Nicola Spinosi - Piccola enciclopedia degli errori

8/16/2019 Nicola Spinosi - Piccola enciclopedia degli errori

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Ehcdib Sphedsh

]hccdib lechcidplghb plrsdebil glnih lrrdrh


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;

]rl`lssb.

[hclrcb gh ’lrrdrh‐? he ihkrh, nhdrebih, rhcdrgh, h`prlsshdeh, rbghd, tv, ghscdrsh - lrrdrh

prlsh dvuequl, hi nhbch`letd á hefehtd eli tl`pd l eliid spbzhd, l, ebturbi`letl,

lrrdrh bi qubgrbtd (bi`led, he!btth su ue lrrdrl cbphtb c"l sh scrhvb, d sh plesh, d sh pbrih, cd``lttlegd eudvh lrrdrh, plr lsl`phd g#hetlrprltbzhdel. $# hi sbplrl c"l

prdclgl.

[hclrcb c"l ch "b pdrtbtd kle idetbed gbii#hghdshecrbshb fed b pdc"h beeh !b gb edh

pbthtb bttdred bi cdeclttd stlssd gh ’lrrdrl‐ - qubegd id trdvbvb`d bppihcbtd ede

tbetd bh !btth, qubetd bh shnehfcbth.

$# ueb prh`b sugghvhshdel, qulstb, `b ebturbi`letl ede gh`lethc"hb`d c"l h eugh

!btth sded ueb fezhdel. %e#bitrb á quliib trb lrrdrh heghvhgubih lg lrrdrh gh nruppd, l

cdiiltthvh. %e#bitrb, trb lrrdrh helrleth bi sbplrl (bii#hnedrbezb, lrrdrh helrleth bi

slethrl, lrrdrh helrleth bi crlglrl. %e#bitrb (`b s#hetlrslcbed, trb lrrdrh pshcdnleh (h

ibpsus plr lsl`phd, lg lrrdrh cd`l `lccbehs`h `letbih (scdrchbtdhl, prlnhughzh,

stlrldthph lccltlrb. &b s#hetlrslcbed.

'ih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh sded !dr`l lrrdell gh pleshlrd l cd`pdrtb`letd

cdeghvhsl eliib cuiturb gh bppbrtlelezb, b rhprdvb c"l i#lrrdrl slrvl b slethrsh unubih

l ede ghvlrsh, he glfehthvb he pbcl, gbi `d`letd c"l lssd !uezhdeb, lsbttb`letl

cd`l ueb `deltb c"l he ue ]blsl shb usbtb plr dneh thpd gh trbesbzhdel

cd``lrchbil lg lcded`hcb, ededstbetl c"l bii#lstlrd ede vbinb l `bnbrh ede shbbcclttbtb? bkkhb`d !bttd i#lsplrhlezb gliib scbrshssh`b cdeshglrbzhdel c"l il edstrl

ihrl bvlvbed !udrh g#tbihb, lppurl lrbed i#bpphnihd qudthghbed gliil edstrl lshnlezl

gh crlghtdrh-glkhtdrh, vleghtdrh-cdesu`btdrh. )ds* nih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh.

'ih stlrldthph sded ’tldrhl‐ cdeglesbtl l sl`pihch b edstrb ghspdshzhdel he qubetd

shb`d crlschuth bii#hetlred gh ueb clrtb cuiturb. 'ih stlrldthph "beed edh b

ghspdshzhdel plr lsprh`lrsh, cd`l+ rb`htl h prlnhughzh, c"l guequl sded ib !dr`b

vhshkhil glnih stlrldthph.

'ih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh c"l el scbturhscded (qubegd sh prlsletb hi cbsd ede

sded hetrheslcb`letl skbnihbth, ede á qulstb ib cbrbttlrhsthcb lsslezhbil,

ededstbetl il stuphgbnnheh c"l sh ghcded he nhrd he ed`l gliib ’cdrrlttlzzb pdihthcb‐,

il qubih uith`l sded stlrldthph b prdpdshtd glnih stlrldthph. b idrd lrrdelht cdeshstl

eliib nrdssdibeht, eliib lcclsshvb sl`pihfcbzhdel cuh gbeed iudnd? cdeshstl eliib

`led`bzhdel gli edstrd pleshlrd.


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3

)d`l sl el lscl+ ]rleglegd cdschlezb c"l edh bppbrtlehb`d bnih stlrldthph gliib

edstrb cuiturb, plr pbssbrl gbiib cdeghzhdel pbsshvb b quliib btthvb. /l nih stlrldthph

"beed `l, rlstd he lrrdrl, sl bpprlegd gh bvlrl, hd, stlrldthph, pdssd libkdrbrih.

=dehfcbegd ib `hb `letl. %e pd# trdppd heghvhgubihsthcd, ede á vlrd+

eshl`l bnih bitrh, cdiiltthvb`letl, sl el lscl, plr `lzzd gliib schlezb, eli cdetlstdgliib nhusthzhb l gliib ghstrhkuzhdel lqub gliil rhsdrsl, gliil dppdrtueht. 2bchil, ed+

krbeh gliib `hscliibelb (pdtlezhbi`letl hetlr`hebkhil bppbrtlended he

`bnnhdrbezb bg butdrh edth d clilkrh, he `hedrbezb sded edstrh. /tbeed tutth heshl`l

l bec"l !beed b puneh, trdvbrl ue drghel sbrlkkl ueb !drzbturb. ;h bicueh ede

bkkhb`d heghcbtd ib pbnheb, `b, sl pdsshkhil, hi cbphtdid (eu`lrd d thtdid. )h3

ghplegl gbi !bttd c"l el cdedschb`d d, `bnbrh b tdrtd, el he!lrhb`d lghzhdeh ghvlrsl

gb quliib he edstrd pdsslssd l sbplrl.

%ith`d? ushb`d qubegd á hi cbsd ib prh`b plrsdeb piurbil, l ede ib prh`b shendibrl7

ch3 bpplsbethscl hi tlstd, `b vudi shnehfcbrl c"l ch slethb`d pbrtl gh ueb cd`ueht.


4/195

7

\eb gliil pbrth phø fb`dsl gliib idsdb gh Kbcdel, á i‘leu`lrbhdel gh !uliih c"‘lnih

c"hb`b #hgdih$, cde cuh sded heghcbtl il cbtth%l b&htugheh `letbih c"l fbeed cbglrl he

lrrdrl ib nletl'(''') *gdib trh&us sded !uliih helrleth bii‘u`beb ebturb+chtb he

pbrthcdibrl i‘b&htughel gh clrcbrl elh fled`leh ebturbih ue drghel `bnnhdrl gh !uliid

c"l pdh he rlbit %h sh trd%b'*gdib splcus sded h prlnhughh plrsdebih, cbrbttlrhsthch glishendid he%lsthnbtdrl'*gdib fdrh sded !uliih rhnubrgbeth ib thrbeehb gliil pbrdil l ib

gh-cdit gh sfunnhrl bi idrd he.ussd'*gdib t"lbtrh sded !uliih ilnbth bh shstl`h gh

pleshlrd trbs`lsshch gbiil lpdc"l prlclgleth (''')'/h sded heel nih *gdib sc"dibl,

c"l cdeshstded eli plesbrl c"l, elii‘he%lsthnbhdel, !ubic"l chlcb rlndib (cd`l hi

shiidnhs`d) pdssb prleglrl hi pdstd gli nhughhd plrsdebil'

(K'=usslii, 27+ Stdrhb gliib idsdb dcchgletbil, cbp'**)'


5/195

b frlnbtb Kliil ue trbttd, ib %lglttb slnebi1 ue‘h`&brcbhdel biib glrh%b'

‘l!uhpbnnhd bppuet1 nih snubrgh eliib ghrlhdel heghcbtb l tutth, u-chbih l `brhebh,

scdrslrd elttb`letl ueb bttlrb cbrhcb g‘ud`heh rh`drc"hbtb gb h`&brcbhdeh su cuhs%letdib%bed slnebih he%dcbeth sdccdrsd' ‘b``hrbnihd 8lsfdss?s flcl br`brl su&htd

ueb schbiuppb plr bccdrrlrl he bhutd glh ebufrbn"h' >%%hchebegdsh, `brhebh l u-chbih

%hglrd #ueb `bssb g‘ud`heh c"l sh bnhtb%bed l tlegl%bed il `beh, `letrl sh ugh%b hi

ru`drl sdrgd l cdefusd gh `ditl %dch$' >rrh%bth bccbetd biib suppdstb bttlrb, h

sdccdrrhtdrh trd%brded sditbetd !ubic"l frdegdsd rb`d g‘bi&lrd strbppbtd biib cdstb

%hcheb'

(:' l Kde,29+ ]shcdidnhb gliil fdiil, trbg'ht, cbp'**, 0 ;)'


6/195

5

Eli &li `ld gh ueb tl`plstb gh el%l, ueb slrb g‘he%lred, ue cb%bihlrl nhuesl b

ueb idcbegb, bssbh cdetletd plr b%lr rbnnhuetd ue shcurd rhfunhd gdpd

ue‘hetlr`heb&hil cb%bicbtb he ueb phbeurb c"l ib el%l b%l%b trbsfdr`btd he ue uehcd

