Oats - Minnesota Wheat · R1 B-26402-7 14 FUNGI PROSR Print Ad_R01.indd Job Client Product Division...

Prairie Grains • March 2014

A pre-emergence application of Avadex® controls Group 1 & 2 resistant wild oats before they start. Protect your crops from resistant biotypes and boost your yields with early season weed control from Avadex!

For more information call Gowan Company 1.800.883.1844www.gowanco.com

Un-sowyour

Wild Oats

Avadex® MicroActiv is a registered trademark of Gowan Company, LLC. EPA Reg No 10163-287. Always read and follow label directions.

March 2014 • Prairie Grains

PUBLISHERMinnesota Association of Wheat Growers2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750218.253.4311 • Email: [email protected]: www.smallgrains.org

EDITORIALBetsy JensenPrairie Grains Magazine2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750Ph: 218.253.4311 • Fax: 218.253.4460Email: [email protected]

CIRCULATIONCarol Pederson2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750Ph: 218.253.4311 • Fax: 218.253.4320Email: [email protected]

ADVERTISING SALESTim Dufault2607 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750Ph: 218.253.4391 • Fax: 218.253.4460Email: [email protected]

ABOUT PRAIRIE GRAINSPrairie Grains magazine is published seven times an-nually and delivered free of charge to members of these grower associations, and to spring wheat and barley producers in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana. To subscribe or change address, please write or call our circulation department.

Minnesota Association of Wheat Growersand Minnesota Wheat Council

2600 Wheat Drive • Red Lake Falls, MN 56750218.253.4311 • Email: [email protected]

Web: www.smallgrains.org

North Dakota Grain Growers Association2401 46th Ave SE , Suite 204 • Mandan, ND 58554

701.222.2216 • Email: [email protected]: www.ndgga.com

South Dakota Wheat Inc.116 N. Euclid, Box 667 • Pierre, SD 58501

605.224.4418 • Email: [email protected]

Montana Grain Growers AssociationP.O. Box 1165 • Great Falls, MT 59403 • 406.761.4596

Email: [email protected] • Web: www.mgga.org

Northland Community and Technical College1101 Highway One East • Thief River Falls, MN 56701

218.683.8800Email: [email protected]

Web: www.northlandcollege.edu

North DakotaGrain Growers Association

March 2014 | Issue 133

4 Taming the Bulls and Bears

6 Check Stored Grain Now

10 Wheat: Staff of Life

12 Maximizing Yield Trial Data

14 We Need GMO Wheat

18 Practical Voices in the GMO Food Discussion

20 The Value of Livestock

22 Too Much of a Good Thing

PRAIRIE GRAINS

CONTENTS

On the Cover: Winter is prime time to haul grain. Bundle up, move the snow, and get the grain moved before road restrictions begin.

A pre-emergence application of Avadex® controls Group 1 & 2 resistant wild oats before they start. Protect your crops from resistant biotypes and boost your yields with early season weed control from Avadex!

For more information call Gowan Company 1.800.883.1844www.gowanco.com

Un-sowyour

Wild Oats

Avadex® MicroActiv is a registered trademark of Gowan Company, LLC. EPA Reg No 10163-287. Always read and follow label directions.

The debate on GMO

wheat rages on. Read

the two articles in this

issue that explains why

we need GMO wheat.


Betsy Jensen | TAMING THE BULLS & BEARS

Grin and Bear It

Recently, a friend recom-mended I should do more speaking events. “You can really be upbeat and entertaining,” she said. “You’re great, you should do it more often.”

I find it funny that I can be upbeat and entertaining while earlier that day I was crunching numbers and trying to find ways to make farming profitable for 2014. I was the opposite of upbeat and entertaining. I guess I can put on a good public face while speaking about the opportunities in agricul-

ture, while secretly trying to avoid the reality of farming in 2014. I don’t consider myself to be a cheerleader, but I can grin and bear it.

So I have decided to take her advice, sort of. I am not

looking to get back into pub-lic speaking, but I am trying to be more upbeat about the 2014 farming year. It is too early in the season to begin waving the white flag. I won’t go down without a fight, and you’re not going down without a fight either.

There are still many reasons to be optimistic for agricul-ture. A few years of tight profits doesn’t mean the sky is falling. There is nothing wrong with operating on a slim margin. It just means a little extra vigilance is needed, and the “wants” have to be “needs” in order to make the cash flow.

I still firmly believe in agriculture in the long run. People need to eat, and it’s our job to fill those shelves. No one chose to farm for the plum hours and easy lifestyle. We should be lucky it’s hard work, and

hard to make a profit. It keeps out the riff-raff. Only the strong will survive. Even if commodity prices are less than favorable, there are many reasons to be optimistic for farming in 2014. We are still borrowing

money at record low inter-est rates. Working capital is essential, and we can focus on maintaining that work-ing capital by borrowing for capital purchases. Borrow-ing money is still an option, unlike previous years when double digit interest rates kept borrowers at bay.

We also have a strong agricultural banking system. It wasn’t the rural, community banks that caused problems during the financial crisis. I never saw any advertisements in farm magazines, or during the morning ag shows for zero interest land notes. Those advertisements were limited to homeowners who didn’t know any better.

Instead, lenders raised their down payment requirements, to compen-sate for the possibilityof a correction in land

prices. I feel very confidentabout ag lenders and their willingness to stick by us through what may be a few tight years.

I am also very optimistic about how farmers have po-sitioned themselves through these good years. The Wall Street Journal had an article about North Dakota’s mil-lionaires, and it joked how hard it is to recognize them. Whether it’s a big payout from some oil wells, or just a few good years farming, there are few obvious signs of wealth in North Dakota’s new millionaires. The Wall Street Journal discussed how far North Dakotans have to travel for a luxury car dealership, or a Saks Fifth Avenue department store. Instead of throwing away profits, much of the money has been tucked away, because we know how quickly things can change.

I am still bullish for agricul-ture in the long run. A few tight years cannot change my outlook. I will not deny that commodity prices are frustrating, but I will still patiently set my price targets, and take advantage of rallies. I’ll work hard to maintain my working capital, and I won’t ever forgot how wonderful it is to sell wheat at eight dollars.

