OVER VIEW
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Transcript of OVER VIEW
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETATIVE POWER MARKETS AND GRID RELIABILITY
PJM RTO EXPERIANCE
vis – a – vis
PRACTICES FOLLOWED IN INDIAN GRIDS
and
THE ROAD AHEAD
OVER VIEW
After 14th August 2003 blackout, US Dept. of Energy (DOE) and Natural Resources of Canada (NRCan) invited PJM and others to comment on the relationship between Wholesale Electric Competition and Grid Reliability.
The presentation covers
The views expressed by PJM.
The practices followed by PJM.
The practices followed in Indian Grids on the respective issues.
The Road Ahead
PERSPECTIVE ON 14th AUGUST 2003 BLACKOUT (AS PER THE REPORT OF PHILLIP G HARRIS, CEO, PJM)
Myth
Some believed that competition is the cause for the blackout as the need to
maximise profits has caused the utilities to defer investments and expenditures necessary to maintain reliability.
Fact Though with the passage of time the
investments and expenditures have certainly diminished, the advent of competition is only one (small) of the several drives for such business decisions
PJM’s BELIEFS ON COMPETITION vis a –vis RELIABILITY
PJM believes thatWholesale electric competition enhances rather
than compromises Grid Reliability
Competition supported by Regional Grid Managers viz RTOs has brought
Better Exchange of Information
Effective Grid Management Tools
Locational Marginal Prices
Competition makes all market participants
Partners in Reliability Protection
Reinforce and Improve Grid Reliability
CAUSES OF THE 14th AUGUST 2003 BLACKOUT
The task force final report has concluded that the main causes for the blackout are
Failure to assess and understand the inadequacy of the transmission system. (System planner/Grid
operator)
Failure to recognise and understand the deteriorating condition of the system in real time. (Grid
operator)
Inadequacy of Real time Diagnostic support. (SCADA/EMS)
Failure to adequately manage vegetation growth in its right of way. (Maintenance Agency )
BLACKOUTS IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE PAST
Major Blackouts (7) in North America :
1965, 1977, 1982, 1996, 1996 1998, 1999
Common Set of Factors:
Failure to ensure/operate the system within safe limits Inability of system operators to visualise events over the
entire systemLack of coordination on system protectionOver estimation of generators dynamic reactive outletConductor contact with trees Inadequate training of operating personnel.
Most of these factors were found in the 14th Aug 2003 Blackout also
14th AUGUST 2003 LIKE CONDITIONS IN INDIAN GRIDS
Almost daily such situations are being experienced in Indian Grids:
Inadequacy of Transmission Network
AC Network in Western Region
Interconnections between ER – WR & ER - NR
Load Generation Imbalance in Real time
Severe deficit conditions in NR
High Voltage conditions in SR
Extreme Climatic Conditions
Severe foggy conditions in NR
Rains for long spells in SR
However these situations are being tackled day-in/day-out.
ITEM PJM INDIAN GRIDS
STATUS RTO TSO
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(MW)
1,65,378 1,23,000
PEAK (MW) 1,35,000 W 90,000
ANNUAL GENERATION
(Billion Units)
474.0 587.3
AREA SERVED
( Sq. Km)
4,20,505 32,87,590
PEOPLE SERVED 51 Millions 600 Million (56 % Pop. Has access to Elec. )
MEMBER COMPANIES 350 36 Control Areas
LINE LENGTH ( Km) 79952 178400 >220 KV
EMPLOYEES 500 ( Avg. Age 42) 170 Executives
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability Regional Despatch and Scheduling
- Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)- Day Ahead Scheduling
Advanced Technologies- Real Time Contingency Analysis
- Real Time Voltage Analysis - Visualisation Technology
- Outage Planning & Coordination- Applications Scale & Scope
Regional RTO Coordination
Operator Training
Regional Planning
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Regional Despatch and Scheduling through Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP)
(Responding to price signal in real time to improve reliability)
LMP model uses actual system inputs from a large number of points.
Provides real time transparent information about the system to all.
Gives all market participants an awareness where power needs to be increased or decreased and there by action is taken to improve reliability.
A Parallel can be drawn with OA/ABT
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Regional Despatch and Scheduling through
Day Ahead Scheduling
Generation resources are scheduled based on projected system conditions and operating margins.
While scheduling, operational reliability standards are kept in to consideration.
Total transparent information mechanism between grid managers and market participants.
Practices followed in Indian Grids : Next
Regional Despatch and Scheduling through
The Concept of Day Ahead Scheduling is being followed meticulously. (well defined in IEGC Document)
While Scheduling the transmission constraints are taken into consideration
The exchange of information is totally transparent ( through Web sites)
Practices in Indian Grids
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability Advanced Technologies
Real-Time Contingency Analysis
Application Run Periodicity Every minute
Data Points Processed 68,000
(every 10 seconds)
Elements Monitored 13,000
Number of Contingencies
being evaluated 4,000
Practices followed in Indian Grids: Next
Provides System Operators with near Real-Time information on the impact of Contingencies.