`betd el%dsd, cbecliibegd !ubishbsh heghcbhdel l tutth h slethlrh' *i idcbeghlrl,

trd%btdsh gh frdetl biid strbehlrd, cde ued snubrgd plrpilssd l `lrb%hnihbtd, nihc"hlsl gb gd%l %lehssl' *i cb%bihlrl cde ue nlstd heghc1 ib ghrlhdel dppdstb biib

idcbegb l hi idcbeghlrl, biih&htd, b4lr`1M #Bb id sbpltl c"l b%ltl bttrb%lrsbtd b

cb%biid hi ibnd gh /dstbeb$

(cht' he >'Cb`plrheh, ;GG2, ]shcdidnhb glii‘helrhb l gliib sdihgbrhlt+ pbn'237)'


7/195

L

8urbetl ue plrhdgd gh `bed%rl he%lrebih suiil >iph s%hlrl ue pidtdel uen"lrlsl

%hlel `begbtd he plriustrbhdel' l cdeghhdeh bt`dsflrhc"l plnnhdrbed

&ruscb`letlM el%l, nlid, l heel ueb ttb el&&hb' *i pidtdel ede fb rhtdred hi nhdred

gdpd l elppurl hi nhdred slnuletlM *i tlrd nhdred, !ubegd hi cd`begbetl tl`l gh

b%lrid plrsd, hi pidtdel tdreb bi nrbe cd`piltd' :ih ud`heh rbccdetbed c"l sh sdeds`brrhth eliib el&&hb, "beed trd%btd rhfunhd plr gul nhdreh he ueb nrdttb, lg hi tlrd

nhdred sh sded `lssh biib rhclrcb gli cb`pd &bsl drhletbegdsh cde ueb `bppb c"l

ued gh idrd b%l%b cde s?'*i cd`begbetl c"hlgl gh %lglrib l scdprl c"l á ueb `bppb

ede gliil >iph `b glh ]hrlelh'

(cht' he :'Bbetd%beh,29, ‘lilfbetl he%hsh&hil+ pbn'22L)'


8/195

9

*e %leghtb su ue &becd gh cdsl %lcc"hl trd%b``d ueb phplttb b`lrhcbeb gh

nrbeturcd (cdre)' *i `lrcbetl, %lglegdch hetlrlssbth, el %betb%b ib !ubihtM á gh

cdred, b4lr`1' Ede flcl ueb phlnb !ubegd btthrb``d ib sub bttlehdel sui sud !uh

prd !ud'


9/195

\e nhdred hi %lcc"hd ]dd sh lrb tbnihbtd puilegd ueb spbgb, l %udh c"l i‘br`b fdssl

brrunnhehtb, %udh c"l sh fdssl ilsb ueb pbrtl slesh&hil gliil `beh d gliil ghtb, ib

flrhtb nih gb%b fdrth gdidrh' >iidrb hi cbr`lihtbed b%l%b prlsd ib ib`b, i‘b%l%b

cdspbrsb gh ueb pdi%lrl c"l tlel%b he ueb scbtdilttb, l su&htd hi ]dd b%l%b nhurbtd

gh b%%lrthrl sdiihl%d' Fbttd stb c"l hi nhdred gdpd ib phbnb sh stb%b nh chcbtrhbegd'(\'Ncd,27, ‘hsdib gli nhdred gdpd+ pbn';3)'


10/195

2G

#b edttl scdrsb ede sded rhuschtd b c"huglr dcc"hd b fdrb gh rhclrcbrl hi `dth%d plr

cuh g‘lstbtl fb cbigd' >iib el `h á %leutb ib rhspdstb'$ #N !ubi á$ c"hlslrd he cdrd

nih >ehbeh' #N‘ c"l gbi prhechphd biib el glii‘he%lred sh bcclegded il stufl, l !ulstd

cbidrl rh`bel b /"li` l rlegl cbigb i‘lstbtl'$ Autth nih >ehbeh c"hebrded ib tlstb he

slned gh bsslesd `led lHhs" Kbidrgd, c"l gd`beg1M #Bb biidrb plrc"? g‘he%lred fbfrlggd$ #*i plrc"? á c"hbrd,$ rhspdsl :rdebe'$8‘lstbtl ede sh bcclegded il stufl, l

plrch1 ede b%beb elbec"l ue pd‘ gh cbigd plr i‘he%lred'$

(*'K'Shenlr, 259, Oubegd S"il`hli beg1 b brsb%hb, trbg'ht'+ pbn' 5)'


11/195

22

b iltturb gh chbscueb edttl lrb fruttd gli cbsd l gh bicuel chrcdstbel rlstrhtth%lM ib

!ubetht glh ih&rh, ib idrd ebturb, i‘drghel he cuh lrbed cdiidcbth':hd%beeh ede fbcl%b

ghsthehdel frb ih&rh nh iltth l ih&rh becdrb gb ilnnlrl' ]hø %ditl nih cbphtb%b gh pdrtbr

%hb hi `lglsh`d %diu`l l gh rhilnnlrid ghihnletl`letlM b%l%b fbttd ib scdplrtb c"l

ede sh ilnnl `bh gul %ditl id stlssd ih&rd' /de il dplrl phø %diu`hedsl nih succlgl%bsplssd gh ilnnlrl prh`b ib tlrb pbrtl, `bnbrh !ubic"l bitrb pbrtl gdpd bicueh `lsh,

l i‘hehhd `bhM %udh plrc"? he l4ltth `becb%b, %udh plrc"? ede c‘hechb`pb%b `bh' (''')

Oubegd phø tbrgh sh flcl `debcd, hi edstrd butdrl gl%l purl b%lr rhcl%utd !uliib c"l

edh c"hb`lrl``d ue‘lgucbhdel rlndibrl+ ededstbetl hi cbrbttlrl fdrtl`letl

bssl%lrbth%d, plr ede ghrl gdn`bthcd, gh !ulst‘uith`b (d fdrsl prdprhd b cbusb gh

lssd), h ghfltth bc!uhshth eliib sub nhd%helb sh sbrl&&lrd gh`dstrbth hrrl%lrsh&hih' (''')

:hd%beeh eJ cde i‘b4lr`brl c"l h pleshlrh scdeelssh gliil %brhl plrsdel bitrd ede

sded c"l ib `lghtbhdel hehetlrrdttb gh 8hd stlssd' Elnih lsslrh u`beh !ulsth

frb``leth sh prlsletbed eliib sl!uleb s&bnihbtb, `b i‘uehcd `dgd plr cdedsclrl

8hd (b" , c"l tldrhb `dstrudsb, c"l tldrhb b&d`hel%dilI), sJ, prdprhd i‘uehcd `dgd, á

gh rh`lttlrih he drghel ued gdpd i‘bitrd, sfdrbegdsh gh bccdstbrl il hgll frb gh idrd

cd`piltb`letl biib chlcb l sleb heghh, pdhc"? ede á pdssh&hil pleltrbrl h rlclssh gh

ueb `letl c"l ede th sh rh%lib he bicue `dgd (''')' (''') h pleshlrh gh tutth nih ud`heh (h

`hlh, !uliih gh bet‘>ndsthed, gh Nhestlhe, gli ibttbhd) sh l!uh%brrl&&lrd

!ubihtbth%b`letl l !ubethtbth%b`letl, tutth lsslegd pbrthcliil gliib rh.lsshdel

gh%heb ghssl`hebth he `dgd cbdthcd bttrb%lrsd hi `degd, sle‘bitrb rlndib c"l

i‘hesdegb&hil %didet gh%heb, c"l he lssh á rbcc"husb'(*']'/duihbed, @'S'hlslr, 2G, b sl!uleb slnrltb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn';9


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2;

Sh rbccdetb%b (''') gh ue b%%leturhlrd htbihbed, bi slnuhtd gliil truppl gh dccupbhdel,

c"l sh lrb fbttd bssu`lrl cd`l hetlrprltl gh brb&d, sleb cdedsclrl b4bttd !uliib

ihenub' 8ue!ul, sh cbtturb%b ue prlsuetd rh&liil c"l %leh%b sdttdpdstd b

hetlrrdnbtdrhd+ i‘u-chbil htbihbed pdel%b ib gd`begb he htbihbed, hi fbisd hetlrprltl

prdeuechb%b bicuel frbsh he ue sud brb&d he%letbtd, i‘hetlrrdnbtd ede cbph%b lrhspdegl%b c"hss cdsb ('''), i‘hetlrprltl trbgucl%b he htbihbed b sud phbch`letd, c"l

sd, c"l !uliid sh rhutb%b gh rhspdeglrl, d c"l cdeflssb%b tuttd, l gh sdihtd hi rh&liil

%leh%b h`phccbtd'

(\'Ncd,;GG3, 8hrl !ubsh ib stlssb cdsb+ pbn';;)'


13/195

23

Oubic"l beed fb, h nhdrebih rhflrhrded i‘lphsdghd gh gul &b`&hel beelnbtl l rhplscbtl

eliib Sleeb' l &b`&hel furded su&htd rhcdedschutl cde ib `bssh`b shcurlb gb ueb

gdheb gh tlsth`deh' 8b%beth bg b4lr`bhdeh tbetd cdecdrgh, hi nhughcl hstruttdrl

ede l&&l gu&&h, butdrh1 hi rhibschd glii‘bttd gh `drtl' Bb `letrl sh stb%b plr

prdclglrl bii‘heu`bhdel, hi cbsd plr`hsl gh scdprhrl c"l il suppdstl %htth`l lrbed%h%l, %lnltl, l sdid %bnb`letl sd`hnihbeth biil phccdil beelnbtl'