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Check Stored Grain NowNow is the time to check stored grain thoroughly and take steps to main-tain the grain quality.

“Search for small changes that are indicators of poten-tial problems,” advises Ken Hellevang, North Dakota State University Extension Service agricultural engi-neer. “The early snow, cool fall and early cold winter temperatures made 2013 a challenging year for corn and sunflower harvest. Some grain went into stor-age at higher than recom-mended moisture contents, and that increases the likeli-hood of storage problems.”

Check to assure that the grain temperature is at 20

to 30 degrees in northern states and below 40 de-grees in warmer regions of the country. The allow-able storage time approxi-mately doubles for each 10 degrees that the grain is cooled. Also, insects are dormant below about 50 degrees. Cooling corn below about 20 degrees has no benefit and may increase the potential for conden-sation on the grain when aerating with warmer air. Aeration is not necessary if the grain is at the ap-propriate temperature.

Solar radiation can warm stored grain, creating an environment for grain stor-age problems. The daily total solar energy heating

the south side of a grain bin on Feb. 21 is more than twice the amount as on June 21. Therefore, grain next to the bin wall may be warmer than the average outdoor air temperature.

Grain warming normally will be limited to a couple of feet near the bin wall and a few feet at the top of the bin.

Monitor grain temperature at least in these locations to determine when to operatethe aeration fan. Bin temperature cables help monitor grain temperature but only detect the tempera-ture of the grain next to the cable. Grain has an insula-tion value of about R=1 per inch, so grain insulates the

cable from hot spots just a few feet from the cable.

Do not operate the fan during rain, fog or snow to minimize blowing moisture into the bin. Bin vents may frost or ice over if fans are operated when the outdoor air temperature is near or below freezing, which may damage the bin roof. Open or unlatch the fill or access cover during fan operation to serve as a pressure relief valve. Cover the aeration fan when the fan is not operating to prevent pests and moisture from enter-ing the bin and warm wind from heating the grain.

Hellevang recommends col-lecting some grain samples


and checking the moisture content to assure that it is at the desired level. How-ever, many grain moisture meters are not accurate at grain temperatures below about 40 degrees. When the grain is cold, it should be place in a sealed con-tainer, such as a plastic bag, and warmed to room temperature before check-ing the moisture content.

At temperatures above 40 degrees, the meter reading must be adjusted based on the grain temperature un-less the meter measures the grain temperature and au-tomatically adjusts the read-ing. Check the operators manual for the meter to de-termine correct procedures to obtain an accurate value.Corn at moisture contents

exceeding 21 percent and oil sunflowers exceeding 16 percent should be dried in a high-temperature dryer before the end of February to minimize the potential for grain deterioration.

Natural air drying is not efficient until the averageoutdoor temperature reaches about 40 degrees. The moisture-holding capacity and, therefore the drying capacity, of colder air is so limited that drying at colder temperatures is extremely slow and expen-sive. When natural air dry-ing, adding supplemental heat primarily reduces the final moisture content of the grain and only slightly reduces drying time.Always remember safety when working around

grain bins. Wet stored grain increases grain-handling hazards. Grain suffocationis likely if entering a bin while unloading. Being engulfed in the grain takes only seconds. Never enter a grain bin without stop-ping the auger and using the “lock-out/tag-out” procedures to secure it.

Also, low-level exposure to dust and mold can cause symptoms such as wheez-ing, a sore throat, nasal or eye irrigation, and conges-tion. Higher concentrations can cause allergic reactions, and trigger asthma episodes and other problems. In rare cases, symptoms such as headaches, aches and pains, and fever may develop. Certain types of molds can produce mycotoxins, which

increase the potentialfor health hazards from exposure to mold spores.

The type of respiratory protection a person needs will depend on the amount of his or her exposure to dust and mold. Hellevang recommends the mini-mum protection should be an N-95-rated face mask. This mask has two straps to hold it firmly to the face and a metal strip over the nose to create a tight seal. Some masks have a valve that makes breath-ing easier for people who wear them for extended periods. A nuisance-dust mask with a single strap will not provide the needed protection because the mold spores will pass through the mask, Hellevang says.


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®Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affi liated company of Dow. GoldSky is not registered for sale or use in all states. Contact your state pesticide regulatory agency to determine if a product is registered for sale or use in your state. Always read and follow label directions. ©2013 Dow AgroSciences LLC M38-365-007 (01/13) BR 010-42002 DAAGGSKY2063

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economy. We are, literally, the world’s breadbasket.

Wheat is the principal grain produced for humanconsumption in the United States, grown in 42 states. In the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s, world wheat consumption continued to expand inresponse to rising incomesand the expanding worldpopulation.

Wheat accounts for twenty percent of all the calories consumed worldwide, ac-cording to the Food and Agriculture Organization. While there are more than 50,000 edible plants, most of the human population lives on a diet of wheat, rice and maize, along with roots and tubers (including cas-sava), soybeans, sorghum and animal products. The relative importance

changes with geography. “In Africa, wheat is most important in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania andRwanda and seed researchis being conducted in Ethio-pia” said Dr. Joe DeVries with the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa. In 2011, wheat comprised 46 percent of all U.S. food aid donations; worldwide food aid donations were40 percent wheat.

Our major wheat producing states tend to be Kansas, North Dakota, Montana, Oklahoma, Washington and South Dakota. Each of these states produces over 100,000,000 bushels, aver-aging 47 bushels per acre. We produce all six classes of wheat and can export all six, making us a unique andreliable supplier.

Over 160,000 farms in the

United States produce wheat with a total produc-tion of 2.2 billion bushels. The National Association of Wheat Growers serves as the national advocacy organiza-tion for wheat farmers com-posed of 22 different state wheat grower associations.