Practices in Indian Grids
Advanced Technologies Real-Time Contingency Analysis
Application Run Periodicity Every minute
Data Points Processed 10,000
(every 10 seconds)
Elements Monitored > 2,500
RTCA facility is included in the
SCADA/EMS Package 20 contingency
scenarios can be evaluated
RTCA facilities are to be widely used in all Control Areas.
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Advanced Technologies Real-Time Voltage Analysis
On line Voltage Analysis Software that monitors and recalculates the voltage characteristics every 10 minutes.
Enables the Operators to avoid operating near voltage collapse conditions.
ULDC systems are equipped with Real Time Volt Var Scheduling (RVSS) module – can be used optimally
after MVAR data gets stabilised.
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Advanced Technologies Outage Planning and Coordination
Implementation of internet based outage coordination software that ensures coordination of outages over the entire market regions.
Practices followed in Indian Grids: Next
Outage Planning and Coordination
IEGC (schedule 5.7) contains well elaborated outage planning procedures which is being followed by all the Regional Constituents.
Annual PlanQuarterly PlanMonthly plan
RLDCs are authorised to defer any planned outages in case of any system contingency/ requirements.
Each Regional Constituent to obtain final approval of RLDC prior to availing the outage.
Practices in Indian Grids
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Advanced Technologies Applications Scale and Scope
Smaller control areas don’t observe enough of the grid to identify and understand all the factors.
Observing of only localised conditions may craft sub optimal solutions.
Practices followed in Indian Grids: Next
Wide area visibility is being envisaged to provide high reliability and high economic value solutions.
VARIABLE COST(Ps) OF POWER STATION IN SR AS ON JANUARY 2006
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
20000
22500K
UT
TA
LA
M(1
01
MW
)(73 P
S)
NE
YV
EL I
I-S
TG
1 *
*(630
MW
)(75 P
S)
TA
LC
HE
R S
TG
II
(200
0M
W)(
79 P
S)
KO
VIL
KA
LA
PP
AL (
105 M
W)(
80 P
S)
VA
LA
TH
UR
(94M
W)(
82 P
S)
AB
AN
PO
WE
R (
113M
W)(
88 P
S)
AR
KE
Y P
OW
ER
(38M
W)(
90 P
S)
KO
TH
AG
UD
EM
(D)(
500 M
W)(
96
PS
)
RA
MA
GU
ND
AM
(2100 M
W)(
98 P
S)
NE
YV
ELI-
II S
TG
-II
**(8
40 M
W)(
100
PS
)
JEG
UR
UP
AD
U (
GA
S)(
216 M
W)(
102 P
S)
GV
K E
XT
EN
SIO
N(1
40M
W)(
102 P
S)
SP
EC
TR
UM
(G
AS
)(20
8 M
W)(
104 P
S)
RA
MA
GU
ND
AM
ST
III
(500
MW
)(1
04 P
S)
SIM
HA
DR
I(1000 M
W)(
104 P
S)
RA
MA
GU
ND
AM
-B(6
2.5
MW
)(105 P
S)
VIJ
JES
WA
RA
M -
II(1
72.5
MW
)(107 P
S)
RE
INS
CA
LC
ININ
G L
TD
.(41 M
W)(
110 P
S)
KO
TH
AG
UD
EM
(B)(
210 M
W)(
111
PS
)
KO
TH
AG
UD
EM
(A)(
240 M
W)(
111
PS
)
KO
TH
AG
UD
EM
(C)(
220 M
W)(
11
1 P
S)
VIJ
AY
AW
AD
A T
.P.S
.-1&
2(1
050 M
W)(
121
PS
)
VIJ
AY
AW
AD
A T
.P.S
.-3(2
10 M
W)(
12
1 P
S)
LA
NC
O(3
50
MW
)(1
25 P
S)
RA
ICH
UR
.T.P
S.