(:'l Kde, cht' + cbp'**, 0;)'


14/195

27

Slned gliib rhtdrebtb ih&lrt he *tbihb (bndstd 273) á ib rhbppbrhhdel elh nhdrebih

gliib edthhb fbisb (''')'Ede c"l sdttd hi pbssbtd rlnh`l h nhdrebih pu&&ihcbsslrd

sditbetd edthhl %lrl M il edthhl beh lrbed tuttl he!uhebtl gh fbisht, `b tuttl

heghsthetb`letl, bec"l il phø fbisl, lrbed spbcchbtl plr %lrl l ghr1 `lnihd h`pdstl

cd`l tbih'*i ghflttd `bnnhdrl l ib prdfdegb h``drbiht glh rlnh`h bssdiuthsth cd`l ghdneh cdeghhdel bssdiuthstb, á hi prhechphd gliib D%lrht uehcb‘, `letrl sh sb c"l ib

%lrht u`beb, ib %lrht edstrb, ib %lrht D%lrb‘ á fbttb gh %lrd l gh fbisd M phø gh fbisd

c"l gh %lrd'

(>'Sb%hehd, 23;


15/195

2

\e pbgrl "b ghspdstd c"l ib sub lrlght %bgb plr `lt bi nihd `bnnhdrl, plr ue

tlrd bi slcdegd l plr ue eded bi nihd `hedrl' ‘lrlght cdeshstl he ghchbsslttl

cb``liih, l plr !ubetd h nih, gdpd ib sub `drtl, %dithed l rh%dithed hi prd&il`b gb

tuttl il pbrth, ede trd%bed bicueb sdiuhdel sl ede !uliib gh s`l`&rbrl bicueh

beh`bih' > ue clrtd puetd, ede sh sb gb gd%l, brrh%b ue `uiib", ue prlghcbtdrlhthelrbetl,lg lssh nih c"hlgded ue cdeshnihd' Oulsth ghclM$Nccd !uh %h gd hi `hd

cb``liid he bnnhuetb bh %dstrh+ cdsJ sded ghchdttd' Au, hi `bnnhdrl, el rhcl%h ib `lt,

!uhegh ed%l' Au, hi slcdegd, el rhcl%h ue tlrd, l chdá slh' > tl, hi `hedrl, splttb ue

eded, !uhegh gul cb``liih' Fbeed he tdtbil ghchbsslttl cb``liih l el rh`bel ued,

chdá hi `hd'$

(]'btibRhcH, 299, b rlbit he%letbtb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn'222


16/195

25

\e cbcchbtdrl b%l%b ucchsd ueb `bnehcb nbliib, ib pdrt1 gbi fdrebhd plr fbrnihlib

brrdsthrl, hi prdfu`d brrh%1 biil ebrhch gli cbgJ, l hi cbgJ pbss1 gbi fdrebhd' /dsb

brrdsthsch nih gd`beg1, l hi fdrebhd rhspdsl'

8b``h i‘brrdstd ghssl hi cbgJ'

N !ubegd hi cbcchbtdrl %hlel b rhthrbrid gd`beg1 hi fdrebhd he beshb' 8hnih rhspdslhi cbgJ c"l ib nbliib á rlsuschtbtb'

Bb sl hi cbcchbtdrl ede `h crlgl !ulstb ib prldccupbhdel gli fdrebhd' /"l th

cdegucb gb `l, sl ede ch crlgl rlpihc1 hi cbgJ'

]dcd gdpd rhtdre1 hi cbcchbtdrl l %diil hi sud brrdstd gh nbliib'

Ede c‘á phø ghssl hi fdrebhd, b%l%d bppleb cd`hechbtd b `lttlrib he fdred, c"l ib

nbliib á rlsuschtbtb' *efurhbtd hi cbcchbtdrl prlsl plr ib cdiidttdib hi fdrebhd' Bl id

gl%h gh`dstrbrl gb%beth bi cbgJ nrhg1, l id trbsche1 he strbgb'

*e strbgb c‘lrb ib `dnihl gh ue %hched gli fdrebhd, hechetb c"l b%l%b ue pbechdel e

sdttd hi ebsd' A‘"beed &lccbtd ebi`letl ndendi1 `bihneb &ruttd ibgrd gh fbrhebI

>iidrb hi fdrebhd, flrhtd elii‘dedrl, il thr1 ue cbichd eli %letrl, ib gdeeb cbggl l

b&drtJ' >iibr`btd gbiil nrhgb gliib `dnihl, hi `brhtd sh prlchpht1 fudrh gh cbsb, %hgl l

uri1M gl%h pbnbrl !uli c"l "bh fbttd, &rutdI hleh gbi cbgJI

N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl'

Bletrl heshl`l trbscheb%bed %hb hi fdrebhd, hecdetrbrded ue nhugld, c"l scudtlegd ib

tlstb &dr&dtt1M `b cds‘"beed sl`prl gb ihthnbrl h ndh Au c"hugh ib &dccbI nih nrhg1

hi fdrebhd, id cdipJ l nih cb%1 ue dcc"hd' >"hI< uri1 hi nhugld hdilebI 8d%‘á hi cbgJ

N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl, l hi nhugld sh ueJ b idrdib`letbegdsh'

> !ulstd puetd hi fdrebhd, h`pburhtd, sh ih&lr1 l cdrsl %lrsd ib `dsc"lbM

ebturbi`letl hi cbcchbtdrl, hi %hched gli fdrebhd l hi nhugld, %lglegdid cdrrlrl, id

heslnuhrded' Strb%ditd, hi fdrebhd sbiJ ghibtd il scbil gli `hebrltd, brrh%1 %lrsd ib

ch`b l sbit1 eli %udtd, chdá suiib eucb gh ued c"l stb%b he prln"hlrb, rd`plegdnih

i‘dssd gli cdiid' *i frbtliid gh !uliid c"l prlnb%b cdrsl bggdssd bi fdrebhd l id &idcc1'

>ssbsshedI uri1 drb tu %hleh cde `l gbi cbgJI


*i fdrebhd sh gh`leb%b furhdsb`letl eli tletbth%d gh ih&lrbrsh, l eli trb`&ustd sh

trd%1 gb%beth ued c"l %leh%b b gdrsd g‘bshed' *e prlgb biib ghsplrbhdel hi fdrebhd

s‘bttbcc1 biib cdgb glii‘bshed l ib strbpp1 %hb' /brelcl g‘beh`bihI uri1 hi pbgrdel

glii‘bshed, l ib fdiib c"l s‘lrb rbccditb runnJM trbschebtlid gb%beth bi cbgJI


Autth heshl`l trbschebrded hi fdrebhd gb%beth bi cbgJ' Fbtl ib cdrtlshb, ued biib %ditb

ghssl i‘bitd `bnhstrbtd plr pibcbrl il pbrth ilsl, c"l lrbed lcchtbthssh`l' N

rh%dinlegdsh bi cbcchbtdrl gd`beg1M !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd


17/195

2L

gd%l%b l hi cbgJ nih gd`beg1M tu ede crlgh c"l ueb nbliib pdssb rlsuschtbrl >iidrb

ede crlgh he 8hd deehpdtletl, l hd th cdegbeed b ue beed gh prhnhdel plr btlhs`d'

]dh sh rh%disl bi %hched gli fdrebhd b cuh ib `dnihl lrb stbtb fbttb b&drthrl cde ue

cbichdM !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd gd%l%b l hi cbgJ sletleh1M

dr&lel, ueb rhpbrbhdel th á gd%utb, gue!ul tu cdeclglrbh tub `dnihl b !ulstdfdrebhd plr tbetd tl`pd !ubetd el slr%hr plrc"? gh eud%d ilh rlsth hechetb'

]dh sh rh%disl bi nhugld' Oubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd gd%l%b l hi cbgJ

pbri1 cd`l slnulM bec"l b tl splttb ueb rhpbrbhdel' Arb %dh nhuglh sh ghcl [dcc"hd

plr dcc"hd, gletl plr gletl#, cb%b gue!ul ue dcc"hd bi fdrebhd, `b sdnnhuesl

slcdegd ib ilnnl ue dcc"hd gh brb&d %bil gul dcc"h gh nhugld, !uhegh hi fdrebhd gl%l

cb%brth prh`b letrb`&h nih dcc"h'

]dh sh rh%disl bi frbtliid glii‘ucchsdM !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd

gd%l%b l hi cbgJM á nhustd c"l tu dttlenb ue‘lsphbhdel plr ib `drtl gh tud frbtliid

ghssl < sbih gue!ul sui `hebrltd l &uttbth b tub %ditb suiib eucb gli fdrebhd'

‘ud`d glii‘bshed cuh lrb stbtb strbppbtb %hb ib cdgb sbit1 suii‘bshed l nbidpp1 %hb

nrhgbegd b s!ubrchbndibM á ueb &lsthb ebtb sleb cdgb, crlgltl`hI :husthhb á fbttb,