Wheat is essentially a grass that can be traced back to the cradle of civilization. Within the US, wheat was first planted in 1777 and one of the first Americans to plant wheat was George Washington. Disappointedby the returns he was getting on tobacco, Wash-ington experimented with different cereal grains and then selected wheat as his major cash crop.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans urges all Ameri-cans to “Consume 3 or more ounce-equivalents of whole

Wheat: Staff of Life

Average Income Per Acre from Wheat, Corn and Soybeans1996/97 – 2012/13

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

$/Ac

re

Wheat Corn Soybeans

By Marshall Matz with Molly O’Connor

When the subject of agri-culture comes up the focus usually starts with corn. It is the price of corn or the genetic modification of corn, ethanol (food vs. fuel), trade or the regulatoryprocess here in the US and its synchronization with other countries. Just last month, the U.S.-China trade talks centered on Chi-na’s arbitrary rejection of U.S. corn. The agriculture conversation may then ex-pand to include soybeans, cotton or animal agricul-ture. Rarely, however, does the conversation include wheat. Have you noticed?

Wheat remains both the most overlooked commodityproduced in the U.S. and, atthe same time, the staff oflife.

The United States is a major wheat-producing country, exceeded only by China, the European Union, and India. Wheat ranks third among U.S. field crops in both planted acreage and gross farm receipts, behind corn and soybeans. The total value of the wheat crop in 2012 was approxi-mately $18 billion, most of which was winter wheat. In fiscal 2012, total U.S. ag-ricultural exports reached $135.8 billion, supporting 1 million jobs for U.S. farm-ers and ranchers. The U.S. is consistently the world’s largest wheat exporter, exporting almost half of the U.S. wheat crop. In 2010, wheat exports contributed$5.9 billion to the U.S.


grain products, per day with the rest of the recom-mended grains coming from enriched or whole-grain products. In general, at least half of the grains should come from whole grains.” Unfortunately, as was noted recently by Dr. Joanne Slavin on behalf of the Grain Chain, only 12 percent of grain consump-tion is currently in the form of whole grains. So, we have a ways to go in this area.

Is wheat the staff of life? The facts are compelling. Research into, and com-mercialization of, new and improved varieties of wheat must continue, in the spirit of Dr. Norman Borlaug and Edgar McFadden of South Dakota State University. (McFadden developed Hope Wheat which gave Dr. Borlaug the basis for his his-toric research and the Green Revolution.) In March, the Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security will be held in Mexico; in the fall, SDSU will host the inaugu-ral McFadden Symposium. It would be very helpful if Congress considered form-ing a Wheat Caucus to focus on wheat research, trade and other issues that are important to the production and promotion of wheat.

Historically, the amount of funding dedicated to wheat research has been dwarfed by the funding dedicated to the other major crops. Increasing public and private research in wheat is important to sustaining a world population expected to reach 9 billion by 2050.

Marshall Matz was formerly Counsel to the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry and founded the World Food Program---USA. Matz specializes in food and agriculture at OFW Law. [email protected] Molly O’Connor is a Government Affairs Advisor at OFW Law.

Total Value of U.S. Wheat, Corn and Soybean Crops1996 – 2012

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

$80

$90

19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012

$ Bi

llion

Wheat Corn Soybeans

U.S. Wheat, Corn and Soybean Planted Area1990 - 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Mill

ion

Acre

s

Wheat Corn Soybeans


Maximizing Yield Trial DataThere is no shortage of yield data available when select-ing your 2014 crop variet-ies. There are public trials designed by universities and local grower associa-tions, and plenty of private trials conducted by the seed companies. With so many trials, it can be overwhelm-ing to make decisions.

Adding to the confusion is farmer bias. Farmers like to use what has worked well for them in prior years. If Variety A has proven itself on your farm, why rock the boat with Variety B? Many farmers believe it is safer to go with varieties that have been proven on your own operation, even if the yield trial data may hold some diamonds in the rough that deserve a chance on your farm as well.

A better understanding of plot data may help farmers make better decisions when it comes to variety selec-tion. Unfortunately, trying to understand statistics is

often a foreign language for many farmers. It is easier to just pick the highest yielding variety from the plot nearest to the farm. This is not the right answer in variety se-lection, but it is the easiest.

A basic review of plot data and statistics does not take long, and may help open your eyes to new varieties and new profits on your farm.

When using plot data, one of the keys to understanding and utilizing the data is to understand the statistical numbers at the bottom of the table. There are typi-cally three lines of statis-tics at the bottom of each trial; mean, CV and LSD.

The mean is simply the aver-age yield of the trial. Quite often there is no mean, and instead the yield data is converted into “percentage of the mean.” An average variety will equal 100, and anything above 100 is better than average, and below 100 means below average. If a mean value is listed, it is just the average yield of the plot.

The CV is the Coefficient of Variation, and it measures the volatility of the repli-cations that make up the mean. For example, you can have two varieties in a rial, each with three repli-cations. If both varieties av-erage 50 bushels, or have a mean of 50, are they equal?

If Variety A had yields of 49, 50, and 51, that CV would be very low because there was very little variation in the replicated yields. Variety

B had yields of 40, 50 and 60, the CV would be much higher because the yields were much more volatile. The mean for Variety B is still 50 bushels, but the numbers used to calculate the mean are all over the board. It was a very vola-tile yield, and the results may be unpredictable.

Living in the volatile weath-er of the Northern Plains, perhaps a weather analogy would help explain the CV. You know the average Feb-ruary temperature has little meaning because February weather can be thirty de-grees above or below zero. But think about the average February temperature in Hawaii, where tempera-tures only change by single digits. The Northern Plains weather is much more vola-tile, and has a much higher CV. A meteorologist in the Northern Plains has a much more difficult job than a meteorologist in Hawaii because of the volatility.

“With the CV, you just get a number, it is not bushels or percentage,” said Howard Person, University of Min-nesota Extension Educator. “A CV less than 10 is pretty solid. Between 10 and 20 you’re getting some vola-tility, you’re hitting some rocks in the field, but it’s still not too bad.” The trouble starts when the yield data indicates a CV above 20. “If you’re over 20, that’s pretty volatile, and you need to know what is causing the volatility,” said Person.

If the trials are done at mul-tiple locations, you may be

able to trace a high CV value back to a weather event at one site, such as hail, or drought, or late planting, or perhaps a disease issue for some varieties. “If you don’t understand what is causing your volatility then you have to ask how good is the data?” said Person. Some research will have higher CV values, by design, but in general look for yield trials with a low CV.

