Particle research at VTINORTRIP meeting 2010-04-27

Mats Gustafsson & Göran Blomqvist

VTI in brief

VTI, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, is an independent and internationally prominent research institute within the transport sector.

Ca 180 employees in Linköping, Stockholm, Göteborg and Borlänge

Services

Research and development Measurement and testing Consultancy services Courses and seminars Library and information services

Research areas

● Infrastructure maintenance ● Vehicle technology ● Sustainable transport ● Humans and the transport system ● Society and transport ● Traffic safety ● Traffic analysis ● Transport economics ● Road and rail engineering

Ongoing relevant projects at VTI

Material properties and PM emission and properties:Influence of asphalt pavement properties on particle formation

and properties.Do concrete pavements generate less particles than asphalt

pavements?Effects on particle emission of rubber mixed asphalt

pavements (“GummiWear II”).Including PM generation in the VTI wear model.KnowWear – VTI project about generation, emission and

dispersion of non-exhaust particles.Expected: continued studies on tyre related PM.

PM and health:WearTox II – toxicological studies on wear particles from

different stone materials in pavements (VTI, LiU, LTH, CBI).

Ongoing relevant projects at VTI (cont.)

Measures against PM:Street sweeping as a measure against PM10 (VTI, SLB)Factors affecting dust binding effect of CMA (EU-projekt,

Cities of Klagenfurt, Lienz, Bruneck and Nordisk Aluminat A/S)

Unpaved roads

Road surface:The winter model (salt and surface wetness)

Method development:Wet Dust Sampler (WDS)DusterEvaluation techniques using the VTI Road Simulator

Potential contribution to NORTRIP

Relations between PM emission (and properties) and pavements (construction and stone material parameters), tyres, speed, humidity, road surface characteristics etc

Emission factors from road simulator (?)Road surface condition parameters and models (related to road

salt, humidity etc.).Development of PM module in the VTI wear model.Wear particle properties (size distributions, chemical profiles).Toxicity of wear particles.Effects of measures against road dust.

Expected outcome of NORTRIP

Improved network for knowledge charing and dissemination

Possibilities to validate and implement VTI results and methods in models and tools

Improved modelling use

What knowledge do we need about road dust?

How can we abate it?Minimize the sources

Decrease studded tyre use Adjust tyres Adjust pavements and gritting material Ajust traffic (less traffic, lower speed)

Minimize dispersion to air Dust binding Sweeping? Ajust traffic (less traffic, lower speed, less heavy vehicles) …

How hazardous is road dust to health?● Particle properties● Health studies

Epidemiology Toxicology

Research area 1:

Material properties and PM emission and properties

The VTI road simulator

9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00T id

0

2

4

6

8

PM

10 [m

g m

-3]

Ska8 m ylonit

ABS16 kvartsit Dalby

Ska11 m ylonit

ABS16 kvartsit Dalbo

ABD11 porfyr

How do pavement choice affect PM10 production?

Largest stone size (Dmax)

8 10 12 14 16Dmax (mm)

0

1

2

3

4

PM

10 (

mg

m-3

)

Hornsgatan 30 km/hHornsgatan 50 km/hHornsgatan 70 km/h

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

LA

PM

10

(m

g m

-3)

PM10 vid 50 km/h

PM10 vid 70 km/h

Gummiinblandad bitumen

Resistance to fragmentation (LA) of stones in ABS (Ska)

Stone material important also when NOT using studded tyres

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

SF

U-F

ine

SF

U-G

rov

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

Si

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

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0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

SF

U-F

ine

SF

U-G

rov

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

Si

Unstudded central european winter tyres on gneiss pavement

Unstudded central european winter tyres on chalk pavement

Calcium

Calcium

30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

0

2000

4000

6000

PM

10 [µ

g/m

3]

S um m er tyre

WearEmWearEm

Summer tyres

Influence on PM10 in road simulator

30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

0

2000

4000

6000

PM

10 [µ

g/m

3]

F ric tion tyre

Sum m er tyre

Unstudded Nordic winter

tyres

WearEmWearEm

Influence on PM10 in road simulator

Summer tyres

30 km/h 50 km/h 70 km/h

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

0

2000

4000

6000

PM

10 [µ

g/m

3]

S tudded tyre

Friction tyre

Sum m er tyre

Studded tyres

WearEmWearEm

Influence on PM10 in road simulator

Unstudded Nordic winter

tyres

Summer tyres

Example of tyre (and speed) influence in road simulator

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

10 30 50 70 90

Simulator speed (km/h)

Rel

ativ

e P

M10

con

cent

raio

n (µ

g/m

3 )

Summer tyre

Nordic un-studded winter tyre

Studded tyre

0.01 0.1 1 10Storleksfördeln ing (µm )

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

dN/d

logD

p [#

cm

-3]

0

0 .5

1

1.5

2

2.5

dM/d

logD

p [mg m

-3]

70 km h -1

50 km h -1

30 km h -1

N okian H akkapeliitta 4M ichelin X -Ice N orthB ridegstone N oranza

Size distributions studded tyres

Tyre/pavementwear?