%h%b hi cbgJI

(:rlndr de =ldrh,2;, de glr :lrlc"tthnHlht gls bghs Wb nhusthhb gli cbgJ,

lg' 292+ trbg' E'S')'

bil rhcdrgbrsh c"l Sc"Rbe, cdgb, shnehcb bec"l plel'


18/195

29

N‘ cd`l sl sh nuhgbssl sl`prl eliib edttl elrb cde ueb ttb el&&hb, d cd`l sl sh

cb%bicbssl ueb thnrl furhdsb' b rhcd`plesb á `drhrl prh`b c"l %h &utth nhø'

(*']'/duihbed, s'g', b cdiilhdel gh s`lrbigh, trbg'ht'+ pbn'22)'


19/195

2

* ih&rh gh stdrhb gl%ded lsslrl cdeshglrbth dplrl gh purb h``bnhebhdel' Sded

rbccdeth fbetbsthch gh l%leth `bil dsslr%bth, bccd`pbnebth gb sphlnbhdeh he%letbtl b

cdsl fbttl'

(:'l Kde, cht' + cbp'**, 0;)'


20/195


21/195

;2

‘he%hghdsd, rh`bstd he nhbrghed, clrc1 ec"? rhuscJ b trd%brl ue `ld fdnihlttd'

=hsuitb%b strbcchbtd he `dgd gb cdetlelrl lsbttb`letl !ubttrd `lh %lrsh, c"l

pbrl%bed `ltrhcb`letl ehth eliib idrd &rl%ht+ l plr cbsd becdr phø strbed b%l%bed

ue shnehcbtd gh tlrrh&hih hesuith bi rl' Sh ilnnl%bed cdsJM

Elh `hsfbtth phø &rutth

rlsd hi trded phø sbigd

trb ib pbcl gh tutth

á i‘uehcd rh&bigd

‘he%hghdsd sh sletJ flihcl plr ib prh`b %ditb eliib %htb' Alel%b trb il `beh ch1 c"l

&bstb%b biib rd%heb g‘ueb plrsdeb b4b&hil l plr &lel WCbghn' ]hled gh nhdhb

cruglil `beg1 su&htd bi rl !uliib sbthrb scrhttb gh puned gh Cbghn' uh, h gul b`hch

sudh, l ib shnedrb furded hecbrclrbth' (''')Cbghn ede b%l%b ib prltlsb g‘lsslrl ue

&rb%d pdltb+ `b ede pdtl%b cbpbchtbrsh gliib cdegbeeb cd`l rld gh ilsb `blst

(''')' Ede nih fu cdeclssd gh pbribrl+ pbrib%b plr iuh hi fdnihlttd gli sud tbccuhed'

(''')]rdprhd `letrl lnih sh prlpbrb%b biib `drtl hi pbppbnbiid gli rl %di1 %hb gbi

&bicdel, l cbpht1 eli nhbrghed gh Cbghn, sdprb ue rdsltd' \eb plscb lrb cbgutb iJ gb

ue bi&lrd scrdiibtd gbi %letd, lrb ehtb su ue fdnihlttd gh tbccuhed, !ubsh

hecdiibegdid' ‘uccliid prlsl plscb l fdnihlttd l ih pdrt1 suiil nhedcc"hb gli `debrcb'

*i prhechpl, hecurhdshtd, %h ilssl gliil pbrdil c"l pbrl%bed sleb slesd, `b cde il

rh`l' (''') b rlnheb, rhcdrgbegdsh gh !ubetd lrb stbtd scrhttd su !uli fdnihlttd ghCbghn, sh flcl gbrl !ulst‘bitrd fdnihlttd' * gul plh gh cbrtb, bccdstbth,

cd`&bchb%bed plrflttb`letl' Sh ilsslrd plrch1 h %lrsh bi `dgd he cuh Cbghn ih b%l%b

cd`pdsthM

Elh `hsfbtth phø &rutth %hgh fdscb ib tlrrb,

rlsd hi trded phø sbigd l hi rl gd`hebtdrl+

trb ib pbcl gh tutth sdid >`drl fb nulrrbM

á i‘uehcd rh&bigd c"l ch brrlc"h th`drl'

*i rl ghlgl drghel gh pdrtbrl su&htd gb%beth b s? Cbghn, l gh ih&lrbrl gbi cbrclrl h gul

b`hch l ib &liib shnedrb'

(ditbhrl, 2L79, Cbghn, trbg'ht'+ ‘he%hghdsd)'


22/195

;;


23/195

;3

* `ditlpihch bpprdcch bi prd&il`b glh %hbnnh l gliil %hshdeh uitrbtlrrlel "beed (''') ue

gled`hebtdrl cd`uelM tutth cdecdrgbed, l prd&b&hi`letl su !uliid sditbetd, c"l nih

ueh%lrsh lspidrbth sded ueh%lrsh `letbih' *e bitrlh tlr`heh ib idrd rlbit á eliib `letl

gh c"h ih lspidrb' Sfdrtuebtb`letl, elssued glnih bpprdcch pshcdidnhch sl`&rb he

nrbgd gh hiiu`hebrch su ch1 c"l gb%%lrd á ib `letl l sdprbttuttd cdsb l gd%l á idspbhd `letbil' (''') ib idcbihbhdel l il cbrbttlrhsthc"l gliid spbhd `letbil sded

prd&b&hi`letl nih lehn`h phø h`plnebth%h c"l nih lsslrh u`beh b&&hbed b4rdetbtd e

gbh tl`ph phø rl`dth+ gdpd c"l h gul slcdih &uh gli pdshth%hs`d "beed clrcbtd gh

ih!uhgbrih cd`l prd&il`h tthh, lssh sded tdrebth, phø urnbeth c"l `bh, bii‘bi&b gliib

ch&lrelthcb l glh cd`putlr'

]lr phø gh ueb rbnhdel (''') shb`d ilnhtth`bth b crlglrl c"l hi edstrd spbhd `letbil

b&&hb prdprhlt stuplfbcleth, ib phø sdrprlegletl gliil !ubih á c"l lssd ede á

ih`htbtd b trl gh`leshdeh, cd`l i‘ueh%lrsd shcd c"l ch chrcdegb'

(*']'/duihbed, 22, * %hbnnh glii‘beh`b, trbg'ht'+ pbn')'


24/195

;7

]lr drhletbrsh eliib prl%hshdel gli tl`pd, stughbrded il eu%dil slcdegd ib

cibsshcbhdel c"l el fb uHl @dRbrg' Scrutb%bed !uliil c"l s‘biiuenbed b `d‘ gh

crhehlrl, !uliil c"l pbhded hsdil, !uliil c"l sh scb`&hlrl&&lrd plr `detbnel gh

el%l+ clrcbegd gh ghsthenulrl h eh`&h gbh chrrh, nih strbth gbh cu`uih+ `b ede el

b%l%bed becdrb trd%btd hi ed`l, c"l ib eu%dib `utb%b fdr`b' (:'Fibu&lrt, 2992,Kdu%brg l ]?cduc"lt, trbg'ht'+ cbp'**)'


25/195

;

>`&hnuht, rhgdegbel l glchlel rhcdrgbed !uliil c"l hi gdttdr Frbe u"e

bttrh&uhscl b ue‘lechcidplghb chelsl c"l s‘hethtdib N`pdrhd /lilstl gh /dedsch`leth

Klel%dih' Eliil sul rl`dtl pbnhel á scrhttd c"l nih beh`bih sh gh%hgded he (b)

bppbrtleleth bii‘*`plrbtdrl, (&) h`&bisb`bth, (c) b``blstrbth, (g) ibttdedih, (l)

shrlel, (f) fb%didsh, (n) cbeh rbegbnh' (") cd`prlsh he !ulstb cibsshcbhdel, (h) c"lsh bnhtbed cd`l pbh, (Q) heeu`lrl%dih, (H) ghslnebth cde ue pleeliid ehssh`d gh

plid gh cb``liid, (i) lccltlrb,(`) c"l "beed rdttd hi %bsd, (e) c"l gb idetbed

sl`&rbed `dsc"l'

(X''Kdrnls,2;, >itrl he!uhshhdeh, trbg'ht'+ ‘hghd`b bebihthcd gh Xd"e hiHhes)'


26/195

;5

Sbbifligle gd%l%b lsslrl ib `ltb, ueb idcbiht ede idetbeb gh bitb ̀ detbneb eliib

rlnhdel gh Sbihs&urnd' b slrb prh`b gliib pbrtleb, sh prlslet1 b cbsb edstrb ib

gdttdrlssb ]dpp cde ue cdplrc"hd gh cbrtdel phuttdstd nrbegl b cuh lrb beedgbtb

ueb cdrghcliib c"l hd `h sbrlh gd%utd ilnbrl bi cdiid (''')' Su !uli cdplrc"hd gh

cbrtdel lrb scrhttd hi `hd ed`l l ib `hb glsthebhdel' hbnnlrbh sditbetd gul drlbttrb%lrsd ue pblsbnnhd %brhd l phbcl%dil, ghssl `hd edeed' lgrbh, sbr ue

gh%lrth`letd' l cdsl ede begbrded b4bttd cdsJ' *i trled ede sh `dssl he ghrlhdel gh

Sbihs&urnd e? %lrsd Sbbifligle, &lesJ he ghrlhdel gh Bdebcd gh Kb%hlrb l %lrsd

Sbbiflig he Aurhenhb'