Another important number is the LSD, or Least Sig-nificant Difference. This is a confidence measure-ment. How much confi-dence do we have that this data is accurate, and the final results can be dupli-cated? The LSD has two values; the significance value, and the LSD value.

The LSD significance value can be different at each trial, and these values are very important to farmers. A LSD significance value of .2, means the confidence levels is eighty percent. A LSD significance value of .05 means a ninety five percent confidence level.

“The confidence level measures how willing you are to accept the possibility that you’re going to make a mistake,” said Person. “If someone comes to you with a trial and this one says it’s not statistically significant at .1 , but at .3 it is, well the last ones are willing to take a bigger risk of error in order to see a difference but you have to be will-ing to accept more error.”

If the trial data lists NS for

North Dakota State University and the University of Minnesota have teamed together to bring you the Wheat Variety Selection Tool.With this interactivewebsite, you can choosethe locations, and years, and develop your own trial data. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietyselection-tool/

Wheat Variety Selection Tool

Page 40 Prairie Grains • Nov.-Dec. 2013

Table 4. Yield of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at three locations in eastern North Dakota, 2011-2013.

Variety

Carrington Casselton Langdon Avg. eastern N.D.

2013 3 Yr. 2013 2 Yr. 2013 3 Yr. 2013 2/3 Yr.

-------------------------------------------------(bu/a)--------------------------------------------------------------

Advance 50.3 -- 79.0 72.9 96.5 82.6 75.3 --

Alpine 54.6 60.3 76.2 74.7 99.0 79.5 76.6 71.5

Alsen 54.7 59.7 72.5 66.5 -- -- -- --

Barlow 57.1 65.4 64.2 63.6 93.7 77.1 71.7 68.7

Breaker 53.4 59.1 72.6 68.6 98.5 80.4 74.8 69.4

Brennan 53.2 64.3 75.3 68.6 75.3 68.7 67.9 67.2

Brick 54.7 63.8 76.5 67.7 81.3 74.8 70.8 68.8

Briggs 54.4 63.5 65.3 66.1 -- -- -- --

Elgin-ND 55.4 64.9 73.5 69.9 99.3 82.3 76.1 72.4

Faller 57.5 64.4 81.2 73.2 111.8 91.9 83.5 76.5

Forefront 57.2 -- 80.3 71.6 88.7 74.6 75.4 --

Glenn 50.5 60.0 75.1 61.5 90.9 72.3 72.2 64.6

Howard 54.3 63.3 75.9 70.3 -- -- -- --

Jenna 55.9 64.3 82.1 76.1 94.9 80.5 77.6 73.6

Kelby 53.7 61.0 64.9 63.2 -- -- -- --

LCS Albany 53.2 -- -- -- 105.2 85.2 -- --

LCS Breakaway 53.1 -- 79.2 79.2 88.0 -- 73.4 --

LCS Powerplay 60.9 -- 66.3 66.3 100.7 80.9 76.0 --

Linkert 52.1 -- 69.8 69.8 81.4 70.8 67.8 --

Mott 56.4 60.4 72.6 66.7 -- -- -- --

MS Stingray 60.7 -- -- -- 117.8 -- -- --

ND 901CL Plus 53.4 59.2 70.1 61.5 -- -- -- --

Norden 50.6 58.7 71.7 70.0 89.7 76.5 70.7 68.4

Prosper 57.7 62.3 73.5 69.3 109.7 90.2 80.3 73.9

RB07 50.7 60.0 75.2 68.6 96.4 80.1 74.1 69.6

Rollag 55.8 -- 72.5 66.1 83.0 72.1 70.4 --

Sabin 52.7 63.4 81.5 74.0 -- -- -- --

Samson 54.2 61.4 73.7 74.8 91.5 74.9 73.1 70.4

Select 54.1 64.8 69.6 68.0 84.0 77.7 69.2 70.2

Steele-ND 53.0 61.6 74.5 69.2 -- -- -- --

AP 605 CL 56.4 59.9 74.9 67.4 -- -- -- --

SY Rowyn 55.9 -- 69.3 69.3 94.7 -- 73.3 --

SY Soren 52.2 -- 68.9 70.4 86.1 73.9 69.1 --

SY Tyra 58.6 -- 68.6 66.2 -- -- -- --

Vantage 48.3 57.1 70.2 65.0 85.9 70.3 68.1 64.1

Velva 49.4 57.4 75.2 69.9 99.0 80.1 74.5 69.1

WB Digger 57.0 62.6 76.5 73.5 98.5 81.3 77.3 72.5

WB Mayville 55.5 -- 69.9 64.6 86.0 71.3 70.5 --

Mean 54.4 61.6 73.2 68.4 93.8 78.0 71.8 70.0

CV% 8.5 -- 10.8 -- 4.3 -- -- --

LSD 0.10 5.4 -- 7.7 -- 4.8 -- -- --


the LSD, it means the data is not significant, at least not at the significance level listed. Researchers can lower the confidence level from ninety, to eight, or seventy, or lower, and end up with an LSD, but the data becomes less relevant as the signifi-cance value is lowered.

Now picture a trial that has a LSD value of 4, with a .1 significance value. That means the varieties need to have more than a 4 bushel difference to be signifi-cantly different. A variety that yielded 47 bushels, is statistically the same as one that yielded 50 bushels. The highest yielding variety in the trial may be statistically the same as other variet-ies farther down the list, so it is important to check how large the LSD value is for each variety trial.

Now that you have a bet-ter understanding of the statistics in the trial data, you need to select which trials to use when select-ing varieties. There may be a yield trial just a few miles from your farm, on the same soils, and same growing environment. For most farmers, that would be the first place to start.

Although that idea sounds logical, past research has actually shown that mul-tiple trial locations are better than one single loca-tion. Remember you are trying to predict how those varieties will perform in the

future, not how well they performed in one location in the past. How well did they perform where it was a little wet, or dry, or with a different planting date?

