Pact Zambia Bridging the Technology Divide in Zambia The growth of ICTs in, or despite, a declining...
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Transcript of Pact Zambia Bridging the Technology Divide in Zambia The growth of ICTs in, or despite, a declining...
Pact Zambia
Bridging the Technology
Divide in Zambia
The growth of ICTs in, or despite, a
declining economy
Se yc he lle s
Tro p ic o f C a p ric o rn
E quator
Tropi of
La ’yo un Tind o uf
C a sa b la nc a
To m b o uc to u
O ra n
Fa ya - La rg e a u
Ba ng hä zï
A l J a wf
A le xa nd ria
Aswä n
Po rt Sud a n
Äsm e ra
A l Fä shir
J üb ä
Antsira na na
M o m b a sa
M twa ra
Na c a la
Ka le m ie
Lub um b a shi
Kisa ng a ni
Bula wa yo
Lo b ito
Lüd e ritz
Be ira
Durb a n
Po rt Eliza b e th
J o ha nne sb urg
Ka no
To lia ra
L u an d a
W in d h o ek
C a p e To wn
R a b a t
K h a rtou m
O u a ga d o u g ou
B a n g u i
K in sh asa
L u an d a
M aseru
A n tan a n a rivo
W in d h o ek
N a iro b i
D a k a r
B issa u B a m ak o
A b id ja n M on rov ia
F reetow n
C o n a k ry
B a n ju l
A ccra L o m é
P or to - N o vo
L a go s
M ala b o Yao u n d é
N 'D ja m en a
L ib rev ille K a m p a la
K ig a li
S aõ Tom é
A lg iers Tu n is
Tr ip o li
N o u a k ch ott
C a iro
D jib ou ti
A d d is A b ab a
M og ad ish u
H a ra re
L ilon gw e
M oron i
L u sak a
D a r es S a la am
B u ju m b u ra
M ap u to P re tor ia G a b oron e
M b a b an e
B ra zza v ille
N iam ey
C o m o ro s
St. He le na (U. K.)
Asc e nsio n (St. He le na )
C a na ry Isla nd s (Sp a in)
M a d e ira (Po rtug a l)
C a b ind a (Ang o la )
Ind ia n O c e a n
Atla ntic O c e a n
G ulf o f Ad e n
Bla c k Se a
M e d ite rra ne a n Se a
Atla ntic O c e a n
Stra it o f G ib ra lta r
G ulf o f G uine a
N ig e r
O ra ng e
La ke M a la w i
La ke Ta ng a nyika
La ke C ha d
M o ro cco
A lg er ia
Tu n is ia
W estern S a h a ra (M o ro c c o )
M a u rita n ia
N ig er
L ib ya
C h a d B u rk in a F a so
N ig er ia
S en eg a l
T h e G a m b ia
G u in ea B issa u
G u in ea
L ib er ia S ierra L eo n e
C ô te D 'Iv o ire To g o B en in
M a li
G ab o n
E q u ator ia l G u in ea
S a o To m e & P rin c ip e
A n g o la
Z a ire
C en tra l A fr ica n R ep u b lic
E gy p t
S u d a n
E th io p ia
U g an d a K en ya
C o n go
C a m eroo n
S o m alia
R w a n d a
B u ru n d i
Ta n za n ia
M a d a g asca r Z a m b ia M o zam b iq u e
Z im b a b w e B otsw an a
S o u th A fr ica L eso th o
S w a zila n d
N a m ib ia
G h an a
M a la w i
E ritrea
20°
0°
20°
40°
40°
20°
20° 0°
A fr ica
I9 9 3 M A G E L L A N G e o g ra p h ix S M S a n ta B a rb a ra , C A (8 0 0 ) 9 2 9 -4 M A P
R ed S ea
C a n c e r
Ni l e
Sikamena SiyumbwaICT Manager, Pact Zambia
Pact Zambia
The Great Contradiction
Zambia is poor, getting poorer and losing valuable professionals to HIV/AIDS
Zambia is making steady progress in the take-up of ICTs & benefiting from them
Pact Zambia
Oases of ICT progress (Endogenous knowledge...!)