(A'Klre"brg, 29;, \e &b`&hed, trbg'ht'+ pbn'229)'

>ec"l sditbetd he ihelb g‘brhb, il gul idcbiht ghstbed chrcb 3L ` i‘ueb gbii‘bitrb' N‘

ue‘b%%leturb gb rbccdetbrl, he dneh `dgd'


27/195

;L

b `urbnihb chelsl á tlr`hebtb gbiib pbrtl gh slttletrhdel' 8b sug


28/195

;9

Eli cdrsd gh ueb gliil edstrl rhclrc"l sunih bttlnnhb`leth ebhdebih glh &b`&heh,

cdegdttb he ueb scudib lil`letbrl he ue sd&&drnd gh hleeb, hetlr%hstb``d ue

&b`&hed gh chrcb ueghch beeh c"l b4lr`1, cd`l `dith bitrh, c"l h =ussh nih lrbed

bethpbthch' :ih sh c"hlsl biidrb plrc"? rhtlel%b c"l h russh fdsslrd bethpbthch' b

rhspdstb fuM$plrc"? b%l%bed he%bsd hi edstrd pblsl, l @htilr lrb hi idrd cbpd$'(@'AbQfli, 292, :rupph u`beh l cbtlndrhl sdchbih, trbg'ht'+ pbn';;9)'


29/195

;

l bccusl gh strlndelrhb cdeslethrded, bh `l`&rh gliil cd`ueht glii‘hehhd glii‘Nt

`dglreb he Nurdpb, gh rhsdi%lrl h idrd cde.htth gh %hchebtd l gh gbrl ueb sphlnbhdel

biil idrd ghsb%%leturl !udthghbel'

(K']'l%bcH, 29L, b cbcchb biil strln"l he Nurdpb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'23)'


30/195

3G

b sphb%b, clrcb%b gh sdrprleglrib' 8urbetl hi nhdred, nih btth gh sub `dnihl nih

gh`dstrb%bed c"l !uliib lrb ueb rbnbb ed&hil l ilbil+ gh edttl, h sdneh nih

rh%lib%bed ue_ >egrlb bssbh gh%lrsb+ !ubic"l %ditb, s%lnihbegdsh, l nubrgbegdib cde

sdrprlsb, `dr`drb%bM gdr`l cd`l ueb hpdcrhtb'

(>'KhdZ /bsbrls, 2L;, *i ibtd glii‘d`&rb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'27)'

/"l hi sdeed u`bed shb pbrbndebtd b !uliid gh beh`bih (n"hrd), d he!ubgrbtd eli

rlned `helrbil (sbssd), á edtd' ‘butdrl d4rl ueb %brhbetl `drbil'


31/195

32

Oubegd plesb b lh ib sub %hrhiht el á tbi`letl lcchtbtb gb prdcurbrnih ue glshglrhd

hetleshssh`d, lppurl, !ubegd l á %hched, tuttb !ulstb pdtleb sh bYdschb' Oulstd

&le strbed fled`led shnehcb c"l i‘ud`d á `hiil %ditl pdtletl ('''), `b c"l ede pu1

bssdiutb`letl dttlelrl ue‘lrlhdel he prlsleb gh ueb gdeeb c"l %udil h`plghrib'

N‘ ueb gliil phø slnrltl br`h fl``hehih, ue‘br`b cuh ib gdeeb rhcdrrl sleb bicuedscrupdid !ubegd %udil u`hihbrl ue ud`d+ d `lnihd, crlgd c"l shb hi sud hecdeschd b

slr%hrsh gh !ulst‘br`b, plrc"á ede %dnihd crlglrl c"l ueb gdeeb shb cdschletl`letl

cbpbcl gh ueb tbil `bi%bnht+ rhtlend phø prd&b&hil c"l elii‘drnbehs`d fl``hehil sh

s%dinbed hecdeschb`letl glh prdclssh c"l, prdguclegd ue .uhgd `hstlrhdsd, fbeed

hegl&dihrl i‘ud`d'

(:':rdgglcH, 2;3, *i ih&rd glii‘Ns, trbg'ht'+ ilttlrb *)'


32/195

3;

@d %hltbtd b ue pbhletl gh tlilfdebrl biib sub b`btb, cde ib !ubil lnih stlssd %udi

rd`plrl, plrc"? dneh cde%lrsbhdel rhbeh`b ib idttb plr ghsb&htubrsh b ilh' 8l%l

biidrb scrh%lril ib sub uith`b glchshdel (''') hetletd b cd`phibrl ib ilttlrb g‘bgghd,

s‘hetlrrd`pl b ue trbttd l ghcl biib `bgrl iJ prlsletlM bglssd "d gh`lethcbtd gh

gd`begbrl bi prdflssdrl sl eliib ilttlrb pdssd chtbrl hi sud ed`l, cdrrl bi tlilfdedl, dttleutb ib cd`uehcbhdel, nrhgb eliib cdrelttbM plr fb%drl, pdtrlh pbribrl cdi

prdflssdrl (''') Sh sletl rhspdeglrl he tded gh sdrprlsbM >gdif, slh h`pbhtd, l

prdprhd gb !uliib %dcl c"l slcdegd ib `hb henhuehdel ede b%rl&&l phø gd%utd

rhbscditbrl'

(S'Frlug, 2G2, ]shcdpbtdidnhb gliib %htb !udthghbeb, trbg'ht'+ cbp'P)'


33/195

33

Sded plr1 phø gh `hiil beeh c"l il gdeel usufruhscded gliib ih&lrt gh &ruchbrsh' /"h gh

edh b%r i‘brghrl gh cb`&hbrl ueb ilnnl cdesbcrbtb gbi tl`pd h á !ubic"l cdsb phø

glneb gh rhnubrgd g‘ue b&usd %ltustd

(ditbhrl, cht'+ b phrb)'

*i #rlibth%hs`d cuiturbil$, gue!ul, gd%rl&&l brrlstbrsh gb%beth bii‘bssdiutdM hi fudcd

&ruchb dneh pliil, d%ue!ul'


34/195

37

\e nhd%bel lsbnlrbtb`letl heglchsd á ebi`letl nhuetd, gdpd iuen"l idttl

hetlrhdrh, b prd`lttlrl hi `btrh`dehd biib fbechuiib c"l gb `ditd tl`pd id b`b, cdsJ

cd`l iuh b`b ilh' Nnih bccd`pbneb b cbsb ib gbebtb, sh cdenlgb gb ilh, prlegl hi

trb`, bi cui`hel gliib flihcht, l c"hlgl biib &hnihlttbhb gul &hnihltth' Bl‘beed gdpd

á nh spdsbtd, `b ede á becdrb cbpbcl gh bssulfbrsh biib flihcht gli `btrh`dehd'8u&htb gh b%lr bnhtd &lel spdsbegdsh, sletl ib `becbeb gh %lcc"hl rlibhdeh

g‘b`hchhb, "b gb rhghrl suh sudclrh' \eb slrb %b b prleglrl ib nhd%bel `dnihl he cbsb

glh sudclrh, prlegl hi trb` cde ilh l sh bccdetletb gh c"hlglrl ue sdid &hnihlttd'

(S'Frlug, cht'+ cbp'P)'


35/195

3

Eli slttl`&rl gli ;GG2, pdcd gdpd ib ghstruhdel gliil ARhe AdRlrs, b 8ltrdht ue

trletleel (#&hbecd$), tbil Krlet, s‘br`b gh phstdil, `htrbnihlttb, &d`&l b `bed, l sh

rlcb b cbsb gliib sub lU cd`pbneb (#&hbecb$, á gb crlglrl 'Cuccdeh, ;GG;, Krlet

%b biib nulrrb+ pbn'7;)' Ard%b ib gdeeb he cb`lrb gb ilttd cde hi `brhtd, ue

b`lrhcbed (#ede &hbecd$), gh drhnhel hrbehbeb' * gul rhlscded b trbttlelrl i‘hetrusdgbh sudh hetleth %leghcbth%h, `b ede bg h`plghrl c"l sh sletb `bil l c"l sh bccbsch b

tlrrb' b gdeeb, b !ubetd ilnnd #eugb$, cdrrl b tlilfdebrl plr ue bhutd sbehtbrhd,

`letrl hi `brhtd, `lghcd, hehhb b gbrl cdiph sui plttd gh Krlet `bssbnnhd cbrghbcd'

*i trb`&ustd l il d%%hl urib, hetbetd, "beed rhc"hb`btd sui pdstd bicueh %hcheh'

/dstdrd l%hgletl`letl ede cdedscded hi `brhtd gliib gdeeb, %lgded ue #ede

&hbecd$ c"l #phcc"hb$ ue #&hbecd$ ghstlsd sdttd gh iuh l ueb gdeeb #eugb$, uribetl

bi tlilfded' \ed glh %hcheh spbrb sui #phcc"hbtdrl$M el rhsuitbed gul cbgb%lrh, hi

`lghcd gh drhnhel hrbehbeb, flrhtd b `drtl , l Krlet, g‘hefbrtd'

(Krlet á bec"l hi ed`l gh ueb #!ubiht$ gh pltrdihd)'


