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Onion Insect Biology and Management - Leek Moth...
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Onion Insect Biology and ManagementOnion Insect Biology and Management
Peter J. JentschPeter J. JentschCornell UniversityCornell University’’ss Hudson Valley LaboratoryHudson Valley LaboratoryHighland, NY 12528Highland, NY 12528
Mean % onion plants killed by onion maggot
Treatment Seed
Treater Sodus Elba Pine Island
1 Non-treated Incotec 14.5 a 7.2 a 17.2 a
2 Lorsban 4E (drench) Incotec 0.0 d 0 c 11.9 b
3 Trigard 75WP Incotec 1.8 cd 0 c 1.8 e-g
4 Lorsban + Trigard Incotec 0.7 cd 0 c 0.2 fg
5 Entrust Incotec 2.7 cd 0 c 2.7 e-g
6 Mundial 500 Incotec 2.8 cd 0 c 3.6 e-g
7 Poncho 600 Incotec 2.5 cd 0 c 0.8 fg
Planted on 24 April in Sodus, 4 May in Pine Island and 7 May in Elb a .
Seed Treatments for Managing Onion Maggot in Three NY Sites. - 2007
Onion Bulb Mite
Biology: Overwinters in the soil andfound in cover crop seed coat feedingon fungi. Also very abundant OW onvolunteer field onion and cull piles.
LT50 Adult ♀= 17oF, LT50 Egg = 10oF
Under ideal conditions OBM increase innumber to feed on developing onion inearly spring to reduce stand count.
All three life stages (adult, egg & nymph)found throughout the year.
OBM on barley
OBM on volunteer onion
Impact of Seed Treatments on Onion Bulb Mite
Efficacy of onion seed-treatments against OMB establishment andsurvival in greenhouse bioassays. Cornell’s Hudson Valley Lab,Highland NY, 1999.
Average number of bulb mite .
20 DAP 30 DAP 40 DAPTreatment Rate roots bulb bulb bulb
Carzol 50g/kg 0.5b 0.2a - -Vydate 50g/kg 0.2ab <0.1a 0.5a 5.8bFipronil 30g/kg+Carzol 50g/kg <0.1ab <0.1a 0.0a 0.0aFipronil 30g/kg+Vydate 50g/kg 0.0a 0.0a 0.0a 0.0aFipronil 30g/kg 0.0a 0.0a 0.4a 0.2aUntreated - 3.4c 3.1b - -
Seedcorn Maggot
Mature seedcorn maggot
Biology: Invasive pest from European origin.
Adult flies emerge during late April and earlyMay. Eggs are deposited on or near the soilsurface, plant stems at the soil surface.
Eggs hatch in a few days and the maggots worktheir way into the soil in search of food.
They complete their development in a week to 10days.
Egg to adult is between 3 to 4 weeks.There are 3 to 5 generations each year in NY.
Trigard is ineffective against the SCM.Lorsban / Trigard combination is required tomanage the OM and SEC in NY.
Brian A. NaultAssociate ProfessorDepartment of EntomologyCornell University, NYSAES,Geneva, NY
Getting the Upper Hand on OnionThrips and IYSV
Outline of Presentation
I. Overview of Onion Production in NY,Thrips and Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV)
II. Potential Sources of IYSV in NY
III. Thrips Densities, Prevalence of IYSV andtheir Relationship in Onion Fields
IV. Thrips Management
Onion Production in New York• Dry bulb onion, Allium cepa L.
• Fresh-market crop valued at $45 to 55 million/yr
• 13,500 acres
• Onion crop in NY ranks 6th in the US
Orleans Co.
Orange Co.
Oswego Co.
Wayne Co.
Yates Co.
Geneva
Ithaca
Major Onion Producing Regions in NY
Genesee Co.
Onion Planting Planting onion seeds Transplanting onion plants
87% of acreage 13% of acreage
*Onions are rarely rotated into other fields
15-Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct
Direct seeding
Transplanting
Harvest
Onion Production in New York
15-Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct
Direct seeding
Transplanting
Harvest
Thrips Infestations in New York OnionFields
Thrips in Transplants
Thrips in Direct seeded
Onion Thrips Life CycleAdult
- In NY, all female AND male + femalepopulations exist.
