Organization of the Human Body

Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy = Structure

Physiology = Function

How is the body organized?

Body Systems

Main Life ProcessesMetabolismSum of chemical

processes occurring in body

ResponsivenessDetect and respond to

changes in environment

GrowthAn increase in size or

number of cells

MovementMotion of whole body,

individual organs, single cells, etc

DifferentiationUnspecialized cells become specialized

ReproductionFormation of new

cells or production of new individual

Homeostasis

- Maintenance of relatively stable body conditions

- Internal environment remains constant despite changing external environment

- Homeostatic Mechanisms:- Nervous system nerve impulses- Endocrine system hormones

Feedback System

Negative Feedback System-Heart Rate

↑ Blood Pressure

About to give a presentation

Baroreceptors in blood vessels

↓ Heart Rate ↑ Heart Rate (Imbalance)

Heart Rate Normal ( In Homeostasis)

Positive Feedback System-Giving Birth

Cervix Opening MORE Dilated (Imbalance)

Cervix Opening Dilated (Imbalance)

Cervix Opening Normal ( In Homeostasis)

Cervix Receptors Smooth Muscle

Receptors

Factors That Influence Homeostasis

- Environment- Toxic substances (ex: pollution, venomous bites, poisons, etc)- Temperature

- Behavior- Eating habits- Thoughts- Exercise

- Genetics- Hemophilia- Congenital heart defects

- Age- Decreased production of hormones- Decreases lung capacity- Decreased kidney and digestive function

Talking About the Body—Body Regions

1)Head2)Neck3)Trunk4)Upper Limb5)Lower Limb

*Anatomical Position: standing erect, face forward, arms at side, palms facing forward

Talking About the Body—Directional Terms

Talking About the Body—Planes and Sections

-Sagittal Plane: divides left and right-Frontal Plane: divides front and back

-Transverse Plane: divides upper and lower -Oblique Plane: divides at an angle

Body Cavities

1. Several body cavities & layers of membranes within cavities- Spaces within the body that surround organs

2. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

Body Cavities

- Cranial Cavity- Vertebral Cavity

- Thoracic Cavity - Pleural Cavity - Pericardial Cavity - Mediastinum

- Abdominopelvic Cavity - Abdominal Cavity - Pelvic Cavity

Anterior

Posterior

Anatomy and Medicine

- Homeostatic imbalance can lead to disorders/diseases

- Disorder = abnormality of structure and/or function

- Disease = specific illness characterized by recognizable set of symptoms and signs

- Symptoms = subjective changes in body functions not apparent to observer- Signs = objective changes that can be observed and measured

Studying Diseases

- Pathology (patho- = disease)- Studies the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions

- Studies the structural and functional changes that diseases produce

- Diagnosis (dia- through; -gnosis = knowledge)- Identification of a disease or disorder based on scientific

evaluation of symptoms, signs, medical history, physical examination, etc.

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

LEFT LUMBAR REGION

LEFT INGUINAL REGION

RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIACREGION

RIGHTLUMBARREGION

RIGHT INGUINALREGION

Clavicles

EPI-GASTRICREGION

EPI-GASTRICREGION

UMBILICALREGIONUMBILICALREGION

HYPO-GASTRICREGION

HYPO-GASTRICREGION

(b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Regions

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

Subcostal line

LEFT LUMBAR REGION

Transtubercular line

LEFT INGUINAL REGION

RIGHTHYPOCHONDRIACREGION

RIGHTLUMBARREGION

RIGHT INGUINALREGION

Clavicles

EPIGASTRICREGION

UMBILICALREGION

HYPO-GASTRICREGION

(a) Anterior view showing abdominopelvic regions

Abdominopelvic Regions

LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ)

LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ)

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ)

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ)

(c) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A 52-year-old male patient entered the ER experiencing shortness of breath, hyperhydrosis, extreme anxiety, and acute severe thoracic pain that radiates distally to the left brachial region. The patient is also experiencing pain in the buccal, mental, and cervical regions. Patient has suffered from angina in the past, and applied a nitroglycerin patch to the right pelvic region that has had no effect. Patient is resistant to thermometer, so temperature must be taken from the axillary region. Angioplasty has been recommended due to past history, and catheter will be inserted in the medial inguinal region where femoral artery is located.

A 16-year-old male was brought in experiencing nausea, fatigue, dizziness, and muscle pains in the cervical, abdominal, femoral, brachial, sural, dorsal, and gluteal regions. Patient also complains of severe radiating pain in the superior portion of the cephalic region. The patient suffered a short seizure during his soccer game before being brought to the ER. Further assessment showed an increased body temperature, rapid pulse, and a superficial rash extending distally bra chial to antebrachial on both upper and lowerlateral limbs. Patient is also experiencing intermittent emesis. Treat with 0.9% saline IV inserted at manus region to avoid rash, and wait for further test results