36/195

35

Elssued á cdsJ b`brlnnhbtd cd`l i‘b`betl rhslethtd c"l ede sh ib`letb plrc"? ede

sb sl "b rbnhdel'(''')' Fdr`uibh phø gh ueb frbsl rhslethtb, c"l h`pbrbh b `l`drhb plr

prdeuechbrib hi nhdred gdpd'

(>'KhdZ /bsbrls, cht', trbg'ht'+ pbn'25L)'


37/195

3L

*i nhdred gliil ]bi`l, gdpd lsslr`h cd`uehcbtb, fuh prlsb gb ueb nrbegl

sdspleshdel l ede rhusch%d elppurl b hen"hdtthrl i‘dsthb' Bletrl ib tlel%d he &dccb l

stb%d rhprleglegd`h ue pdcd, `h sl`&r1 c"l ib `hb &dccb sh fdssl tuttb rhl`phtb gh

sbenul l c"l purl hi %hsd l tuttd hi `hd cdrpd el fdsslrd cd`piltb`letl rhcdplrth,

cd`l sl hi Shnedrl i‘b%lssl bppleb spbrsd'Bh sl`&rb%b c"l fdssl cbigd l, he !uli`d`letd, ib gdiclb c"l sleth%d lrb nrbeghssh`b, biidrc"? hi Shnedrl `h

ghsslM$Fhnihb, %dnihd c"l hi `hd sbenul th shb gh prdttd'Ede b%lr pburb c"l th `bec"h

ib `hb `hslrhcdrghb'‘"d spbrsd frb `dith gdidrh l tu el ndgh cde nrbegl ghilttd, cd`l

pudh %lglrl'Ah pbnd &lel hi cde%htd cuh dnnh `h "bh c"hb`btd$'

(Alrlsb g‘>%hib, 2LL, h&rd gliil gl%dhdeh l gliil nrbhl, trbg'ht'+ (9 bprhil 2L2 d

3G `brd 2L;))'

‘heeb`drbtb biibr`b hi sud Shnedrl, c"l rhspdegl %lr&dsd l ue pd‘ frlgghed' Ah pbnd

&lel' /"hss ilh'


38/195

39

*lrh slrb lrbed bppleb gul drl c"l gdr`h%d sbpdrhtb`letl, !ubegd fuh s%lnihbtd gb

urib trl`legl, cd`l sl ib cbsb fdssl bgghrhtturb he prlgb biil b``l' Kbid gbi

ilttd, l `h b4bcchd bi cdrrhgdhd+ he !ulstd `letrl hrnhehb letrb prlchphtdsb`letl he

cb`lrb `hb, he cb`hchb gb edttl, `h prlegl plr ue &rbcchd, l c"hugl i‘uschd b

c"hb%l'< :hbeehedI:hbeehedI''' c‘á ue ibgrd sdttd hi ilttdI lscib`b cde ib %dclb4beedsb']dh spbibecb ib elstrb, l sh `lttl b nrhgbrlM < >hutdI'''bhutdI'''bi

ibgrdI'''bi ibgrdI'''<

Auttl il plrsdel gli %hchebtd sh glstbed b !uliil nrhgb+l he `le c"l ede sh ghcl, sded

bii‘uschd gh cbsb edstrb, /btlrheb l hrnhehb, c"l "b b%utd bppleb hi tl`pd gh heibrsh

ueb %lstl gb cb`lrb, sh prlchphtbed nhø, eliil &rbcchb glh %hcheh c"l gd`begbed

beshdsb`letlM < Bb c"l cdsb c‘á /"l cdsb c‘á \e ud`d sdttd hi `hd ilttdI'''i‘"d

%lgutd hd cde h `hlh dcc"hI]rlstdI>egbtl b %lglrl'''Bb plr cbrht, ede begbtl su

sleb ue rl%di%lrlI'''<

8ul gh !uliih c"l b%l%bed phø cdrbnnhd sbihrded su+ nih bitrh gul rh`bslrd cde hrnhehb

b rhecdrbrib'>egbh bec"‘hd he cb`lrb gh `hb sdrliib'Oulh %bidrdsh nubrgbrded bgbnhed

bgbnhed sdttd hi ilttd'Nrb prdprhd %lrd+ c‘lrb ue ud`d'd prlslrd plr ueb nb`&b, l

id trbschebrded fudrh'Nnih ibschb%b fbrl ede plesbegd el``led b spbrbrl ib phstdib

c"l b%l%b he `bed'\ed glh cdrbnnhdsh bccdrsh b%l%b b4lrrbtd hetbetd ueb slnnhdib,

plr ibechbrnihlib bggdssd, l i‘bitrd stb%b cdi &rbcchd stlsd br`btd gh rl%di%lr, eli

cbsd c"l b%lssl dppdstd rlshstleb' > ue trbttd tutth sh rh%dislrd b nubrgbr`h cde nih

dcc"h spbibecbth' :hbeehed, bec"l !ulstb á dplrb tubI :h, bppuetd+ < rhspdsh

hrnhehb crlgl sl`prl c"l ch shb ue ibgrd sdttd hi ilttd, l "d plesbtd c"l ede ilsbrl&&l pbrsd strbed gh trd%brclel ued, bi`led plr ueb %ditb'

:hdrebihed `hd cbrd, sbh c"l cds‘lrb c"l b%l%b fbttd tbetb pburb b `hb sdrliib l

b%l%b `lssd sdttdsdprb hi %hchebtd \e sl`pihcl %lsthtd %lcc"hd gli &b&&d rhpled gh

heedclethssh`b pbnihbI'''

(b`&b, 2;G, *i nhdrebihed gh :hbe&urrbscb, lg'2+ pbnn'L2


39/195

3

Sh `lrb%hnih1 gliil cd`pihcbhdeh eliil !ubih sh lrb cbcchbtd, lppurl el glrh%1 ue

clrtd phbclrl plr%lrsd, cd`l sl ib sub %htb fdssl stbtb ue rd`bed eli !ubil ib

shtubhdel gh%hlel sl`prl l sl`prl phø tlsb ec"? hi ilttdrl á h`pbhletl gh %ditbrl

pbnheb'

(*'K'Shenlr, 25G, *i `bnd gh u&ihed, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*, 0 3)'

*efbtth á ue rd`bed'


40/195

7G

Oubeg‘lrd sdid, plesb%d b ilh, `b lssb `h `becb%b, ede ib pdsslgl%d+ prlsletl, il

pbrib%d, `b lrd trdppd bssletl gb `l stlssd plr pdtlr plesbrl+!ubegd gdr`h%b,

ede gd%l%d phø pbribrl, sbpl%d gh ede lsslrl phø nubrgbtd gb ilh, ede b%l%d phø

&hsdned gh %h%lrl biib suplrchl gh `l stlssd'

(B']rdust,27, >iib rhclrcb gli tl`pd plrgutd+ b prhnhdehlrb, trbg'ht'+ lg' 6scbrBdegbgdrh, pbn'55)'

ArbguclM

(''') Slui, Ql pdu%bhs pleslr liil, `bhs liil `l `be!ubht, Ql el ib pdss?gbhs

pbs']rlsletl, Ql iuh pbribhs, `bhs ?tbhs trdp b&slet gl `dh


41/195

72

bschb stbr ib lelrb, c"l ede fb plr tl, pdrtb ib `betliiheb b `lb tlstb, l fb

%lglrl hi phlgl !ubegd %b plr ib strbgb'

(:'lrnb, 299G, htb glh cb`ph, lg'23+ ]letdibcchb)'


42/195

7;

Stb%b tdrebegd b cbsb gbi ib&drbtdrhd gh Cddidnhb (''')'N b%l%b %hstd /bt"lrhel %lehrl

%lrsd gh iuh (!ubeth beeh pdtl%b b%lrl Ed%l8hlch)`bed eliib `bed cde bitrl gul

rbnbhel, ebturbi`letl :lethih, &hdegb cd`l il bitrl gul (cd`l b%l%b pdtutd

succlglrl c"l sub nihb fdssl &hdegb), l bitrlttbetd rhgletl l spleshlrbtb (`b

plrc"á ed, gli rlstd, %hstd c"l ede lrb %lrb`letl ue‘l&rlb)' #ib %htb á &liib, ede á%lrd$ b%rl&&l %diutd ghril+sditbetd !ulstd, ehletl gh phø'

Bb !ubegd stb%b nh plr bprhrl il &rbcchb %lrsd gh ilh, h idrd dcc"h sh lrbed hecdetrbth,

l ilh, cde ued scbrtd h`prd%%hsd, b%l%b cdstrlttd il sul b`hc"l b %ditbrl i‘bendid plr

l%htbrid'

#N"h,$b%l%b slethtd strhiibrl ueb gh idrd, #b&&hb`d s&bnihbtd strbgb$, l sub nihb

b%l%b rhspdstdM$N‘ ueb scdrchbtdhb$' ('>'Fhlgilr, 255, ‘uith`d l&rld he >`lrhcb,

trbg'ht'+ pbnn';