- Live for 13 to 47 d
- All female populations- Mating is not necessary for reproduction! PARTHENOGENESIS
Onion Thrips Life CycleAdult
Egg- 60 to 200 eggs/female- Deposited singly in leaves- Hatch in 4-10 days
Onion Thrips Life CycleAdult
Egg
Larva (2 instars)
Prepupa +Pupa
Hatch in 4-10 days
Lasts 7-14 days
Do NOT feedIn soil for 5-7 days
Onion Thrips Life Cycle*
Adult
Egg
Larva (2 instars)
Prepupa +Pupa
Hatch in 4-10 days
Lasts 7-14 days
In soil for 5-7 days
*17-30 days total
Onion Thrips Survival, Fecundity and GenerationTimes (Days) at Various Temperatures
Days
Factor 680 F 77
0 F 86
0 F
Survival 47 25 13
Eggs laid/ female 210 165 63
Generation time 48 30 17
Murai (2000)
Onion Thrips Population Growth Number of Females
Date 680 F
July 1 1
July 8
July 15
July 22
July 29
August 5
August 12
August 19 210
August 26
September 2
Number generations 1
Onion Thrips Population Growth Number of Females
Date 680 F 77
0 F
July 1 1 1
July 8
July 15
July 22
July 29 165
August 5
August 12
August 19 210
August 26
September 2 27,225
Number generations 1 2
Onion Thrips Population Growth Number of Females
Date 680 F 77
0 F 86
0 F
July 1 1 1 1
July 8
July 15 63
July 22
July 29 165 3,969
August 5
August 12 250,047
August 19 210
August 26 15,752,961
September 2 27,225
Number generations 1 2 4
• Family: BunyaviridaeGenus: Tospovirus
• Only transmitted byonion thrips (i.e., notseed-transmitted)
• Symptoms may beobvious on scape, butnot leaves- Lesions can coalesce, weaken
scape, resulting to seed loss
- Reduces photosynthesis,affecting bulb yield
Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)
Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV)
• First detection in NYoccurred in an onion cullpile in Elba in June 2006(Hoepting et al. 2006)
• Confirmed via DAS-ELISAand RT-PCR
• First detection in a bulbcrop in Elba in late July2006
Elba, NY
IYSV Detection Survey Results
IYSV positiveCounty surveyed
2006Orleans, Genesee,Yates, Livingston,Wayne, Ontario:37 out of 41 fields(90%)
2007Oswego : 7 out of 9fields (78%); 45% ofsamples
Orange: 8 out of 10fields (80%); 52% ofsamples
15-Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct
Direct seeding
Transplanting
Harvest
When does IYSV occur and wheredoes it come from?
Thrips in Transplants
Thrips in Direct seeded
IYSV?
Outline of Presentation
I. Overview of Onion Production in NY,Thrips and Iris Yellow Spot Virus
II. Potential Sources of IYSV in NY
III. Thrips Densities, Prevalence of IYSV andtheir Relationship in Onion Fields
IV. Onion Thrips Management
Potential Sources of IYSV in NY
Transplants from Arizona
Volunteer onions
Weeds
Bulbs imported from western US
Testing Plant Samples for IYSV
• DAS-ELISA• Some samples testing (+) confirmed w/ RT-PCR• For onions, multiple leaves and bulbs tested
separately• 1 g/10 ml extraction buffer• 20 minutes• Threshold = 3x (-) control• AgDia supplies
center
Transplants Tested for IYSV in 2007
Cultivar No. of Plants Sampled
Yellow Bulb
Corona 300
Highlander 600
Kasmer Homegrown 600
Milestone 600
Millennium 300
Ricochet 600
Empire Sweet 600
Red Bulb
Mercury 600
Red Wing 600
Red Zeppelin 300
Rhumba 300
Note: DAS-ELISA was used to test plants for IYSV
Transplants Infected with IYSV in 2007
Cultivar No. of Plants Sampled No. of IYSV Infected
Yellow Bulb
Corona 300 0
Highlander 600 0
Kasmer Homegrown 600 0
Milestone 600 0
Millennium 300 0
Ricochet 600 0
Empire Sweet 600 0
Red Bulb
Mercury 600 0
Red Wing 600 0
Red Zeppelin 300 0
Rhumba 300 0
Note: DAS-ELISA was used to test plants for IYSV
Volunteer Onions Sampled in 2007
Orleans Co.4 sites
Orange Co.