A study from the University of Minnesota, called the “Hybrid Choice Simulation” has shown that yields for next year, for each location were higher if the varieties were chosen from the mul-tiple location average rather than the single location results. You should choose your varieties with trial data from multiple locations, even if there is a yield trial

Comparing the Means (Averages)Scenario 1 Scenario 2

Variety 1 Variety 2 Variety 1 Variety 2

50 44 54 50

59 57 53 52

50 49 52 48

Ave. 53 bu. Ave. 50 bu. Ave. 53 bu. Ave. 50 bu.

Results are not significant Results are significant

LSD 0.1 7.4 LSD 0.1 2.0

CV Higher CV Lower

Page 40 Prairie Grains • Nov.-Dec. 2013

Table 4. Yield of hard red spring wheat varieties grown at three locations in eastern North Dakota, 2011-2013.

Variety

Carrington Casselton Langdon Avg. eastern N.D.

2013 3 Yr. 2013 2 Yr. 2013 3 Yr. 2013 2/3 Yr.

-------------------------------------------------(bu/a)--------------------------------------------------------------

Advance 50.3 -- 79.0 72.9 96.5 82.6 75.3 --

Alpine 54.6 60.3 76.2 74.7 99.0 79.5 76.6 71.5

Alsen 54.7 59.7 72.5 66.5 -- -- -- --

Barlow 57.1 65.4 64.2 63.6 93.7 77.1 71.7 68.7

Breaker 53.4 59.1 72.6 68.6 98.5 80.4 74.8 69.4

Brennan 53.2 64.3 75.3 68.6 75.3 68.7 67.9 67.2

Brick 54.7 63.8 76.5 67.7 81.3 74.8 70.8 68.8

Briggs 54.4 63.5 65.3 66.1 -- -- -- --

Elgin-ND 55.4 64.9 73.5 69.9 99.3 82.3 76.1 72.4

Faller 57.5 64.4 81.2 73.2 111.8 91.9 83.5 76.5

Forefront 57.2 -- 80.3 71.6 88.7 74.6 75.4 --

Glenn 50.5 60.0 75.1 61.5 90.9 72.3 72.2 64.6

Howard 54.3 63.3 75.9 70.3 -- -- -- --

Jenna 55.9 64.3 82.1 76.1 94.9 80.5 77.6 73.6

Kelby 53.7 61.0 64.9 63.2 -- -- -- --

LCS Albany 53.2 -- -- -- 105.2 85.2 -- --

LCS Breakaway 53.1 -- 79.2 79.2 88.0 -- 73.4 --

LCS Powerplay 60.9 -- 66.3 66.3 100.7 80.9 76.0 --

Linkert 52.1 -- 69.8 69.8 81.4 70.8 67.8 --

Mott 56.4 60.4 72.6 66.7 -- -- -- --

MS Stingray 60.7 -- -- -- 117.8 -- -- --

ND 901CL Plus 53.4 59.2 70.1 61.5 -- -- -- --

Norden 50.6 58.7 71.7 70.0 89.7 76.5 70.7 68.4

Prosper 57.7 62.3 73.5 69.3 109.7 90.2 80.3 73.9

RB07 50.7 60.0 75.2 68.6 96.4 80.1 74.1 69.6

Rollag 55.8 -- 72.5 66.1 83.0 72.1 70.4 --

Sabin 52.7 63.4 81.5 74.0 -- -- -- --

Samson 54.2 61.4 73.7 74.8 91.5 74.9 73.1 70.4

Select 54.1 64.8 69.6 68.0 84.0 77.7 69.2 70.2

Steele-ND 53.0 61.6 74.5 69.2 -- -- -- --

AP 605 CL 56.4 59.9 74.9 67.4 -- -- -- --

SY Rowyn 55.9 -- 69.3 69.3 94.7 -- 73.3 --

SY Soren 52.2 -- 68.9 70.4 86.1 73.9 69.1 --

SY Tyra 58.6 -- 68.6 66.2 -- -- -- --

Vantage 48.3 57.1 70.2 65.0 85.9 70.3 68.1 64.1

Velva 49.4 57.4 75.2 69.9 99.0 80.1 74.5 69.1

WB Digger 57.0 62.6 76.5 73.5 98.5 81.3 77.3 72.5

WB Mayville 55.5 -- 69.9 64.6 86.0 71.3 70.5 --

Mean 54.4 61.6 73.2 68.4 93.8 78.0 71.8 70.0

CV% 8.5 -- 10.8 -- 4.3 -- -- --

LSD 0.10 5.4 -- 7.7 -- 4.8 -- -- --

These scenarios help illustrate the use of CV and LSD when selecting varieties.In Scenario 1, there was much volatility in the replications, which resulted in a high CV value, and the LSD was 7.4. That is higher than the 3 bushel difference in average yields. Using the data from Scenario 1, you cannot say thatVariety 1 is better than Variety 2, even though the average yield was 3 bushels higher, because the LSD is 7.4.

In Scenario 2, there was much less volatility in the replications, which resultedin a lower CV and a lower LSD. The yield data in this trial does indicate that Variety 1 is higher yielding because it has a 3 bushel advantage, and the LSD is 2, so the results are significant.

location close to your farm. The study also indicated that multiple sites were more indicative of top yield-ing varieties than multiple years. For example, three sites for one year, were a better indicator than one site for three years. The key to using yield trial data is to use data from multiple locations, with a low CV, and a high confidence value and low LSD. Understanding the trial data may help you find a new variety and those extra dollars for your farm.


By Jayson Lusk, Oklahoma State University and Henry I. Miller, Physician, Hoover Institute

Three crops - corn, soybeans and wheat - account for a vast majority of the value of America’s agricultural crop output. But wheat is different in one important respect. While more than 90 percent of the nation’s corn and soybean acres are now planted with seeds genetically engineered to resist insects, herbicides or both, there is not a single acre of genetically engineered wheat being grown commercially in the United States.

Wheat farmers have suf-fered as a result, as have consumers of bread and pasta, who have been paying higher prices than they might have because fewer and fewer acres are planted in wheat. Without the benefits of the newer

We Need GMO Wheatmolecular techniques of genetic engineering, the nation’s wheat industry will continue to struggle against other commodities that have adopted biotechnol-ogy, and against the drought conditions out West. All of this is happening as the planet’s population increas-es and global wheat demand expands in response.

