Non-Communicable Non-Communicable DiseasesDiseases

Lesson 1Lesson 1

Bell ActivityBell Activity

What is a non-communicable What is a non-communicable disease?disease?– A. A disease that you don’t talk about.A. A disease that you don’t talk about.– B. A disease that attacks your social B. A disease that attacks your social

skills.skills.– C. A disease that can’t be passed C. A disease that can’t be passed

around.around.– D. A disease that can be passed D. A disease that can be passed

around.around.

Health Goal # 28Health Goal # 28

I will be informed about my I will be informed about my heredity.heredity.

What is it??What is it??

A non-communicable disease, A non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or NCD, is a medical condition or or diseasedisease which is which is non-infectiousnon-infectious..

About NCDsAbout NCDs

NCDs are diseases of long NCDs are diseases of long duration and generally slow duration and generally slow progression. progression.

They include: They include: heart diseaseheart disease, , strokestroke, , cancercancer, , asthmaasthma, , diabetesdiabetes, , chronic kidney diseasechronic kidney disease, , osteoporosisosteoporosis, , Alzheimer's diseaseAlzheimer's disease, , cataractscataracts, and more., and more.

Non-infectiousNon-infectious

While often referred to as "While often referred to as "chronic diseaseschronic diseases", NCDs are ", NCDs are distinguished by their non-distinguished by their non-infectious cause.infectious cause.

The The World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization (WHO) (WHO) reports NCDs to be by far the reports NCDs to be by far the leading cause of leading cause of mortalitymortality in the in the world, representing over 60% of world, representing over 60% of all deaths.all deaths.

Death from NCDDeath from NCD

Out of the 35 million people who Out of the 35 million people who died from NCDs in 2005, half were died from NCDs in 2005, half were under age 70 and half were under age 70 and half were women.women.

Risk factorsRisk factors such as a person's such as a person's background, lifestyle and background, lifestyle and environment are known to environment are known to increase the likelihood of certain increase the likelihood of certain NCDs.NCDs.

Death from NCDDeath from NCD

Every year, at least 5 million Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. from being overweight.

High cholesterol accounts for High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of 7.5 million die because of high blood pressurehigh blood pressure..

Risk FactorsRisk Factors

Risk factorsRisk factors such as a person's such as a person's background, lifestyle and background, lifestyle and environment are known to environment are known to increase the likelihood of certain increase the likelihood of certain non-communicable diseases. non-communicable diseases.

They include: age, sex, They include: age, sex, geneticsgenetics, , exposure to exposure to air pollutionair pollution, and , and behaviors such as behaviors such as smokingsmoking, , unhealthy dietunhealthy diet and and physical inactivityphysical inactivity which can lead to which can lead to hypertensionhypertension and and obesityobesity, in turn leading to , in turn leading to increased risk of many NCDs.increased risk of many NCDs.

Are they preventable?Are they preventable?

Most NCDs are considered Most NCDs are considered preventable because they are preventable because they are caused by modifiable risk caused by modifiable risk factors.factors.

What does “modifiable” What does “modifiable” mean?mean?

Five Important Risk Five Important Risk FactorsFactors The WHO's The WHO's

World Health Report 2002World Health Report 2002 identified identified five important risk factors for five important risk factors for non-communicable disease in the non-communicable disease in the top ten leading risks to health. top ten leading risks to health. These are These are raised blood pressure, raised blood pressure, raised raised cholesterolcholesterol, tobacco use, , tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and alcohol consumption, and overweight.overweight.

Eliminate the Risk Eliminate the Risk FactorsFactors It has been estimated that if It has been estimated that if

the primary risk factors were the primary risk factors were eliminated, 80% of the cases eliminated, 80% of the cases of heart disease, stroke and of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetestype 2 diabetes and 40% of and 40% of cancers could be prevented.cancers could be prevented.

InterventionsInterventions

Interventions targeting the main Interventions targeting the main risk factors could have a risk factors could have a significant impact on reducing significant impact on reducing the burden of disease the burden of disease worldwide.worldwide.

Efforts focused on better diet Efforts focused on better diet and increased physical activity and increased physical activity have been shown to control the have been shown to control the prevalence of NCDsprevalence of NCDs

Environmental Environmental DiseasesDiseases- NCDs include many NCDs include many

environmental diseasesenvironmental diseases, covering a , covering a broad category of avoidable and broad category of avoidable and unavoidable unavoidable human healthhuman health conditions conditions caused by external factors, such as caused by external factors, such as sunlight, food, pollution, and sunlight, food, pollution, and lifestyle choices. lifestyle choices.

- The The diseases of affluencediseases of affluence are non- are non-infectious diseases with infectious diseases with environmental causes.environmental causes.