Wayne Co.1 site
Yates Co.2 site
Geneva
Ithaca
Genesee Co.2 sites
Oswego Co.1 site
9 sites; 30 plants/ site
Volunteer Onions Infected with IYSV in2007 (n= 30 plants/site; 355 plants total)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
GEN-1 GEN-2 ORL-1 ORL-2 ORL-3 ORL-4 OSW WAY YAT
Field Location
No.
of I
YSV
(+) S
ampl
es
Testing Weeds for IYSV
• 2006 and 2007
• 12 locations
• 29 plant species
• 120 plants tested
Dandelion
Weeds Infected with IYSV in 2006-2007
No. of IYSV Infected Plants
Weed Species Biology DAS-ELISA RT-PCR
Common burdock, Atrium minus biennial 10 yes
Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale perennial 4 yes
Wild raspberry, Rubus spp. perennial 2 N/A
Sowthistle, Sonchus arvensis perennial 1 N/A
Bramble spp. perennial 1 N/A
Common purslane, Portulaca oleracea annual 1 N/A
Common ragweed, Amrosia artemisifolia annual 4 yes
Redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus annual 1 N/A
Unidentified Brassica spp. weed annual 1 N/A
20 other weed species - 0 -
Total 25/120= 21%
II. Potential Sources of IYSV in NY -Summary
Transplants – 0% infected
Volunteer onions – < 2% infected
Weeds – 21% infected
Bulbs imported from western US – N/A
Outline of Presentation
I. Overview of Onion Production in NY,Thrips and Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV)
II. Potential Sources of IYSV in NY
III. Thrips Densities, Prevalence of IYSV andtheir Relationship in Onion Fields
IV. Onion Thrips Management
Direct-seeded (DS) and Transplanted (TR)Onion Fields Sampled in 2007
• Transplants may be infested with thripsbefore planting
• Thrips may preferentially colonizetransplants
Direct Seeded Transplanted
Santana
Sedona Sherman
Highlander
Elba Muck (E-1 through E-8)
DS
TR
VarietiesSantana
Sedona
Sherman
Highlander
Sampling Design
60 Sampling PointsSamples taken every 2 weeks
starting June 11
5 plants for IYSV analysis
Thrips: adults & larvae
Early Season Onion Thrips Pressure(mean of first 2 sample dates; before spraying)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Larvae Adults
Direct Seeded
Transplant
Mea
n N
umbe
r Thr
ips
per F
ield
N = 6p = 0.02
N = 6p = 0.01
Cumulative counts: 11 + 25 June 2007
4 Sept
0Red Bull – TRL-12
0Red Bull – DSL-11
0Milestone – TRL-10
0Milestone – DSL-9
1Highlander - TRE-8
0Highlander – DSE-7
0Sherman – TRE-6
0Sherman – DSE-5
0Sedona – TRE-4
0Sedona – DSE-3
0Santana – TRE-2
0Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
4 Sept
00Red Bull – TRL-12
00Red Bull – DSL-11
00Milestone – TRL-10
00Milestone – DSL-9
Harvested1Highlander - TRE-8
Harvested0Highlander – DSE-7
10Sherman – TRE-6
20Sherman – DSE-5
30Sedona – TRE-4
00Sedona – DSE-3
00Santana – TRE-2
00Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
4 Sept
100Red Bull – TRL-12
000Red Bull – DSL-11
200Milestone – TRL-10
000Milestone – DSL-9
HarvestedHarvested1Highlander - TRE-8
HarvestedHarvested0Highlander – DSE-7
310Sherman – TRE-6
1120Sherman – DSE-5
330Sedona – TRE-4
100Sedona – DSE-3
400Santana – TRE-2
100Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
1
0
Harvested
0
Harvested
Harvested
Harvested
23
harvested
5
6
2
4 Sept
100Red Bull – TRL-12
000Red Bull – DSL-11
200Milestone – TRL-10
000Milestone – DSL-9
HarvestedHarvested1Highlander - TRE-8
HarvestedHarvested0Highlander – DSE-7
310Sherman – TRE-6
1120Sherman – DSE-5
330Sedona – TRE-4
100Sedona – DSE-3
400Santana – TRE-2
100Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
1
0
Harvested
0
Harvested
Harvested
Harvested
23
harvested
5
6
2
4 Sept
harvested100Red Bull – TRL-12
harvested000Red Bull – DSL-11
harvested200Milestone – TRL-10
harvested000Milestone – DSL-9
harvestedHarvestedHarvested1Highlander - TRE-8
harvestedHarvestedHarvested0Highlander – DSE-7
harvested310Sherman – TRE-6
321120Sherman – DSE-5
harvested330Sedona – TRE-4
harvested100Sedona – DSE-3
harvested400Santana – TRE-2
harvested100Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
Thrips Pressure and IYSV Prevalence
R2 = 0.429N = 12, df = 10
P = 0.021
R2 = 0.411N = 12, df = 10
P = 0.025
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Cumulative No. Larvae
No.
