THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSETHE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

By Álvaro Carrasco, David Fernández and Alejandro Figueroa

INDEX

• The Big Bang Theory• Theories after the Big Bang Theory:

- Inflationary Universe- Stationary Universe- Oscillatory Universe

• History of the Universe• Video• Quiz

THE BIG BANG THEORY

The most accepted theory by the scientific community

The Universe originated in a very dense and hot state, has constantly expanded until now

THE BIG BANG THEORY

Name comes from one of it´s main oppositorsName comes from one of it´s main oppositors Main scientist that contributed to it: Main scientist that contributed to it:

Friedmann, Lemaître, Hubble, GamowFriedmann, Lemaître, Hubble, Gamow Universe was concentrated at a SingularityUniverse was concentrated at a Singularity Before it´s creation, space and time didn´t Before it´s creation, space and time didn´t

existed, so they are relative to itexisted, so they are relative to it Universe expanded tremendously fast and itUniverse expanded tremendously fast and it

´s temperature increased´s temperature increased

THE BIG BANG THEORY

• How expansion is proved:– Doppler Effect: With the

Electromagnetic Spectrum we can see that wavelenghts are increasing or decreasing

– Cosmic Microwave Background: Gamow predicted an afterglow of microwaves generated after the creation of the Universe

THE BIG BANG THEORY

Universe Electroamgnetic Background

THE BIG BANG THEORY

A recent acceleration in the expansion of the Universe has been seen

This wasn´t predicted in the Original Theory Scientist have added the presence of Dark

Matter and Dark Energy to explain it

THE BIG BANG THEORY

Universe will become less and less dense until and temperature will decrease to almost Absolute Zero

It will slow down from expanding and then will start to collapse, forming another explosion called The Big Crunch

INFLATIONARY THEORY

Developed in 1981 by Alan Guth:

- First moments after Big Bang, the four fundamental forces were joined.

- Then, the forces started to separate, but it was not until the separation of both of the nuclear forces when a enormous liberation of energy was originated.

STATIONARY THEORY

Developed by Edward Milne:

- He named this thesis as “Cosmological Beginning”

- According to this theory, the universe does not have a beginning or an end.

-In 1948, some astronomers added new concepts to this beginning, and changed the name to “Perfect Cosmological Beginning”.

OSCILLATING THEORY

Developed by Paul Steinhardt:

- This theory holds that our Universe would be the last one of many originated in the past, after successive explosions(Big Bang) and contractions(Big Crunch).

- It is a never ending cycle known as Oscillating Universe.

Parts of the Big Bang

Plank era(0-10-43seconds):The beginning of time. Plank Length and Plank Temperature

Grand Unification Epoch(10–43- 10–36 seconds): Gravity and elementary particles

Inflationary Epoch, 10–36 -10–32 seconds: Cosmic inflation. Elementary particles are distributed

Electroweak Epoch, 10–36 - 10–12seconds: Strong force and exotic particles

Quark Epoch, from 10–12 seconds to 10–6 seconds: Quarks, electrons and neutrinos are formed as universe cools down. Quarks combine each other

Parts of the Big Bang

Quark Epoch, from 10Quark Epoch, from 10–12–12 seconds to 10 seconds to 10–6–6 seconds:  seconds: Quarks, electrons and Quarks, electrons and neutrinos are formed as universe cools down. Quarks combine each neutrinos are formed as universe cools down. Quarks combine each otherother

Hadron Epoch, from 10Hadron Epoch, from 10–6–6 seconds to 1 second:  seconds to 1 second: Quarks form Hadrons. Quarks form Hadrons. Electrons combine with protons and form neutronsElectrons combine with protons and form neutrons

Lepton Epoch, from 1 second to 3 minutes: Lepton Epoch, from 1 second to 3 minutes: Leptons(electrons) and Leptons(electrons) and antileptons(positrons) form electro positrons.antileptons(positrons) form electro positrons.

Nucleosynthesis, from 3 minutes to 20 minutes:Nucleosynthesis, from 3 minutes to 20 minutes:Temperature falls so Temperature falls so protons and neutrons combine to form H, He and Liprotons and neutrons combine to form H, He and Li

Photon Epoch (or Radiation Domination), from 3 minutes to 240,000 Photon Epoch (or Radiation Domination), from 3 minutes to 240,000 years: years: Universe filled with plasma. Energy is dominated by photonsUniverse filled with plasma. Energy is dominated by photons

Parts of the universe

Recombination/Decoupling, from 240,000 to 300,000 years: Temperature and density falls. Electrons bound to atoms and universe becomes transparent to light. 75% H and 25% He

Dark Age (or Dark Era), from 300,000 to 150 million years: Universe is dark, diffuse matter, low energy levels. Universe dominated by dark matter

Reionization, 150 million to 1 billion years: Quasars are formed from gravitational collapse and radiation is emited among the universe. Universe composed of Ionized plasma

Star and Galaxy Formation, 300 - 500 million years onwards: Pockets of gas become more dense. They start to collapse under own gravity.  Nuclear fusion interactions between Hydrogen creates stars. Population III, II and I stars.  Supernova events happens forming generations of stars that together will form a gravitational attraction forming galaxyes. 

Solar System Formation, 8.5 - 9 billion years: The sun is a late-generation star, incorporing previous stars debris. It was formed like 4 billion years ago.

Today, 13.7 billion years: Expansion of universe and recycling of star materials into new stars continue