Why has wheat lagged behind? One reason is that, back in the mid-1990s, corn and soybean farm-ers avidly embraced the nascent biotechnology revolution, snatching up new, genetically engi-neered seed varieties. But wheat farmers balked at the potentially higher prices of these new seeds and feared that anti-genetic engineering views held by some of our trading part-ners would hurt exports.

Today, it’s easy to see why corn and soybean farm-

ers made the switch. Crop yields have increased and farmers have been able to reduce their use of chemi-cal insecticides and shift to less toxic herbicides to control weeds. They’ve also made more money. Over the same period, the amount of land planted in wheat has dropped by about 20 percent, and although yields have increased, produc-tivity growth has been lower than for the crops genetically engineered with molecular techniques.

Monsanto recently said that it had made significant progress in the development of herbicide-tolerant wheat. It will enable farmers to use more environmentally benign herbicides and could be ready for commercial use in the next few years. But the federal government must first approve it, a pro-cess that has become mired in excessive, expensive and unscientific regulation that discriminates against this kind of genetic engineering.

The scientific consensus is that existing genetically engineered crops are as safe as the non-genetically engineered hybrid plants that are a mainstay of our diet. The government should be encouraging and pro-moting these technologies.

How does wheat differ from the other commodity crops, and why does it matter? Much of our domestically produced corn and soy-beans are fed to animals or made into ethanol, while most wheat is consumed by humans as bread or pasta. This is why there were fears

that genetically engineered wheat would suffer as an export crop. The European countries and Japan have traditionally imported about 15 percent of our wheat exports. But they have also been antagonistic to geneti-cally engineered crops and food derived from them.

As a result, wheat farmers missed out on perhaps the most important benefit of genetic engineering: the development of crops that can survive droughts or grow with lower-quality water. Those attributes would go a long way to improving wheat yields and making the crop more attractive to farmers.

Much of the nation’s wheat crop comes from a section of the central plains that sits atop the Ogallala Aquifer,which is rapidly being depleted. The direst warn-ings suggest that at current rates of use, in 50 years only 30 percent of its water will remain. Farmers who have relied on the aquifer may face tougher restrictions on use or be forced to change their farming practices.

The severe drought that has parched the region over the past few years has acceler-ated the aquifer’s depletion.Although conditions have recently improved somewhat, during the last growing season for winter wheat, much of the region was still in severe drought.

New crop varieties that grow under conditions of low moisture or temporary

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drought could increase yields and lengthen the time farmland is produc-tive. Varieties that grow with lower-quality water have also been developed.

In Egypt, for example, re-searchers showed a decade ago that by transferring a single gene from barley to wheat, plants are able to tolerate reduced water-ing longer. This variety requires only one-eighth as much irrigation as con-ventional wheat and can be cultivated with meager rainfall alone. This is what wheat farmers need.

Monsanto, the world’s leader in agricultural ge-netic engineering, scrapped its effort to modify wheat in 2004, in part because of opposition from North American grain merchants and growers worried that some major foreign coun-tries would reject imports of all American wheat. Since then, many growers and millers have reconsidered

and now want access to ge-netically engineered variet-ies with resistance to pests, disease, frost and drought.

While some importing na-tions are skeptical of — or hostile to — genetic engi-neering, others, like China, Brazil, Indonesia and some in sub-Saharan Africa, are deeply concerned about their food security and have only limited opportunitiesfor growth in domestic production. They should be receptive to geneticallyengineered wheat.

Given the importance of wheat and the confluenceof tightening water supplies, drought, a growing world population and competitionfrom other crops, we need to regain the lost momentum. To do that, we need to acquire more technological ingenuity and to end unscientific, excessive and discrimina-tory government regulation.

Jayson Lusk is a professor of agricultural economics at Oklahoma State Uni-versity and the author of “Food Police: A Well-Fed Manifesto About the Poli-tics of Your Plate.” Henry I. Miller, a physician and a fellow at the Hoover Institu-tion, is co-author of “The Frankenfood Myth: How Protest and Politics Threaten the Biotech Revolution.”

“From The New York Times, February 3 © 2014 The New York Times Company . All rights reserved. Used by permission and protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States. The printing, copying, redistribution, or retransmission of this Con-tent without express written permission is prohibited.”

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BECOME A MEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAYMEMBER TODAY

MINNESOTA SOYBEAN GROWERS ASSOCIATION AND AMERICAN SOYBEAN ASSOCIATION

Membership ApplicationName _________________________________________________

Spouse __________________________Date of Birth ___________

Farm/Business name _____________________________________

Address _______________________________________________

City ________________________ State _______Zip ___________

County _______________ E-mail __________________________

Phone # ___________________Cell # ______________________

Occupation: Please check all that apply

Farmer Retired Agribusiness Finance Elevator Other

Do you currently grow soybeans? yes no

Soybean acres? ____________ Total acres farmed _____________

Do you raise: Cattle Hogs Poultry Dairy

How did you hear about MSGA? (Please circle one):

Recruited in person; Recuited by phone; Magazine; Internet;

Mailing; Radio; Event; Other

3 Year $250 1 Year $90

New Membership Renew-Member ID # _________

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or visit www.mnsoybean.org Call us at: 888-896-9678

MINNESOTA SOYBEAN GROWERS ASSOCIATION You make decisions about your farm every day. At the same time, policies that impact your operation are being made by people with little or no connection to farming.

That’s where your membership comes in. By supporting the MSGA, you are lending your voices to thousands of other Minnesota soybean farmers who want a voice on policies impacting: • Freedom to operate • Water quality

Your membership helps your fellow farmers to advocate for farmer-friendly policy that protects your profi tability.

If that wasn’t enough, your membership also includes:

MSGA MEMBER BENEFITSThree Year Benefi ts Package, $250 (over $550 value)

• $100 Biodiesel rebate coupons (with 2,000 gallon purchase)

• Novozymes Seed Treatment Voucher TagTeam and Optimize (up to $350 value)(100 units of product)

• IntelliAir offers a 6 percent discount on equipment.