Pos
itive
Site
s
Cumulative No. Adults
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Larvae Adults
1
harvested
harvested
harvested
harvested
23
harvested
5
6
2
4 Sept
harvested1Red Bull – TRL-12
harvestedRed Bull – DSL-11
harvested2Milestone – TRL-10
harvestedMilestone – DSL-9
harvestedharvestedharvested1Highlander - TRE-8
harvestedharvestedharvestedHighlander – DSE-7
harvested31Sherman – TRE-6
32112Sherman – DSE-5
harvested33Sedona – TRE-4
harvested1Sedona – DSE-3
harvested4Santana – TRE-2
harvested1Santana – DSE-1
17 Sept20 Aug6 Aug23 JulyVarietyField
IYSV Over Time (out of 60 sites)*No positives on 11 and 25 June, 9 July
15-Mar 14-Apr 14-May 13-Jun 13-Jul 12-Aug 11-Sep 11-Oct
Direct seeding
Transplanting
Harvest
IYSV in New York Onion Fields Relativeto Thrips Activity and Harvest
Thrips in Transplants
Thrips in Direct seeded
IYSV
III. Prevalence of IYSV, Thrips Densitiesand Relationship in Onions - Summary
• Transplanted fields had significantly more larval andadult thrips early in season
• IYSV prevalence was greater in transplanted fields
• Cumulative larval and adult counts are significantpredictors of IYSV incidence
• Transplanted onions may have less risk of yield lossbecause fields are harvested early
Outline of Presentation
I. Overview of Onion Production in NY,Thrips and Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV)
II. Potential Sources of IYSV in NY
III. Thrips Densities, Prevalence of IYSV andtheir Relationship in Onion Fields
IV. Onion Thrips Management
ManagingVegetable
Insect Pests
PlantResistance
BehavioralControl
Cultural Control Biological Control
General Approaches Taken to Manage Insectsthat Attack Vegetable Crops – IPM Tactics
Chemical Control
IV. Onion Thrips Management
A. Evaluation of onion varieties for thrips/IYSV resistance
B. Evaluation of insecticides for thripscontrol
C. Sequences of products for season-longthrips control
Onion Variety Screening Trial - 2007
• 22 varieties screened for resistance to onion thrips/ IYSV• varieties arranged in a RCBD replicated 4 times• ten plants per variety• recorded thrips on 10 plants/ plot and took damage rating
Potter, NY
Lines with different letter are significantly different (P <0.05, Tukey’s test)
Days after transplanting
Cum
ulat
ive
num
ber o
f lar
vae/
plan
t
f
ab a
a-c a-c cd c-ed-fefef
Screening Experiment
Screening ExperimentVariety Damage
Red Beauty 4.4 ± 0.5 a
BGS-236 4.1 ± 0.9 a
Red Wing 4.1 ± 0.5 a
BGS-234 4.0 ± 0.4 ab
Infinity 4.0 ± 0.7 ab
Red Bull 4.0 ± 1.1 ab
Santana 4.0 ± 0.4 ab
Milestone 3.9 ± 0.9 ab
Nebula 3.9 ± 0.8 ab
Fortress 3.8 ± 0.3 ab
Millenium 3.6 ± 0.3 a-c
Bunker 3.5 ± 0.0 a-d
SYN-H7 3.5 ± 0.4 a-d
606-1 3.4 ± 0.5 a-d
BGS-230 2.8 ± 0.3 b-e
Calibra 2.4 ± 0.6 c-e
Delgado 2.4 ± 0.5 c-e
Tioga 2.4 ± 0.5 c-e
Cometa 2.3 ± 0.6 de
Colorado 6 2.0 ± 0.4 e
Peso 1.9 ± 0.3 e
OLYS05N5 1.6 ± 0.5 e
*Damage rating taken89 days aftertransplanting
Leaf damage rating
1: No damage
3: 25% leaf area injured
5: 50% leaf area injured
7: 75% leaf area injured
9: 100% leaf area injured
Means followed by different letters are significantly different (P <0.05, Tukey’s test)
Prevalence of IYSV - 2007
Overall % Infected:11.2%
Four VarietiesShowing Thrips
Resistance:6.6%
Eighteen others:12.2%
Variety Infected (%) Red Beauty 5.9
BGS-236 16.7
Red Wing 13.8
BGS-234 11.1
Infinity 3.0
Red Bull 15.4
Santana 12.9
Milestone 3.2
Nebula 11.6
Fortress 8.0
Millenium 15.4
Bunker 12.0
SYN-H7 15.4
606-1 31.0
BGS-230 8.0
Calibra 9.7
Delgado 18.6
Tioga 4.3
Cometa 2.7
Colorado 6 10.7
Peso 8.3
OLYS05N5 8.8
A. Summary – Plant Resistance
• Colorado 6, OLYSO5N5, Cometa and Tioga,had lowest densities of onion thrips and lowlevels of damage, suggesting that thesevarieties may be less susceptible orresistant.
