1ST AND 2ND DECLENSION NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

Latin I Grammar Review

Latin I Grammar Review Review of Case Usage

Latin… the “Basics”

Case Usage

¨  In English, word order determines the meaning of a sentence.

¨  In Latin, case endings determine the meaning. ¤ The boy killed the deer with a single arrow. ¤ The word order paints a clear picture.

Case Usage

¨ What if the words were rearranged? ¤ With a single arrow the deer killed the

boy. ¤ Do these sentences convey the same

meaning?

Case Usage

Moral of the Story: ¨ Don’t read Latin the same way you read

English. ¨ Don’t use word order to translate a

sentence, use case endings.

Case Usage

The Cases:

¨ Nominative: Subject (a, an, the) ¨ Genitive: Possession (of) ¨ Dative: Indirect Object (to/for) ¨ Accusative: Direct Object (a, an, the) ¨ Ablative: Object of Prepositions (by/with) ¨ Vocative: Direct Address (Oh, !)

Declining Latin Nouns

The Basic Formula:

�  Noun Base + Declension Ending

Agricola, agricolae

�  Base= agricol-

Puer, puerī �  Base= puer-

Amicus, amicī

�  Base= amic-

Latin I Grammar Review Declining 1st Declension Nouns

First Declension Nouns

First Declension Endings

Singular Plural

Nominative: -a -ae Genitive: -ae -ārum Dative: -ae -īs Accusative: -am -ās Ablative: -ā -īs Vocative: -a -ae

Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae

Singular Nominative: agricol + a Genitive: agricol + ae Dative: agricol + ae Accusative: agricol + am Ablative: agricol + ā Vocative: agricol + a

Declining First Declension agricola, agricolae

Plural Nominative: agricol + ae Genitive: agricol + ārum Dative: agricol + īs Accusative: agricol + ās Ablative: agricol + īs Vocative: agricol + ae

Declining First Declension

Singular Plural English

agricola agricolae the farmer(s)

agricolae agricolārum of the farmer(s)

agricolae agricolīs to/for the farmer(s)

agricolam agricolās the farmer(s)

agricolā agricolīs by/with the farmer(s)

agricola agricolae Oh, farmer(s)!

Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns

Second Declension Masculine

Second Declension Masculine Endings

Singular Plural

Nominative: -us/-r -ī Genitive: -ī -ōrum Dative: -ō -īs Accusative: -um -ōs Ablative: -ō -īs Vocative: -e/-ī/-r -ī

Declining Second Declension amicus, amicī (base= serv-)

Singular

Nominative: amic + us Genitive: amic + ī Dative: amic + ō Accusative: amic + um Ablative: amic + ō Vocative: amic + e

Declining Second Declension servus, servī (base= serv-)

Plural

Nominative: amic + ī Genitive: amic + ōrum Dative: amic + īs Accusative: amic + ōs Ablative: amic + īs Vocative: amic + ī

Declining Second Declension

Singular Plural English

amicus amicī the friend(s) amicī amicō of the friend(s) amicō amicīs to/for the friend(s) amicum amicōs the friend(s) amicō amicīs by/with the friend(s) amice amicī Oh, friend(s)!

Latin I Grammar Review Declining 2nd Declension Nouns (cont.)

2nd Declension Neuter

Second Declension Neuter Endings

Singular Plural

Nominative: -um -a Genitive: -ī -ōrum Dative: -ō -īs Accusative: -um -a Ablative: -ō -īs Vocative: -um -a

Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)

Singular

Nominative: bell + um Genitive: bell + ī Dative: bell + ō Accusative: bell + um Ablative: bell + ō Vocative: bell + um

Declining Second Declension bellum, bellī (base= bell-)

Plural

Nominative: bell + a Genitive: bell + ōrum Dative: bell + īs Accusative: bell + a Ablative: bell + īs Vocative: bell + a

Declining Second Declension

Singular Plural English

bellum bella the war(s) bellī bellōrum of the war(s) bellō bellīs to/for the war(s) bellum bella the war(s) bellō bellīs by/with the war(s) bellum bella Oh, war(s)!

Latin I Grammar Review Noun-Adjective Agreement

1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives

Latin Adjectives

¨  Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns ¨  Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with

the nouns they modify in three ways 1.  Gender 2.  Number 3.  Case

1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

¨  1st/2nd declension adjectives use the same endings as the nouns ¤ Bonus – a, um

First Declension Second Declension

-a -ae -us/r (um) -ī (a) -ae -ārum -ī -ōrum -ae -īs -ō -īs -am -ās -um -ōs (a) -ā -īs -ō -īs -a -ae -e/ī/r (um) -ī (a)

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

Singular Plural

puer bonus puerī bonī puerī bonī puerōrum bonōrum puerō bonō puerīs bonīs puerum bonum puerōs bonōs puerō bonō puerīs bonīs puer bone puerī bonī

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

Singular Plural

nauta bonus nautae bonī nautae bonī nautārum bonōrum nautae bonō nautīs bonīs nautam bonum nautās bonōs nautā bonō nautīs bonīs

nauta bone nautae bonī

Declining 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives

¨ Remember, Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case, number, and gender ¤ … but their endings do not have to

look the same!