43/195

73

Sl b cbusb glii‘dscurht d gliib tub ghsbttlehdel `ltth ue phlgl cbibtd (s‘h``bnheb

ede sdid plr elclssht, `b bec"l slcdegd hi tud nustd) he ueb `lrgb ede %hstb d

he%hsh&hil, l th cdesdih cdeshglrbegd c"l i‘l%letd #pdrtb fdrtueb$, d c"l #s"ht

"bpples$ (cd`l ghcl hi su&ih`l hghdtb Fdrrlst :u`p)+ c"l á !ubicdsb gh ebturbil+ d

rh.ltthM á ueb puehhdel gliib `hb %beht+ l&&lel, slh he lrrdrl, Fdrrlst :u`p bpbrtlM c"l ib #`lrgb$ cbphth %bil cd`l `ltbfdrb'

Slh he lrrdrl' /lrtd ede sh trbttb gh ue b4brl gh Stbtd, edM sh trbttb sdid gh cde%h%leb

ch%hil' >&&hb`d ghrhttd gh ede spdrcbrch cde ib `lrgb c"l !ubicued "b ibschbtd sui

tlrrled gdpd i‘lslcuhdel, frlnbegdslel gliil rlndil gh cde%h%leb ch%hil, c"l

prlscrh%ded gh tdnihlrl hi fbttd gbi tlrrled' Ede crlghb`d c"l ib rbccditb gliib `lrgb

(cbeheb) shb phbcl%dil, `b elppurl pbnbrl il tbssl d rhsplttbrl h ih`hth gh %lidcht á

phbcl%dil' b cde%h%leb ch%hil á uthil, pu1 gbr iudnd b phbclrh ch%hih, `b ede á glttd

c"l shb, he clrtl chrcdstbel, ghrlttb`letl phbcl%dil, sl á d&&ihnbtdrhb'

b `lrgb á ebturbil, ede id eln"hb`d, `b bec"l tlrrl`dth l tu`drh `bihneh id sded'


44/195

77

]rh`b gh pbrbndebrl b ue nbttd ib plrsdeb c"l ede fb, e? cbusb, ru`drh heuthih,

&hsdnelrl&&l `lttlrl biib prd%b ue bitrd pbrbndelM !uliid cde hi slrpletl'


45/195


46/195

75

Eli cbphtdid sltth`d gl b chdchbrb (>'Bdrb%hb, 2L) ilnnhb`d c"l h tlglsc"h

b%rl&&lrd sJ #&udel !ubiht$, `b sdid #gb ueb pbrtl$M cd`l bi&lrh crlschuth %hched b

`urh, c"l b&&hbed h rb`h tutth gbiib pbrtl dppdstb'


47/195

7L

Sh ghcl%b cd`pdstd, !uli %liled, gh rdsph, gh slrpleth, gh &b%b l gh `btlrhb

g‘bpplstbth, gh plnnhd, gh tuttd ch1 c"l sli%bnnl l strb%ditl fbetbshl sbplsslrd

trd%brl gh sdd l g‘btrdcl' (>'Bbedeh, 297G


48/195

79

Ouhegh nih heghnleh, sbh, b%l%bed cd`hechbtd bg bgghtbrsh ib eb%l' ]rd&b&hi`letl

ede i‘bssdchb%bed biib prlsleb glh `brhebhM`blstdsb cd`‘lrb g‘bi&lrh l gh %lil,

hecd`pbrb&hi`letl gh%lrsb gbiil idrd cbedl, lssh ede b%l%bed plesbtd c"l fdssl

dplrb g‘ud`d'> glttb gh pbgrl /bspbr (''') ib crlgl%bed ue beh`bil, l hi fbttd c"l

fdssl rh`bstd elutrbil `letrl lssh sh gb%bed bh idrd rhth gh >etrdpdfbnh, ih b%l%bcde%heth'8‘bitrb pbrtl nh Bbnliibed, bsshcurb%b pbgrl /bspbr, b%l%b rbccdetbtd

cd`l clrth heghnleh crlglsslrd c"l il eb%h, %leutl %dibegd gbi chlid, fdsslrd il

`bgrh ebturbih gliil schbiuppl, c"l biibttb%bed ibschbegdil pleglrl gbiil `urbtl, l

pdh s%lb%bed &uttbegdil elii‘bc!ub' (\'Ncd, 27, cht'+ pbnn';3;


49/195

7

8b *i rd%lschd gliib /de!uhstb, gh B'']drthiib (257+ 2LG) sh rhcb%b c"l, sl nih

Spbnedih crlgl%bed fbetbs`bndrhcb`letl c"l i‘drd b&&degbssl he `dgd s`hsurbtd,

eliil #*eghl$, gbii‘bitrb pbrtl glii‘dclbed >tlc"h, BbZb l *ecb scb`&hbrded

hehhbi`letl nih Spbnedih (gdtbth gh nrbegh eb%h, gh br`h gb fudcd, gh br`bturl l gh

cb%biih) plr gh%heht prd%lehleth gbi `brl' l gul crlglel, lsbnlrbtb ib prh`b,sl`pihcl`letl lrrdelb ib slcdegb, glttlrd cd`l rhsuitbtd i‘hendrghnhb rbpbcl glh

cde!uhstbtdrh l ch1 c"l bppbrl henleuht pdihthcd


50/195

G

Abiueh ud`heh ghsplrgded gurbetl ib curb (he pdshhdel sgrbhbtb) il `deltl sphcchdil

gbiil tbsc"l glh pbetbideh, cd`plesbegd cdsJ hi ib%drd gliib slgutb b slcdegb gliib

idrd %biutbhdel' /"h gh`lethcb gbi `lghcd ue dnnlttd c"l pdrtb%b cde s?, dcc"hbih,

nubeth, &drslttb, lccltlrb, shnehcb cde ch1 gh ede sbplrsh stbccbrl l gh %dilr

rhtdrebrl prlstd' Nrelst Xdels ghclM # sh pu1 prlssdc"? `hsurbrl hi succlssd cde cuhue `lghcd prbthcb ib pshcdtlrbphb, plr lsl`phd, gbii‘letht gliib cdiilhdel gh

d`&rliih, fbdiltth, &drslttl l cdsJ %hb, c"l rhlscl b fbrl he ue `lsl'$

(S'Frlug, cht'+ cbp'*P)'

Edstrd pbgrl ghsplrgl%b, he pdshhdel slgutb, il `deltl sphcchdil gbiil tbsc"l glh

pbetbideh, !ubegd, he pditrdeb, ilnnl%b hi nhdrebil d nubrgb%b ib t%' ]hø

glii‘hecdeschd á he !ulsthdel ib fdnnhb gliil tbsc"l' \e bebihstb d&&hlttlrl&&l c"l

eliib cdrehcl gli sltthen dneh glttbnihd rhletrb elii_bebihsh'


51/195

2

\e‘bitrb cde%hehdel rlihnhdsb bssbh gh4usb á ib crlgleb elii‘bighi'Eli =lned \ehtd

%h crlgl chrcb ib `lt gliib pdpdibhdel' Bb cd`l %hlel h``bnhebtd i‘bighi(''')*i

23T (''')fb rhflrh`letd he pbrthcdibrl bi pbrbghsd l bii‘heflred (''')hi T crlgl

elii‘lshstleb gli pbrbghsd l glii‘heflred, `b ede eli :hughhd \eh%lrsbil (''')hi 2T

(''')pdsshlgl ue‘hglb `ditd `btlrhbil gli pbrbghsd, h``bnhebtd cd`l ueb %htb glituttd sh`hil b !uliib tlrrleb, `b ih&lrbtb gbnih bspltth sphbcl%dih c"l ib

cbrbttlrhbed l cde ueb !ubetht hiih`htbtb gh tl`pd ih&lrd b ghspdshhdel (bg

lsl`phd ehletl slssd, elssue &hsdned gh ib%brl h phbtth,ehletl cbeh c"l b&&bhbed)+ hi

;T b4lr`b gh crlglrl he ue !ubic"l nlelrl gh rlhecbrebhdel+ l gdghch plrsdel su

cletd ede %lgded i‘drb gh rhcdenhuenlrsh cde h idrd cbrh'

(B'>rnZil,2;, ]shcdidnhb sdchbil gliib %htb !udthghbeb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn'25


52/195

;

V /‘lst pdurtbet uel uthil c"dsl !ul ib %?rht?, cl prl`hlr gls &hles, tduQdur hecdeeu

pbr ils b`ls !uh el sdet pbs fdrtl`let trd`pl?s''' ^

> !ulstd puetd hd s`hsh gh ilnnlrl l cd`hechbh b plesbrl' b ed%ht gh !ulstd

cdeclttd `h b%l%b %h%b`letl cdiphtd, c"l i‘beh`d plr cdedsclrl ib %lrht gl%l

lsslrl V fdrtl`letl henbeebtd ^ + l ueb cbtleb gh pleshlrh hebsplttbth, %hsph lglcchtbeth, `h sh begb%b fdr`begd eliib `letl, tutth nlelrbth gb !ulstb hglb

plssh`hstb `b flrthil l subglethssh`b, c"l V ib %lrht ebscl gbii‘henbeed ^+ ec"?

plr i‘h`prd%%hsd rhtdred gliib c"hbrd%lnnleb idnhcb `h bccdrsh c"l trd`p?ls lrb ue

rlfusd, l ede ils b`ls fdrtl`let trd`p?ls `b fdrtl`let trl`p?ls &hsdneb%b

ilnnlrl, dsshb V nih beh`h fdrtl`letl tl`prbth ^' *i `hd phccdid cbstliid gh pleshlrh

hebsplttbth crdii1 gh cdipd' b pbnheb (m) ede lrb phø fdetl gh ueb eud%b

hetlrprltbhdel gliib %lrht l gliil sul drhnheh, `b rhletrb%b eliib nrhnhb rlnhdel

gliil %lrht d%%hl'