• IYSV prevalence levels were low, but thefour onion varieties resistant to thripstended to have lower % IYSV
• Mechanism of resistance not known
B. Evaluation of Insecticides for ThripsControl
Product Active Ingredient Rate (amnt/acre)
MSR oxydemeton -methyl 32 fl oz
Lannate LV methomyl 48 fl oz
Carzol SP formetanate hydrocloride 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 lb
Radiant SC spinetoram 8 fl oz
Agri-Mek 0.15EC abamectin 10, 12, 14 fl oz
Movento 240SC spirote tramat 5, 8 fl oz
Assail 30SG acetamiprid 5.4 oz
* Products highlighted in yellow were labeled on onion in NY in 2007* Carzol - Section 18* MSR – Section 24c
Insecticide Evaluation Trial - 2007
Potter, NY
Variety ‘Infinity’
Planted 1 May 2007
First spray July 6
6 applications total
100 GPA; 40 psi
flat fan nozzle
Visual estimates ofthrips damage (1=high; 10=none)
Rating= 2Rating= 10
Final Thrips Count (Aug. 16, 2007)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Untr
eate
dM
SR
Lannat
e
Car
zol (
0.5)
Car
zol (
0.75
)
Car
zol (
1.0)
Rad
iant
Agri-
Mek
(10)
Agri-
Mek
(12)
Agri-
Mek
(14)
Move
nto (5
)
Move
nto (8
)
Ass
ail
Mea
n N
umbe
r of L
arva
e/Pl
ant
a
ab
bccd
de ecde cde cde
de de
a
N=5
Treatments (rates)
F= 7.6; df= 12,36; P<0.0001
0
100
200
300
400
500
Untr
eate
d
MSR
Lannat
e
Car
zol (
1.0)
Rad
iant
Agri
-Mek
(14)
Move
nto (8
)
Jumbo Standard
Marketable YieldPotter, NY Pulled 9/5; Weighed 10/1
Mar
keta
ble
Yiel
d (c
wt/a
cre)
TreatmentJumbo P = 0.0116; Total Marketable P= 0.0481
a
bcabc
c
abcab
abc
a
abaabcabc
B. Summary – Insecticide Evaluation
Onion crop was best protected from onion thripsusing:
- Radiant SC (8 fl oz/acre)- Carzol SP (1.0 > 0.5 lb/acre)- Agri-Mek 0.15EC (10-14 fl oz/acre)- Movento 240SC (5-8 fl oz/acre) *may only controllarvae
Lannate and MSR provided fair to poor levels ofprotection, respectively
Registration updates:Radiant received a Section 3 label in 9/07Carzol considered for Section 18s in many States
C. Sequences of Products Evaluated forOnion Thrips Control - 2007
MSR, Carzol and then Radiant
Radiant, Carzol and then Lannate
Carzol, Radiant and then Lannate
*Each product was applied during 2 consecutive weeks
Season Avg. Thrips Count - 2007
0
20
40
60
80
100
Untreated
MSR/C
arzol/Radiant
Radiant/Carzol/Lannate
Carzol/Radiant/Lannate
Mea
n N
umbe
r of L
arva
e/Le
af/
Sam
plin
g D
ate
a
b bb
N=5
F= 15.5; df= 3,9; P=0.0007
0
100
200
300
400
500
Untreated
MSR/Carzol/Radiant
Radiant/Carzol/Lannate
Carzol/Radiant/Lannate
Standard
Jumbo
Marketable YieldPotter, NY Pulled 9/5; Weighed 10/1
Mar
keta
ble
Yiel
d (c
wt/a
cre)
Jumbo P = 0.4743; Total Marketable P= 0.0464
a
b
ab ab
aaaa
C. Summary – Insecticide Sequences
• All treatments were effective
a) Starting with a weaker product and finishingwith strong ones
b) Starting with stronger products and finishingwith a weaker one
AcknowledgementsCollaborators: Tony Shelton, Marc Fuchs,Cynthia Hsu and ChristyHoepting
Graduate Students: Erik Smith and John Diaz
Technical Assistance: M.L. Hessney, K. Straight, R.Taylor, B. English-Loeb, T.Evans, C. McGreggor, J.Bergman and H. Schoonover
Funding:
NY Onion Researchand DevelopmentProgram
NY Farm ViabilityProgram
IR-4 Program
Bayer Crop Science,Cerexagri, Dow, DuPont,Gowan and Syngenta