• $100 Seed Voucher (on purchase of pallet of seed from participating seed companies)

• Hudson Crop Insurance (Eligible to participate in the GNC membership program, administered by Hudson Insurance Group)

• Biotechnology• Biodiesel


This past January, U.S. food manufacturer General Mills Inc. generated significant media attention when it an-nounced it would no longer source ingredients with bio-technology traits to make its flagship oat cereal “Cheeri-os.” It comes at a time when several U.S. states and the U.S. Congress are consider-ing legislation that would require labeling of food products that contain genet-ically modified ingredients.

Following are some of thevoices weighing in on thesediscussions

“What makes modern bioengineering unique is its greater precision and thus the greater predictability and safety of the resulting variet-ies. Toxins and undesirable properties (such as greater

Practical Voices in the GMO Food Discussionsusceptibility to pests) have been inadvertently intro-duced into marketed prod-ucts by conventional genetic modification techniques … But no such harmful or unintended effects have ever occurred — and are far less likely to occur — with bioengineering. Study after study, as well as real-world observations by academics and government agencies,has confirmed the safety of the technology.”- From “General Mills Has a Soggy Idea for Cheerios,”Henry I. Miller and Gregory Conko, Wall Street Journal, Jan 21, 2014.

“Mandatory labeling of GM foods fails every justification for requiring them: scientific,economic, legal, and most of all, common sense,” says risk expert Jeff Stier. “[This

is] for the sole benefit of those seeking the labels. Mandatory labeling of safe products represents a classic case of rent-seeking; this is an effort to assert political influence at the expense of consumers and responsible farmers for the sole benefit of those seeking the labels.”- Jeff Stier, Senior Fellow and Head of Risk Analysisat the National Center for Public Policy Research,Washington, DC

“We are members of the Environment & Agriculture Committee that studied … the bill to require the labeling of genetically modified foods. After 19 meetings during which we investigated every aspect of the bill in exhaus-tive detail, both of us voted against the mandatory label-ing of foods made with

genetic engineering. We’d like to share with you the reasons why. First, there has been no credible scientific study that proves that there is any material difference between GMO and non-GMO foods. No nutritional difference. No health safety difference. In fact, we have all been eating foods made with genetic engineering for more than 20 years. To that end, the U.S. Food and Drug Administra-tion’s regulations state that requiring the labeling of foods that are indistinguish-able from foods produced through traditional methods would mislead consumers by falsely implying differences where none exist.”- From an article in the New Hampshire Union Leader by state representatives Tara Sad and Bob Haefner.

Photo: University of Minnesota, David L. Hansen


Water: Is Regulation Reality?

Dates and LocationsEvents are free & begin at 9 a.m. Lunch is included.

March 24: Rochester, Clarion InnMarch 25: Mankato, County Inn & SuitesMarch 26: Morris, Edson Auditorium, UM-MorrisMarch 27: St. Cloud, Rivers Edge Convention CenterMarch 28: Thief River Falls, Best Western

With over 10,000 lakes and 69,000 miles of rivers, water is important to Minnesota. Are regulations to protect water on the horizon for every Minnesota farmer? Find out what could be in your future by attending a Productivity Optimization Dialog event. Learn what drainage, nutrient management and water certification realities could be looming.

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In 1991, U.S. farmers planted just over 59 million acres of soybeans. By 2013, that number grew to over 76 million acres. That growth is a testament to the added de-mand for soybeans domesti-cally and around the globe.

Soybean exports are an important component of the soybean market, but so too is domestic livestock. Minnesota is one of the nation’s leading livestock producers and that impact is felt throughout the state.

Minnesota’s animal agri-culture sector continues to help support the state’s economy by adding 8,000 jobs within the past decade, according to a recent United Soybean Board-funded Ani-mal Agriculture Economic

The Value of LivestockAnalysis. A successful animal agriculture industry also benefits the soybean farmers who depend on livestock as the biggest market for soybean meal.

The report also outlines the economic benefits the poultry and livestock sec-tors provide at the state and national levels. In 2012, animal ag provided the following benefits to Minnesota’s economy:

• Support for 71,000 jobs• $16.4 billion in total economic output• A $2.9 billion impact on household incomes• More than $1 billion in income and property taxes paid

Nationally, the animal ag

industry supported 1.8 million jobs and provided $346 billion in total eco-nomic output, according to the study. The sector also added $60 billion to Ameri-can household incomes and paid $21 billion in income and property taxes. The partnership between soybean farmers and the animal ag sector helps sustain local farms and produces safe and reliable food for the rest of the world.

“It’s important that poultry and livestock farmers and soybean farmers across the state continue to work together,” says Scott Singles-tad, a Minnesota Soybean Research & Promotion Council (MSR&PC) direc-tor and USB director from Waseca County. “A healthy

animal ag sector supports our local and state econo-mies, our soybean demand and our food supply.”

Not surprisingly, hogs are the biggest soybean meal eaters in Minnesota, con-suming 66 percent, followed by turkeys at 15 percent and dairy cattle at 4 percent. Poultry, swine and other livestock consume about 97 percent of the supply of U.S. soybean meal every year in their feed. Last year in Min-nesota, animal ag used an estimated 1.9 million tons of soybean meal, or the meal from nearly 79 million bush-els of soybeans. Overall, U.S. poultry, livestock and fish farmers used more than 30 million tons (the meal from 1.26 billion bushels) in the 2011/12 marketing


year, which is an increase of 1 million tons (meal from 42 million bushels) from the previous year.

It’s not just in the U.S. that animal agriculture is having an impact. Export-ing soybeans and soybean meal provides the nutri-tion farmers the world over need to feed their livestock. But U.S. farmers also export meat products that are sought after by buyers around the globe.

Economic growth continues to create a surge in meat and poultry consumption around the world. U.S. meat and poultry exports are rising faster than domes-tic consumption, a trend that could benefit soybean farmers through greater demand for U.S. soybean meal to feed U.S. poultry and livestock whose meat is headed for other countries.

“Soybean meal has been called ‘the gold standard’ in animal feed, especially with hogs and poultry,” says Singlestad, who grows soybeans and raises hogs on his farm. “Feeding soybean meal to livestock and poultry is a great source of protein, so it is not only beneficial to soybean and livestock farmers, but also to the potential international buyers.”