**(1
260 M
W)(
125
PS
)
NE
YV
ELI
EX
PA
NS
ION
(4
20M
W)(
135
PS
)
SR
IVA
TS
A (
38 M
W)
(148 P
S)
RA
YA
LA
SE
EM
A T
PP
(420 M
W)(
153 P
S)
NO
RT
H M
AD
RA
S.T
.P.S
(630 M
W)(
15
3 P
S)
VIJ
JES
WA
RA
M -
I(100 M
W)(
15
8 P
S)
ST
-CM
S(2
50 M
W)(
161 P
S)
ME
TT
UR
.T.P
.S(8
40 M
W)(
166 P
S)
B S
E S
(A
P)(
GA
S)(
140 M
W)(
168 P
S)
TU
TU
CO
RIN
.T.P
.S(1
050 M
W)(
182 P
S)
NE
YV
ELI-
I(600
MW
)(185 P
S)
V S
P *
(120 M
W)(
190 P
S)
PO
ND
Y P
CL (
32.5
MW
)(200 P
S)
EN
NO
RE
.T.P
.S(4
50 M
W)(
219
PS
)
L V
S(3
7.8
MW
)(220 P
S)
NE
LLO
RE
(30 M
W)(
225 P
S)
NA
VB
HA
RA
T(3
5 M
W)(
240 P
S)
JIN
DA
L(2
60 M
W)(
280 P
S)
TA
TA
DE
ISE
L(8
1.3
MW
)(39
0 P
S)
RA
YA
LA
SE
EM
A(3
7.8
MW
)(390 P
S)
KO
ZH
IKO
DE
DP
P(1
28.8
MW
)(420 P
S)
GM
R V
AS
AV
I(196 M
W)(
444 P
S)
BA
LA
JI(S
AM
AY
AN
ALLU
R)(
105 M
W)(
456 P
S)
BR
AH
MA
PU
AM
D P
P(1
06.5
MW
)(470 P
S)
KA
SA
RG
OD
P
C L
(21 M
W)(
470 P
S)
SA
MA
LP
AT
TY
IP
P(1
05 M
W)(
474 P
S)
TH
AN
NE
ER
BA
VI(
23
5 M
W)(
500 P
S)
PP
NA
LLU
R(3
30.5
MW
)(550 P
S)
B S
E S
(K
ER
ALA
)(165.5
MW
)(560 P
S)
KA
YA
MK
UL
AM
NT
PC
(350 M
W)(
580 P
S)
YE
LE
HA
NK
A D
EIS
EL(1
27.9
2 M
W)(
600
PS
)
BA
SIN
BR
IDG
E(1
20 M
W)(
86
3 P
S)
STATION, IC IN MW
CU
MU
LA
TIV
E IN
ST
AL
LE
D C
AP
AC
ITY
IN
MW
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
VA
RIA
BL
E C
OS
T IN
Ps
/UN
IT
VARIABLE COST Ps/UNIT
CUMULATIVEINSTALLED CAPACITY(MW)
Practices in Indian Grids
Merit Order Despatch
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Regional RTO Coordination
Enhanced operation information through data transfer protocals between RTOs and Reliability Coordinators.
Exchange of reliability and market data amongst all players.
Enactment of Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) to enhance reliability, data exchange and to coordinate settlements.
Practices followed in Indian Grids: Next
Regional Coordination Responsibilities
All important data related to Grid Operation, Open Access and Commercial aspects etc. is made available on the RLDCs web sites.
Exchange of important information/ guidelines through documents.
Black Start DocumentOperating ProceduresTransmission ElementsWeekly/Monthly/Quarterly/Annual Reports
Operational Studies and Advice regarding System Strengthening measures.
Practices in Indian Grids
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Operator Training
Significant time and resources to train operators.
32 hours/year training and drill in system emergency
response/ realistic simulation.
Same level of training to member companies
Every sixth week operators are scheduled for a
training week
Level of training ( 16% of each operator’s work year)
necessitates that RTO increase its total staffing
levels to maintain the necessary operator presence
in the control room while others are being trained.
Practices followed in Indian Grids: Next
Operator Training
As per POWERGRID, CC, HR calendar the courses in Grid Management are being conducted at regular intervals.
RLDCs are arranging and conducting trainings in specialised areas.
Black Start Documents have been prepared for each region and mock exercises in typical cases are carried out.
Practices in Indian Grids
DETAILS: Next
However the level and quantum of Training needs to be enhanced and the staffing level is to be improved.
ULDC TRAINING PROGRAMS
SLNAME OF THE
TRAININGFROM TO Participants
Man Days
1CISCO ROUTER &
NETWORKING19-01-2004 24-01-2004 17 102
2 XA-21 USER LEVEL 23-02-2004 28-02-2004 10 60
3 RTNA WORKSHOP 29-03-2004 31-03-2004 14 42
4AIX OPERATING
SYSTEM17-05-2004 22-05-2004 15 90
5 XA-21 USER LEVEL 21-06-2004 25-06-2004 6 30
6SYBASE DATABASE
ADMIN22-11-2004 04-12-2004 19 228
7 XA-21 USER LEVEL 21-02-2005 23-02-2005 7 21
8 NMS TRAINING 13-06-2005 18-06-2005 14 84
TRAINING ON RTU IS BEING REQUESTED REPEATEDLY BY CONSTITUENTS. FACULTY FOR THE SAME IS BEING IDENTIFIED.
Practices followed by PJM to Improve Reliability
Regional Planning
Works with stakeholders to conduct holistic and
integrated system planning.
Planning process, identified transmission system
upgrades and enhancements to provide operational,
economic and reliability requirements.
All adjoining RTOs work together to be sure that
transmission expansion is compatible.
Process requests for the interconnection of the new
generator facilities.
Managing the queue of interconnection requests
Analysis of the system impact of each proposed generator
Co-ordinated planning is carried out, however the projects by the state sector are also to be brought in a co-od. manner
The Road Ahead
The Human Factor
Operator Training & Certification
Operator Feedback in Regional Planning
The Road Ahead
The Scada System
Improved visualization techniques
Real Time Contingency Analysis
Wide Area measurement system
Decision support tools
The Road Ahead The Grid
Spinning Reserve Var Management Integrated Planning & Project Execution
The Human Factor Operator Training & Certification Operator Feedback in Regional Planning
The SCADA System Improved visualization techniques Real Time Contingency Analysis Wide Area measurement system Decision support tools
Regulation and Governance Operators forum @ National Grid Ancillary Service Market