbroom
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Interferometer
Fixed mirror
Moving mirror
Semitransparentmirror (50%)
Detector(interferogram)
a
b
Sample (scan by moving)
Radiationsource
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Most FT-IRFT-Raman
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Paul Geladi feb 06
InGaAs array
LCTF
Objective
Sample(s)
Lamp(s)
≈5 cm
≈5 cm
To file
12 bit A/D convertor
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Paul Geladi feb 06
InGaAs array
LCTF
Objective
Sample(s)
Lamp(s)
≈5 cm
≈5 cm
To file
12 bit A/D convertor
256x3200.2x0.2 mm2 pixel
max 128 900-1700 nm
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content• Short introduction of the topic
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
• Standardization
• Calibration
• Sampling problems
• Comparison
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Edmundcatalog
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 17000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
wavelength nm
A/D counts
Specular reflection
99%
2%
75%
50%
Raw A/D convertor data
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Paul Geladi feb 06900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
50
50.5
51
51.5
52
52.5
53
53.5
54
54.5
55
wavelength nm
Reflectance %
NIST calibration
Interpolation
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
2%
25%
50%
75%
99%
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
R= 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4
R= 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content• Short introduction of the topic
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
• Standardization
• Calibration
• Sampling problems
• Comparison
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Metal frame
2% refl.
50% refl. 75% refl.
99% refl.
Cheddar
Blue
Edam
Emmenthal
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Reference values (y)
• Pure standards
• Known mixtures
• Wet chemistry
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Reference values
• Impossible to measure wet chemistry in every pixel
• All standards are heterogeneous at high magnification
• Not always possible with synthetic standards
Geladi P., Burger J. & Lestander T., Hyperspectral imaging: calibration problems and solutions, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 72, 209-217, 2004.
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content• Short introduction of the topic
• Space imaging
• Instrumentation
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
• Standardization
• Calibration
• Sampling problems
• Comparison
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Paul Geladi feb 06
One pixel
50/50 mixture
Sampling problem
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Paul Geladi feb 06
One pixel
50/50 mixture
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Paul Geladi feb 06
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Content• Short introduction of the topic
• Examples, history and philososphical thoughts
• Standardization
• Calibration
• Sampling problems
• Comparison
• Examples (removed, paper in review)
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Comparison with a spectrometer
• Integration over a volume / area
• Only 1 detector• High resolution 216
• Wide range possible• Lower noise
• Information in pixels / depth?
• Many detectors• Low resolution 212
• Limited range• Noisier
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Comparison
• Linearity better controlled
• No populations• Quick
• Linear?• Missing pixels• Populations!• Slow
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Conclusions
• Airborne/space are ahead
• Many principles
• Instrument standardization needed
• No material is homogeneous at the nanolevel
• Camera ≠ spectrometer, but we get close
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Paul Geladi feb 06
Acknowledgements
Torbjörn Lestander, SLU, Umeå
Jim Burger, SLU, Umeå
EASIM European Association for Spectral Imaging
started in Umeå 14 February 2006
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Paul Geladi feb 06