Examples of Examples of Environmental Environmental DiseasesDiseases Examples include:Examples include: - Many types of - Many types of cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular disease

(CVD)(CVD) - - Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseChronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD) caused by smoking tobacco(COPD) caused by smoking tobacco - - Diabetes mellitus type 2Diabetes mellitus type 2 - - Lower back painLower back pain caused by too little caused by too little

exerciseexercise - - MalnutritionMalnutrition caused by too little food, or caused by too little food, or

eating the wrong kinds of food (e.g. eating the wrong kinds of food (e.g. scurvyscurvy from lack of from lack of Vitamin CVitamin C))

- - Skin cancerSkin cancer caused by radiation from the caused by radiation from the sunsun

Inherited DiseasesInherited Diseases

Genetic disordersGenetic disorders are caused by are caused by errors in genetic information that errors in genetic information that produce diseases in the affected produce diseases in the affected people. These errors may include:people. These errors may include:– A change in the chromosome A change in the chromosome

numbers, such as numbers, such as Down syndromeDown syndrome– A defect in a single gene caused by A defect in a single gene caused by

mutationmutation– A rearrangement of genetic A rearrangement of genetic

information.information.

Inherited Diseases Inherited Diseases Cont’dCont’d Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis is an example of an is an example of an

inherited disease that is caused by a inherited disease that is caused by a mutationmutation on a gene. on a gene.

The faulty gene impairs the normal The faulty gene impairs the normal movement of movement of sodium chloridesodium chloride in and out in and out of cells, which causes the mucus-of cells, which causes the mucus-secreting organs to produce abnormally secreting organs to produce abnormally thick mucus. thick mucus.

The gene is The gene is recessiverecessive, meaning that a , meaning that a person must have two copies of the person must have two copies of the faulty gene for them to develop the faulty gene for them to develop the disease.disease.

Cystic Fibrosis Cont’dCystic Fibrosis Cont’d

Cystic fibrosis affects the Cystic fibrosis affects the respiratory, digestive and respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as the reproductive systems, as well as the sweat glands. sweat glands.

The mucus secreted is very thick and The mucus secreted is very thick and blocks passageways in the lungs and blocks passageways in the lungs and digestive tracts. digestive tracts.

This mucus causes problems with This mucus causes problems with breathing and with the digestion and breathing and with the digestion and absorption of nutrients.absorption of nutrients.

Diabetes Mellitus Type Diabetes Mellitus Type 22 Formerly Formerly non-insulin-dependent non-insulin-dependent

diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or or adult-onset diabetesadult-onset diabetes – is a  – is a metabolic disordermetabolic disorder that is that is characterized by high characterized by high blood glucoseblood glucose in the context of in the context of insulin resistanceinsulin resistance and relative and relative insulininsulin deficiency deficiency

Diabetes Mellitus Type Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Cont’d2 Cont’d DiabetesDiabetes is often initially managed by is often initially managed by

increasing increasing exerciseexercise and and dietary modificationdietary modification. If the condition . If the condition progresses, medications may be needed.progresses, medications may be needed.

Long-term complications from high blood Long-term complications from high blood sugar can include increased risk of sugar can include increased risk of heart attacksheart attacks, , strokesstrokes, , amputationamputation, and , and kidney failurekidney failure. .

For extreme cases, circulation of limbs is For extreme cases, circulation of limbs is affected, potentially requiring affected, potentially requiring amputation. Loss of hearing, eyesight, amputation. Loss of hearing, eyesight, and cognitive ability has also been and cognitive ability has also been linked to this condition.linked to this condition.

Lesson 2 Lesson 2 Bell ActivityBell Activity

What is cancer?What is cancer? A. A disease you can catch A. A disease you can catch

from germs.from germs. B. A sexually transmitted B. A sexually transmitted

disease.disease. C. Occurs when cells divide.C. Occurs when cells divide. D. Occurs when abnormal cells D. Occurs when abnormal cells

grow out of control.grow out of control.

Health Goal # 29Health Goal # 29

I will get regular check ups I will get regular check ups regarding family diseases.regarding family diseases.

Heart DiseaseHeart Disease

Your Your heartheart is an amazing organ. It is an amazing organ. It continuously pumps oxygen and continuously pumps oxygen and nutrient-rich blood throughout your nutrient-rich blood throughout your body to sustain life. body to sustain life.

This fist-sized powerhouse beats This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or six quarts of per day, pumping five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day.gallons per day.

How the Heart Works How the Heart Works

As the heart beats, it pumps As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory vessels, called the circulatory system. The vessels are elastic, system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body.to every part of the body.

The Heart’s FunctionsThe Heart’s Functions

Blood is essential.Blood is essential. In addition to carrying fresh oxygen In addition to carrying fresh oxygen

from the lungs and nutrients to your from the lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it also takes the body's tissues, it also takes the body's waste products, including body's waste products, including carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide, away from the , away from the tissues. tissues.

