Origin universe

8/10/2019 Origin universe

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Was the Universe Created?

Vic Stenger


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Not handed down fromabove.

Not restrictionson thebehavior of matter.

Restrictions on the way

physicists may formulatetheir mathematicalstatements aboutobservations.

Physics models mustpossesspoint-of-viewinvariance.

Where do the laws of physics come from?


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For every continuous symmetryof

the laws of physics there exists aconservation law and vice versa.

That is, the most important lawsof physics:

Conservation ofEnergy

Linear momentum

Angular momentumFollow from point-of-viewinvariance.

-Emmy Noether(1915)

Gauge symmetry

generalizesNoethers theorem

Noethers Theorem

The laws of physics are just what they would be

expected to be if they came from nothing.


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The Kalam CosmologicalArgument

Everything that beginshas acause.

The universe had a beginning

(big bang).Therefore the universe had a

cause.

William Lane Craig


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Related claim:

Hawking and Penrose (1979)

:Universe began as a singularity.

Craig and other theologians:Therefore time and space beganwith the big bang and there was

no before.Only a supernaturalorigin is

possible.


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Refutation

Noteverything that begins hasa cause. Quantum transitions.

The universe did notbeginwith a singularity. Quantummechanics. (Hawking 1988)

Therefore the universe neednothave had a beginning or acause. No creator needed.


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A Natural Scenario forthe Origin of Our

Universe

References:

Hartle, J.B. and S.W. Hawking, "Wave Function of the Universe,"

Physical ReviewD28 (1983): 2960-75.Atkatz, David. "Quantum cosmology for pedestrians,"American

Journal of Physics62 (1994): 619-27.


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Quantum tunneling


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da

dt

!

"#

$

%&

2

'8()G

3

a2='kCosmological

Friedmann equation

! ="

8#G

ao

2=

3

!

Assume emptyuniverse

cosmologicalconstant

a(t) = aocosh

t

ao

!

"#$

%&Inflation

Note that tcan be negative

Let

ao

2=

3

8!"G

closeduniverse

Let k = 1


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Quantizing we get

d2

da2!

3"

2G

#$%

&'(

2

a2

1!a

2

ao

2

#

$%

&

'(

)

*++

,

-../ = 0

Wheeler-DeWittequation

Wave function of the universe

Schrdingerequation for particle with m= 1/2, E =0

V(a) =3!

2G

"#$

%&'

2

a2 1(

a2

ao

2

"

#$

%

&'Potential energy

! = c = 1


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Potential energy

/3!

2G

"#$

%&'

2

Unphysical

region

Physical

region

a(!) = ao

cos !

ao

"

#$

%

&'t = i! imaginary


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!HH

(a > ao) = K(a)"1/ 2 cos #

2ao

2 a

2

ao

2"1$

%& '

()

3/ 2

*+,,

-.//

K(a) =3!

2G

"#$

%&'

2

aa2

ao

2(1"

#$

%&'

1/ 2

No boundary solution of Hartle and Hawking:Equal amounts of incoming and outgoing waves

!HH

(0 < a < ao) = K(a)"1/ 2 exp

#2ao

2 a2

ao

2"1

$

%&

'

()

3/ 2*

+

,,

-

.

//


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Wave function of the universe

unphysical region(nothing)

physical region


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our time

prior time

space

"nothing"

time imaginary


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P! exp "2 dx2mV(x)"E1/ 2

a

b

#

$

%&

'

()2m = 1 E = 0 a = 0 b = a

o

P! exp "3

8G2#

$

%&'

()

#! G"2

* P=

exp "

3

8

$

%&

'

() =

0.687

something 2x as likely as nothing

Tunnelingprobability


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Entropy ofuniverse

Maximumentropy

TimeOrigin at Planck Time

(10-43sec)

Room fororder

Maximumchaos

The universe contains nomemory of a creator


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Why is there something

rather than nothing?

Why should nothing bemore natural than

something?


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Symmetry and Stability

Symmetric systems tendto spontaneouslyundergo phase

transitionsto lesssymmetric systems inabsence of energy.

Nothing is moresymmetric thannothing.

WaterIce


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Nothing is unstable.

Frank Wilczek

SciAm 1980


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Fine-tuning?

Other forms of life?

Multiple universes?

How estimate probabilities?

Not all constants are

constant.Not all that fine-tuned


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V d l


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Vary!, me,m

prandomly over

10 orders of magnitude


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For God so loved the

human race that He wentto the expense ofbuilding a hundred billion

trillion stars andcarefully shaped andcrafted them for

[fourteen] billion years sothat at this brief momentin time we could all havea nice place to live.

--Hugh Ross


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We no longer have anyneed of a god to explain

what is no longermysterious.

ChristopherHitchens


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Was the Universe Created?

NO

Origin universe

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