Nokian Hakkapeliitta 4 with and without studs

1 10 100 1000Mobility particle diameter (nm)

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

dN

/dlo

gD

p (

#/c

m3 )

Med dubbar

Utan dubbar

Particles in PM10 from city air

Particles in PM10 from city air

Particles in PM10 from city air

Composition of particle size distribution

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

Däc

k

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Areodynamisk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

Si

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

Däc

k

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Aerodynamsk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

0,01 0,1 1 10

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

Däc

k

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Areodynamisk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

Si

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

Däc

k

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Aerodynamsk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

0,0001

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

10

0,01 0,1 1 10

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

0,01 0,1 1 10 100Areodynamisk diameter (µm)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

12,2

5

Tyr

e

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Areodynamisk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

Si

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0,04

2

0,08

0,14

0,21

0,32

0,51

0,81

1,26

2,00

3,32

5,47

8,25

12,2

5

Tyr

e

Bitu

men

Fill

er

Aerodynamsk diameter (µm)

Rel

ativ

ko

nce

ntr

atio

n (

%)

Co

W

Zn

Cu

Fe

Ti

Ca

K

Cl

S

0,00001

0,0001

0,001

0,01

0,1

1

0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Studded tyre Unstudded Nordic winter tyre Summer tyre

Coarse tyre (?) particles

Research area 2PM and health

Hälsostudie:

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Kontroll PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6

TN

F-α

pg

/ml

x 10

4 c

ells

Infla

mm

atio

nspo

tent

ial

Damm från granitbeläggning

Damm från kvartsitbeläggning

Damm från Hornsgatan, Sthlm

Damm från tunnelbanan, Sthlm

Dieselpartiklar

Aims:Investigate what micro-textural properties within

stone material that affect formation of inhalable particles and to

investigate the toxicity in airways of coarse and fine pavement wear particles in relation to physical, chemical and and morphological particle properties.

Research area 3Measures against PM

“Effects of dust binding of paved roads” (SNRA funded project)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Bef

ore

appl

icat

ion

App

licat

ion

1

day

1:1

day

2:1

day

3:1

App

licat

ion

2

day

1:2

day

2:2

day

3:2

day

4:2

App

licat

ion

3

day

1:3

day

2:3

day

3:3R

atio

PM

10 m

easu

rem

ent

stre

tch

/ref

eren

se s

tret

ch

CMA

CaCl2

MgCl2

Sugar

Results - dust binding effect

30-40%

ca 4-5 days

”Virgin

application”

Added effect?

Results – friction reduction

-0.45

-0.40

-0.35

-0.30

-0.25

-0.20

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

CMA CaCl2 MgCl2 Sugar Dustex Water on thereference stretch

(0.5 mm)

Initi

al fr

ictio

n re

duct

ion

Conclusions

Dust binding effect Initial effect (ca 35-40%) and duration (3-4 days) equal for all

tested binders under current conditions Effect duration longer than reported from city street trials

Friction reduction● Initial reduction:

CMA > MgCl2 = sugar > CaCl2 Friction reduction duration tends to be longer for the chlorides

than for CMA and sugar, but needs further evaluation

Under the prevailing conditions, dust binders remain on the road surface outside the wheel tracks for weeks.

What is the recommendation?

We recommend chlorides on roads where corrosion and environmental issues are not high priority, but CMA or sugar otherwise.

The importance of friction reduction problems increases with speed and in sharp turns (e.g. roundabouts).

SNRA will recommend chlorides on their roads.

CMA+ - an EU Life+ project on dust bindning

Follows the KAPA-GS projectImplementation of CMA for dust binding in Klagenfurt, Bruneck

and LientzVTI role to test particle formation from different pavements and

to study particle formation from CMA treated pavements in different concentrations and doses

2009 - 2012

Increased CMA effect at higher humidity

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

PM

10

14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00

35%63%

80%

Increased CMA effect at higher humidity

32

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0 20 40 60 80 100

RH (%)

PM

10 (

mg/

m3)

före CMACMA 11 g/m2CMA ca 50 g/m2Torr residual-CMACMA 14 g

•Humidity effect

•Dose effect

New project to test ”promising” sweeping techniques

Disab-Tella Dulevo

Road surface properties

Method development

Wet Dust Sampler

Can measure dust load on the road surface and chemistry of dissolved substances on the surface etc.

Duster

+

Fly ash testsCurrently under

modification

Thanks for Your attention!

Contact: mats.gustafsson@vti.se

www.vti.se