This is necessary to sustain life and This is necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all the body's promote the health of all the body's tissues.tissues.

Three Main Types of Three Main Types of Blood VesselsBlood Vessels Arteries.Arteries. They begin with the They begin with the aortaaorta, the large , the large

artery leaving the heart.artery leaving the heart. Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood

away from the heart to all of the away from the heart to all of the body's tissues. body's tissues.

They branch several times, They branch several times, becoming smaller and smaller as becoming smaller and smaller as they carry blood further from the they carry blood further from the heart and into organs.heart and into organs.

The 2The 2ndnd Type of Blood Type of Blood VesselVessel Capillaries. Capillaries. These are small, thin blood These are small, thin blood

vessels that connect the vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. arteries and the veins.

Their thin walls allow oxygen, Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products to pass other waste products to pass to and from our organ's cells.to and from our organ's cells.

The 3The 3rdrd Type of Blood Type of Blood VesselVessel Veins. Veins. These are blood vessels that take blood These are blood vessels that take blood

back to the heart; this blood has lower back to the heart; this blood has lower oxygen content) and is rich in waste oxygen content) and is rich in waste products that are to be excreted or products that are to be excreted or removed from the body.removed from the body. Veins become Veins become larger and larger as they get closer to the larger and larger as they get closer to the heart. heart.

The superior vena cava is the large vein The superior vena cava is the large vein that brings blood from the head and arms that brings blood from the head and arms to the heart, and the inferior vena cava to the heart, and the inferior vena cava brings blood from the brings blood from the abdomenabdomen and legs into and legs into the heart.the heart.

Did you know?Did you know?

This vast system of blood vessels -- This vast system of blood vessels -- arteries, veins, and capillaries -- is arteries, veins, and capillaries -- is over 60,000 miles long. That's long over 60,000 miles long. That's long enough to go around the world more enough to go around the world more than twice!than twice!

Blood flows continuously through Blood flows continuously through your body's blood vessels. Your heart your body's blood vessels. Your heart is the pump that makes it all is the pump that makes it all possible.possible.

Heart DiseaseHeart Disease

When you think of When you think of heart diseaseheart disease, , usually people think of usually people think of coronary artery diseasecoronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries leading (narrowing of the arteries leading to the heart), but coronary artery to the heart), but coronary artery disease is just one type of disease is just one type of cardiovascular disease.cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease includes a number of Cardiovascular disease includes a number of conditions affecting the structures or function of the conditions affecting the structures or function of the heart. They can include:heart. They can include:

Coronary artery diseaseCoronary artery disease (including (including heart attackheart attack) ) Abnormal heart rhythms or Abnormal heart rhythms or arrythmiasarrythmias Heart failureHeart failure Heart valve diseaseHeart valve disease Congenital heart diseaseCongenital heart disease Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Pericardial disease Pericardial disease Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome Vascular disease (blood vessel disease) Vascular disease (blood vessel disease)

Leading Cause of Leading Cause of Death in the U.S.Death in the U.S. Cardiovascular disease is the leading Cardiovascular disease is the leading

cause of death for both men and cause of death for both men and women in the U.S. women in the U.S.

It is important to learn about your heart It is important to learn about your heart to help prevent heart disease. to help prevent heart disease.

And, if you have cardiovascular disease, And, if you have cardiovascular disease, you can live a healthier, more active life you can live a healthier, more active life by learning about your disease and by learning about your disease and treatments and by becoming an active treatments and by becoming an active participant in your care.participant in your care.

Abnormal Heart Abnormal Heart RhythmsRhythms The heart is an amazing organ. The heart is an amazing organ. It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about

60 to 100 times each minute (that's 60 to 100 times each minute (that's about 100,000 times each day!). about 100,000 times each day!).

But, sometimes your heart gets out of But, sometimes your heart gets out of rhythm. An irregular or abnormal rhythm. An irregular or abnormal heartbeat is called an arrhythmia. An heartbeat is called an arrhythmia. An arrhythmia (also called a dysrhythmia) arrhythmia (also called a dysrhythmia) can involve a change in the rhythm, can involve a change in the rhythm, producing an uneven heartbeat, or a producing an uneven heartbeat, or a change in the rate, causing a very slow change in the rate, causing a very slow or very fast heartbeat.or very fast heartbeat.

Heart FailureHeart Failure

The term "heart failure" can be frightening. The term "heart failure" can be frightening. It does not mean the heart has "failed" or It does not mean the heart has "failed" or

stopped working. stopped working. It means the heart does not pump as well It means the heart does not pump as well

as it should.as it should. This then leads to salt and water retention, This then leads to salt and water retention,

causing swelling and shortness of breath.  causing swelling and shortness of breath.  The swelling and shortness of breath are The swelling and shortness of breath are

the primary symptoms of heart failure.the primary symptoms of heart failure.