Since 2010, U.S. pork exports to Mexico, China, Japan, South Korea and Russia are up, with China showing an increase of more than 300 percent, according to the study. U.S. turkey exports are also up in in those markets, with Japan grow-ing more than 60 percent.“Once a country starts

eating better, they want more protein in their diets,” Singlestad said. “There’s no better way to do that than eating more meat.”

Animal ag consumes 97 per-cent of U.S. soybean meal, making it the biggest user of U.S. soy, and the check-off funds programs to help maintain that market. For example, the soy checkoff supports U.S. poultry and livestock farmers by pro-moting U.S. meat, milk and eggs in other countries.

The study also included recommendations for how the soy checkoff can help increase U.S. meat and poultry consumption in these countries even more. Key recommendations from

the study are that the check-off fund efforts to increase pork, broiler and turkey exports to China, Mexico and Russia; pork exports to Japan and South Korea; and poultry exports to the

Middle East and North Africa. According to the report, pork provides U.S. soybean farmers with the greatest opportunity for growth, followed by poultry.


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Too Much of a Good Thing By Shawn Campbell, U.S. Wheat Associates Assistant Director, West Coast Office

Canadian farmers enjoyed the blessing of near perfect growing conditions this year, leading to a record wheat crop of 37.5 MMT that was 38 percent larger than last year’s crop. Com-bined with a record canola crop and good production for other crops, the year held great promise for Canadian agriculture.

Sadly, the bumper crops have overwhelmed the Canadian logistical system and proven to be too much of a good thing. Farmers report that country eleva-tors are only offering low or even no bids on wheat for nearby delivery. Some farmers who signed forward contracts say elevators are pushing back their delivery dates and the CWB is not posting wheat basis prices for delivery before next October. As a result, farm-ers are stuck with crops losing value every day they stay in their bins. Reuters reported that some farm-ers have resorted to selling wheat into feed channels or trucking it south into the United States, but at very small volumes that cannot really improve the situation.

Canadian grain export-ers also expected a great year but now face similar

challenges, especially those moving grain through the Pacific ports of Vancouver and Prince Rupert. USDA currently projects that Canada will export 23.0 MMT of wheat this year, the most since 1991/92. As of late December, Canada had exported 8.2 MMT of wheat in 2013/14, up 8 percent compared to the same time last year. How-ever, its December exports only totaled 1.5 MMT. That is down 18 percent com-pared to November and down 14 percent compared to December 2012. It is also the first time this marketing year that the month’s wheat exports were less than the same month last year.

The Port of Vancouver is especially hard hit. Ana-lysts reported an average processing time of 17 days per grain ship compared to a normal processing time of nine to 10 days. There are also reports that rail shipments arrive at export terminals with the wrong grain at the wrong time or just don’t arrive at all. The result is a growing backlog of ships, more than the available anchorage at Vancouver, ringing up more than $10 million (USD) in demurrage fees so far. Canadian Pacific exporters now indicate they will be unable to take on any new business until after May.

Railroads and rail car shortages may have con-tributed to the logistical problems. Local analysts indicated that major rail carriers Canadian National and Canadian Pacific ac-cumulated a backlog of 40,000 cars from August to December. That is eight times more than last year with grain capacity of 4.0 MMT. However, Canadian National reported it moved 12 percent more grain than its five-year average for the same period while Canadian Pacific moved 16 percent more than its five-year average. The railroads claim their challenge is not a backlog, but rather the inability to get cars to the right place at the right time. Many analysts cited archaic rail regulations, such as a rail revenue cap, the lack of a secondary rail car market and a lack of rail demurrage fees for creat-ing major inefficiencies in the grain handling system.

The Canadian grain trade, which is still adapting to an open market, may have tried to push too much grain through the system too quickly. Given the huge crop, some analysts suggest Canadian grain traders put out discounted bids after harvest. Buyers responded quickly. In fact, the Pacific Canadian grain terminals have exported 9 percent more than last year, includ-ing 670,000 MT going to countries normally serviced by the eastern terminals that could not compete with west coast prices. Eventu-ally, though, the bottle-necks formed in the west

because the system could not keep pace with demand. The Canadian grain market is facing a difficult lesson in open grain marketing this year. Debate over the reasons behind the logisti-cal issues will continue as the Canadian govern-ment initiates a review of the grain transportation system. Questions remain as to whether or not Canada will achieve USDA’s wheat export projection of 23.0 MMT. If not, Canada will likely end this marketing year with its highest wheat ending stocks since the early 1990s, and that will challenge the Canadian and U.S. wheat markets well into 2014/15 and maybe beyond.

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Bayer CropScience LP, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Always read and follow label instructions. Bayer, the Bayer Cross and Huskie are registered trademarks of Bayer. Huskie Complete is a Restricted Use Pesticide and is not registered in all states. For additional product information call toll-free 1-866-99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our website at www.BayerCropScience.usCR0913HUSKICA046V00R0 A-26363-4

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Stress-free, in-cab automatic calibration that’s based on actual product usage thanks to weigh cells on each tank and a user-friendly monitor.

Knowledgeable support staff who can trouble-shoot remotely via my in-cab monitor while I am in the field.

To apply granular fertilizer at rates of up to 400 lbs/acre on my 100’ drill with no plugging.

Variable rate capability for up to five products at one time.

A ruggedly reliable system that can seed thousands of acres with no breakdowns and minimal maintenance.

A light-pulling drill with a lift-kit that seeds through muddy fields without getting stuck.

SeedMaster gives me all of this in one seeding system with advanced technologies that make money for my farm – like Auto Zone Command™, Auto Calibration™, the UltraPro Canola Meter™, the Nova Smart Cart™, and SafeSeed Individual Row Metering™.

SeedMaster’s cost savings and efficiencies are the new normal on my farm.

“Zone Command saves me about $57,000 per year or 5% of my input costs on dry years and probably twice that in wet years. I wouldn’t farm without it.”Franck Groeneweg

Edgeley, SK

Oats - Minnesota Wheat · R1 B-26402-7 14 FUNGI PROSR Print Ad_R01.indd Job Client Product Division...

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