The Organization of the Human Body

7/29/2019 The Organization of the Human Body

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The Organization of the Human

Body

Ace Bryan S. Cabal

Bio Sci 105


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Specific Objectives

Define anatomy and explain the importance of understanding therelationship between structure and function

Describe the levels of organization of the body and give the majorcharacteristics of each

Define the important life processes of the human body

Define homeostasis and explain its relationship to internal environment

Describe the components of the feedback system

Differentiate positive and negative feedback systems

Describe the orientation of the body in the anatomical position

Define the different anatomical terms, planes and sections used todescribe the various regions of the body

Describe the major body cavities and identify the organs they contain andthe linings associated with them

Identify and describe the various clinical applications of this chapter


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Anatomy

Is the scientific study that explores thestructure of the body

Means dissect or cut apart and separate the

parts of the body for study Study that includes structure of body parts,

their microscopic organization and the

processes by which they develop Examines the relationship between the

structure of a body part and its function


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Systemic vs. Regional Anatomy

Systemic- Study of the body by organ system

Regional- Organization of the body by area


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Surface Anatomy

the study of external features such as bony

projections which serves as landmarks for

locating deeper structures


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Anatomic Imaging

Involves the use of x-ray, ultrasound, magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI), CT-Scan

(Computerized tomography)


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Physiology

Is the scientific discipline that deals with theprocesses or functions of living things

Goals:1. understand and predict the bodys response to

stimuli

2. understand how the body maintains conditionswithin a narrow range of values in the presenceof a continually changing environment


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Physiology

Divided according to

1. Organisms involved

e.g. Human, microbes

2. The levels of organization within the given

organisme.g. cellular, systemic


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Structural and Functional Levels of

Organization


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Organization

Chemical

Interaction among atoms and their

combination into molecule. The function of a

molecule is intimately related to its structure

e.g. Collagen, keratin


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Organization

Cells

Are the basic structural and functional unit of

organisms

Made up of organelles or small structures that

make up the cell


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Organization

Tissue

Is a group of similar cells and the materials

surrounding them

The characteristics of the cells and the

materials surrounding them determine the

functions of the tissue

4 Primary tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous


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Organization

Organ

Composed of two or more tissue types that

together perform one or more common

functions.

e.g. skin, tongue, eyes, brain, heart, liver


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Organization

Organ system

Is a group of organs classified as a unit because of

a common function or set of functions.

e.g. Urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter,

urinary bladder, and urethra. Urine from the

kidney is transported by the ureters to the

urinary bladder for storage until eliminatedoutside the body through the urethra


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Organization

Organism

Is any living thing considered as a whole,

whether composed of one cell or unicellular

organisms such as bacterium, protozoans or

multicellular organisms such as a human


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Organ Systems of the Human Body

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulate T, prevents

water loss and produces Vit D precursors

Skin, hair, nails and sweat glands


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Skeletal System

Provides protection and support, allows body

movements, produces blood cells, and stores

minerals and fat

Bones, associated cartilages, ligaments and

joints


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Muscular System

Produces body movements, maintains

posture, and produces body heat.

Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons


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Lymphatic System

Removes foreign substances from the blood

and lymph, combats infection, maintains

tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the

digestive tract

Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and other

lymphatic organs


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Respiratory System

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

between the blood and air and regulates

blood pH.


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Digestive System

Performs the mechanical and chemical

processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients

and elimination of wastes

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and

accessory organs


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Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects

sensation and controls movements,

physiologic processes and intellectual

functions

Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory

receptors


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Endocrine System

A major regulatory system that influences

metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many

other functions

Glands such as pituitary that secretes

hormones


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Cardiovascular System

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases

and hormones throughout the body; plays a

role in the immune response and the

regulation of body T.

Heart, blood vessels and blood


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Urinary System

Removes waste products from the blood and

regulates blood pH, ion balance and water

balance.

Kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry

urine


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Female Reproductive System

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization

and fetal development; produces milk for the

newborn; produces hormones that influence

sexual function and behaviors

Ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands and

associated structures


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Male Reproductive System

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the

female and produces hormones that influence

sexual functions and behaviors

Testes, accessory stuctures, ducts and penis


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Characteristics of Life

Organization- is the condition in which the parts of an

organism have specific relationships to each other and the

parts interact to perform specific functions

Metabolism- is the ability to use energy to perform vital

functions

Responsiveness- is the ability of an organism to sense changes

the environments and make the adjustments that help

maintain its life

Growth- results in an increase in size of all part of the

organism

Development- changes an organism undergoes through time

Reproduction- is the formation of new cells or new organisms


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Homeostasis

Is the existence and maintenance of a

relatively constant environment within the

body

Set point- an ideal normal value


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Negative Feedback Mechanism

Maintains homeostasis.

Negative means that any deviation from the

set point is made smaller or is negated or

resisted


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Components of Negative Feedback

Mechanisms

Receptor- monitors or senses the value of a

variable such as blood pressure

Control center- such part of the brain,

establishes the set point around which the

variable is maintained

Effector- such as the heart can change the

value of the variable


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Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Are not homeostatic and are rare in healthy

individuals. Positive implies that when a deviation

from a normal value occurs, the response of the

system is to make the deviation even greater.Positive feedback therefore usually creates a

cycle leading away from homeostasis and in some

cases results in death.

E.g. Inadequate delivery of blood to cardiac

muscle


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Positive Feedback Mechanisms

However, a few positive feedback mechanisms

do operate in the body under normal

conditions

E.g. Birth


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Terminologies and the Body Plan

Anatomic position- refers to a person standing

erect with the face directed forward, the

upper limbs hanging to the sides and the

palms of the hands facing forward

Supine- Lying face upward

Prone- Lying face downward


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Directional Term

Describe parts of the body relative to each other Right and left are retained

Up= superior

Down= inferior

Front= anterior (which goes before)

Back= posterior (which follows)

Ventral= belly

Dorsal= back

Proximal= nearest

Distal= farthest or distant

Medial= towards the midline Lateral= away from the midline

Superficial= close to the surface

Deep= toward interior of the body


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Body Parts and Regions

Upper limb

Arm- extends from the shoulder to the elbow

Forearm- extends from the elbow to the wrist

Thigh- hip to the knee Leg- knee to the ankle

Central region (head, neck and trunk)

Trunk is divided into thorax (chest) and abdomen

(region between the thorax and pelvis) Pelvis- inferior end of the trunk associated with

the hips


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Abdomen is subdivided superficially into four quadrants right

upper, left upper, right lower and left lower and nine regions


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Planes

Sagittal plane- runs vertically through the bodyand separates it into right and left part

Median plane- sagittal plane that passes through

the midline of the body and divides it into equalleft and right halves

Transverse or horizontal plane- runs parallel tothe surface of the ground and divides the body

into superior and inferior parts Frontal or coronal plane divides the body into

anterior and posterior parts


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Planes


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Sections

Longitudinal section- a cut through the long

axis of the organ

Transvers or cross section- a cut at a right

angle to the long axis

Oblique section- a cut made across the long

axis at other than a right angle


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Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity- is surrounded by the rib cage and isseparated from the abdominal cavity by the masculardiaphragm and divided into right and left part by medianstructure called mediastinum

Abdominal cavity- bounded primarily by the abdomen

muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen,pancreas and kidneys

Pelvic cavity- is a small space enclosed by the bones of thepelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the largeintestine and the internal reproductive organs.

The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physicallyseparated and sometimes are called the abdominopelviccavity.


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Body Cavities


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Serous Membranes

It lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs

of these cavities

Pericardial cavity- surrounds the heart

Pleural cavity- surrounds the lungs

Peritoneal cavity- a cavity lined with serous

membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity


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Serous Membranes


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The Organization of the Human Body

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