Congenital Heart Congenital Heart DiseaseDisease Congenital heart disease is a type of defect Congenital heart disease is a type of defect

in one or more structures of the heart or in one or more structures of the heart or blood vessels that occurs before birth.blood vessels that occurs before birth.

It affects about eight out of every 1,000 It affects about eight out of every 1,000 children. Congenital heart defects may children. Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, and sometimes not until adulthood.and sometimes not until adulthood.

In most cases scientists don't know why they In most cases scientists don't know why they occur. Heredity may play a role as well as occur. Heredity may play a role as well as exposure to the fetus during pregnancy to exposure to the fetus during pregnancy to certain viral infections, alcohol, or drugs.certain viral infections, alcohol, or drugs.

What is Cancer?What is Cancer?

Cancer is the general name for a group Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases in which of more than 100 diseases in which cells in a part of the body begin to cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. grow out of control.

Although there are many kinds of Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because cancer, they all start because abnormal cells grow out of control. abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can cause serious Untreated cancers can cause serious illness and even death. illness and even death.

Normal Cells in the Normal Cells in the BodyBody The body is made up of hundreds of The body is made up of hundreds of

millions of living cells. Normal body cells millions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion.fashion.

During the early years of a person's life, During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. person to grow.

After the person becomes an adult, most After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries.dying cells or to repair injuries.

How Cancer StartsHow Cancer Starts

Cancer starts when cells in a part Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.abnormal cells.

Cancer cell growth is different Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth.from normal cell growth.

Instead of dying, cancer cells Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. abnormal cells.

Cancer cells can also invade (grow Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. normal cells cannot do.

Growing out of control and Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell.makes a cell a cancer cell.

Cells become cancer cells because of Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. damage to DNA.

DNA is in every cell and directs all its DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. actions.

In a normal cell, when DNA gets In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. damage or the cell dies.

In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. like it should.

Instead, this cell goes on making new Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. cells that the body does not need.

These new cells will all have the same These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first cell does. damaged DNA as the first cell does.

People can inherit damaged DNA, People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. by something in our environment.

Sometimes the cause of the DNA Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. like cigarette smoking.

But often no clear cause is found. But often no clear cause is found.

In most cases the cancer cells In most cases the cancer cells form a tumor. form a tumor.

Some cancers, like leukemia, Some cancers, like leukemia, rarely form tumors. rarely form tumors.

Instead, these cancer cells Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they through other tissues where they grow. grow.

How Cancer SpreadsHow Cancer Spreads

Cancer cells often travel to other Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tumors that replace normal tissue.tissue.

This process is called metastasis. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells It happens when the cancer cells

get into the bloodstream or lymph get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body. vessels of our body.

How Cancers Differ How Cancers Differ

No matter where a cancer may spread, No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it is always named for the place where it started.it started.

For example, breast cancer that has For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. cancer, not liver cancer.

Likewise, prostate cancer that has Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is metastatic spread to the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone cancer.prostate cancer, not bone cancer.

Different Types of Different Types of Cancer Behave Cancer Behave DifferentlyDifferently Different types of cancer can behave Different types of cancer can behave

very differently. very differently. For example, lung cancer and breast For example, lung cancer and breast

cancer are very different diseases. cancer are very different diseases. They grow at different rates and They grow at different rates and

respond to different treatments. respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need That is why people with cancer need

treatment that is aimed at their treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer. particular kind of cancer.

How Common is How Common is Cancer?Cancer? Half of all men and one-third of all women in the Half of all men and one-third of all women in the

US will develop cancer during their lifetimes.US will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today, millions of people are living with cancer Today, millions of people are living with cancer

or have had cancer. or have had cancer. The risk of developing most types of cancer can The risk of developing most types of cancer can

be reduced by changes in a person's lifestyle, be reduced by changes in a person's lifestyle, for example, by quitting smoking, limiting time for example, by quitting smoking, limiting time in the sun, being physically active, and eating a in the sun, being physically active, and eating a better diet. better diet.

The sooner a cancer is found and treated, the The sooner a cancer is found and treated, the better the chances are for living for many years.better the chances are for living for many years.

Lesson 3 Bell ActivityLesson 3 Bell Activity

Name 5 non-communicable Name 5 non-communicable diseases.diseases.

Health Goal # 30Health Goal # 30

I will be informed about the I will be informed about the symptoms of hereditary diseases symptoms of hereditary diseases that run in my family.that run in my family.

Cancer VideoCancer Video

What Is Cancer?What Is Cancer?