Online transactions: Introduced in the last two years; Visa only in the last yearVery little e-commerce within Zambia
Cell phonesHigh growth but limited mostly to well-off; multiple phones from different providers
Internet cafés spreading rapidlyCosts have come down from $6 to $1.50 per hourStill too expensive to use except for email
Pact Zambia
Oases of ICT progress
Banks and other financial institutions
New telecommunications companies
University and ICT depts in government
Newly privatised companies
Internet Service Providers
Cadre of self-taught and trained ICT consultants (worst teachers)
Pact Zambia
Basic Zambian ICT stats
Telephone mainlines per 1,000, 1990 8
Telephone mainlines per 1,000, 2001 8
Cellular subscribers per 1,000, 1990 0
Cellular subscribers per 1,000, 2001 11
Internet users per 1,000, 1990 0
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 2001 2.4
Pact Zambia
How do we explain the contradiction?
Reasoning: are ICTs taking resources away from more critical work?
Are there opportunistic ICT practitioners taking advantage of chaos? (ref: lawyers: corruption trials; accountants: and liquidations)
Pact Zambia
Government attempt to use and boost ICTs
Reduction of import duty on computers
ICTs are a tool to buy time from the expectant poor?
Government itself is not very good at ICTsData is years behind; statistics and public accounts.
Government usage of ICTs and networks is not up to modern standards
Government websites are disparate and not well-maintained.
Pact Zambia
Poverty in Zambia
Special note: Zambia is currently ranked 163 on the UNDP Human Development Index; Zambia’s score has fallen for the last 20 years.
People living below $1/day 1990-2001 63%
Undernourished people, 1998/2000 50%
Children underweight under age 5, 95-2001 25%
Children under height under age 5, 95-2001 59%
Pact Zambia
People living with HIV/AIDS, adults (age 15-49), 2001 21.52 %
Malaria cases (per 100,000 people), 2000 34,204 (34.2%)
Poverty factors in ZambiaHealth
Pact Zambia
Poorest 10% 1.1%
Poorest 20% 3.3%
Richest 20% 56.6%
Poverty factors in ZambiaShare of income/consumption
Pact Zambia
“Telkom’s stranglehold on the internet and value-added network services has been holding South Africa back…”
“Technology always runs ahead of the law, in our case the law has been used for far too long to protect the dominant incumbent, Telkom”
DA Shadow Communications Minister Dene Smuts.
Mail and Guardian, September 2, 2004
Wisdom in Hindsight
Pact Zambia
Features of ICT transfer models
Top-down; north-south; northern solutions for southern problems
Passing this methodology to trainers of trainers
Sustainability demands applied to skills and information but not equipment and engineering
Necessary importation of ICT infrastructure worsens balance of payments or trade.
Pact Zambia
ICTs boost development
ICT Policy in 2001
Infomobilisation: Achieve development through community telecentres
extending and intensifying existing pro-poor development programmes
Nepal experience
Pact Zambia
Nepal experience
empowering village communities with capacities for:
using ICTs for communication
accessing information resources
deploying information effectively within their development activities
Pact Zambia
Nepal experience
providing useful information under intended initiatives comprising six theme areas that have been identified by government:
Agricultural information
Distance learning
Telemedicine
Productive economic activities
Environment protection
Natural disaster mitigation.
Pact Zambia
Zambian experience
IICD and CopperNET: mixed success.
Could there be other factors leading to success?
Human rights approach
Good governance
Infrastructure needed (who funds it?)
Pact Zambia
Zambian experience
Focus on regulation
Responsibility with ministry of communications
Consultation at formulation restricted to invited parties
ICT policy draft still in public domain, but discussion is lukewarm
Pact Zambia
Zambian experience and vision
Pact Zambia
Appropriate Technology
Sometimes the obvious solution is not the right one
Pact Zambia
Perspectives / solutions
South African ICT Charter approachStronger capacity
Better infrastructure
Redistribute rights to access
Combine with Nepal experience
Integrated approach needed across portfolios
Pact Zambia
Donors can better help
Get in now while there is still room to push envelopeIntegrate ICT assistance into mainstream development workVery basic competence has to be built
IT in basic education curriculumICT teachers to be trained Better consultation on needs