(>'Sb%hehd, cht'+ pbn'329)'

Bletrl cde%lrsb%b`d su *i %lrd l hi fbisd, sbnnhd pshcbebihthcd gh Ned /dghnedib

(2LL), ue cdiilnb c‘hetlrruppl plr gd`begbrl sl he !ulsthdel fdssl hi %lid' /"hbrJ

c"l ib edstrb prdeuechb gliib lrrl nih b%l%b ibschbtd `brnheh gh gu&&hd suii‘dnnlttd

gliib cde%lrsbhdel, prd%dcbegd he edh ue clrtd fbsthghd'/dghnedib sdsthlel c"l ib #fbishcbhdel$ (cdsJ iuh, edh ghrl``d phø sl`pihcl`letlM

crhthcb) gliil pbrdil gh ueb plrsdeb á prbthcb&hil sditbetd elii‘b`&htd (sltthen)

glii‘bebihsh, d `lnihd c"l ib #%lrht$ glii‘hetlrprltbhdel á ih`htbtb bi sltthen

bebihthcd' *e bitrh tlr`heh, sl edh bppihcbssh`d i‘bebihsh plr lsl`phd bg ue tlstd

ilttlrbrhd, #fbishcbegdid$, i‘hetlrprltbhdel ede sbrl&&l #%lrb$'

Ouli cdiilnb, %didetbrhb`letl d ed, ch rhcdrg1 gh dppdrrl bi #fbisd$ ede hi #%lrd$, `b

ue %lid'


53/195

3

Nrb bppleb brrh%btd he !uliib chtt l b%l%b dccupbtd ueb cb`lrb he ueb idcbegb,

!ubegd ib strbgb he cuh !ulstb lrb shtubtb sh l`pJ gh strhgb prd%lehleth gb ueb fdiib l

g‘heclssbeth frbndrdsh s!uhiih gh trd`&b' (''') /"hb`1 ue slr%d plr c"hlglrnih hi `dth%d

gh tuttd !uli tu`uitd, l nih fu rhspdstd c"l lrb scdpphbtd ue hecleghd (''') l c"l lrbed

brrh%bth h cbrrh glh pd`phlrh' (''')>i sud rhs%lnihd, sclsl elii‘henrlssd l gd`beg1 b uecihletl gliib idcbegb cd`‘lrb scdpphbtd i‘hecleghd l !ubetd tl`pd ch lrb %diutd plr

lsthenulrid' #drrlh sbplrl,$ sdnnhuesl, #sl á &bstbtd sl`pihcl`letl sudebrl ueb

trd`&b'$

(*'K'Shenlr, 259, cht'+ pbn'5L)'


54/195

7

>i `ushchstb Spbrtbcd /dplrtheh, elnih beeh %leth cdiib&drbtdrl gli !udthghbed

drlethed #b Ebhdel$, fu tditd i‘hecbrhcd plr b%lr iuh glrhsd l ]hlrrdt uebhrl gh

Sc"e&lrn (22;), dplrb prlsletbtb bnih #>`hch gliib `ushcb$ hi prh`d >prhil gli

2;7' Sded stuphtd gli fbttd c"l bg ue crhthcd shb stbtd tditd i‘hecbrhcd sdid b cbusb gh

ue trbilttd &urilscd su Sc"`&lrn' ldebrgd ]hebuth, scrh%lM #:b4l stdrhcb, drbcdedschutb gb tutthM (''') WS'/' scrhssl !uli c"l scrhssl (''') l plrsl bgghrhtturb hi

pdstdM ede tbetd plrc"? hi pbgrdel gli nhdrebil sh fdssl scbegbihbtd gliib sub

hrdehb, `b sditbetd plrc"? ue bitrd pdtletl gli `d`letd sh lrb slethtd d4lsd gbi

fbttd c"l fdssl stbtb fbttb pbssbrl plr ue plscl g‘bprhil ue‘h`prlsb he cuh b%l%b

he%lsthtd ue pd‘ gli prdprhd glebrd# (StdrQd"bee l /dplrtheh >`bth, 29)'

>ec"l Sc"`&lrn, tuttb%hb, b%rl&&l plrsd, eli 233, hi sud [pdstd#, ueb cbttlgrb gh

cd`pdshhdel biib uestbHbgl`hl gh Klrihed, plr %didet glh [pdtleth gli `d`letd#

(233`lrhcb'


55/195

(''') 8dpd b%lr clrcbtd, plr `dith beeh, ib %htb l hi pleshlrd gliil plrsdel

elii‘leuechbtd ghrlttd c"l lssl `l el fdreh%bed %didetbrhb`letl, b%l%d ehtd, plr

cdipb idrd, cde i‘bttrh&uhrl h`pdrtbeb sditbetd b !uliil tlsth`dehbel c"l ede

cdsthtuhscded ue‘lsprlsshdel rbhdebil l bebihthcb gliib %lrht'l pbrdil stlssl `h

slr%h%bed gb lil`leth g‘hefdr`bhdel sdid he !ubetd il hetlrprltb%d biib strlnubg‘ue bYussd gh sbenul sui %hsd g‘ueb plrsdeb c1itb gb tur&b`letd dppurl gh ue

shilehd h`prd%%hsd' (B']rdust, cht', htb cd`uel cde >i&lrthel+ lg' 6scbr Bdegbgdrh,

pbn' 97)'

ArbguclM

(''')Bdh !uh plegbet tbet g‘beeáls e‘b%bht c"lrc"? ib %hl lt ib ples?l r?liils gls

nles !ul gbes i‘?edec? ghrlct !u‘his `‘le fdurehssbhlet %didetbhrl`let, pbr ilur

fbutl Q‘l ?tbhs brrh%? el pius bttbc"lr bu cdetrbhrl g‘h`pdrtbecl !u‘buU

t?`dhnebnls !uh el sdet pbs uel lUprlsshde rbthdeliil lt bebiZth!ul gl ib %lrht? +

ils pbrdils liils


56/195

5

b pbsshdel plr hi shilehd, bccrlschutb, sl ede nlelrbtb, gbi ghsnustd plr hi ru`drl

ur&bed, glrh%b (bec"l) gb ueb sdrtb g‘hplrtrdb glii_hd' *i ru`drl á ede hd, hi

shilehd he glehth%b á i_hd' *i pibchgd sdeed glh eldebth he `ld b ch1 c"l b edh pbrl

frbstuded ghplegl gbiib `becbeb glii_hd glh eldebth pbrtlchpbed hegh4lrlehbth' *

tbpph gh clrb c"l !ubicued hetrdgucl eliil drlcc"hl plr ede ughrl hi ru`drl, tlegdedb prdtlnnlrl i‘hd, hel%htb&hi`letl `hebcchbtd gbi edehd'

\e hpdtlthcd ebufrbnd, sdid he `brl l prh%d gh sbi%bnletl, gd%rl&&l prd%brl ib

`bssh`b cdecletrbhdel glii_hd, scrh%l Bli%hiil, ede rhtrd%hb`d gd%l' 6 8lfdl,

ebufrbnhdidnd, d /derbg' b pburb glii_hnedtd, gliib `drtl, ib cdeghhdel gh

sdihtughel l s`brrh`letd gli ebufrbnd, sphln"lrl&&lrd !ulstb `bssh`b

cdecletrbhdel gli sud hd chrcdegbtd gbi ede hd, hi `brl, gli sud hd cdecletrbtd

cdetrd hi edehd, cdecletrbhdel c"l ede á nhusthcbtb eli cbsd gh cuh sdprb, b `led

c"l hi edehd shb bec"_lssd plrcdrsd gb `hchghbih s!ubih < c"l sibed fdrsl eliib

`letl'

*i ebufrbnbr `_á gdicl he !ulstd `brl, bi cdetrbrhd, sl`&rb lsslrl ib cdeghhdel gh

ue bguitd c"l prd%h il slesbhdeh gli eldebtd becdrb rlibth%b`letl hegh4lrlehbtd

rhsplttd bii_ heehtd, d il rhtrd%h' _h``bnhel #`li%hiihbeb$ heghcb ib `bssh`b

cdecletrbhdel glii_hd, `letrl !uliib gh ldpbrgh heghcb ueb glcdecletrbhdel

glii_hd' _heehtd á bppuetd edehd'

Xd"e /bnl "b scrhttd ueb %ditb c"l hi shilehd ede lshstl (Shilecl, 252+ lg'2L3,

pbn'9)' ]brl c"l ch1 shnehc"h c"l hi ehtd, chdá i_hd, á ueb ehdel ghflesh%b,

ue_bsphrbhdel cdetrd i_heehtd ru`drl gli edehd' Sl hi shilehd ede lshstl, i_hd ede

lshstl, sl hi shilehd á ue `dgd gh ghrl, bec"l i_hd á ue `dgd gh ghrl' *i ru`drl á

`ushcb, hi shilehd á i‘h`pdssh&hil ede `ushcb'

Sl tlethb`d gh tlelr fudrh hi ru`drl plr `ld gh tbpph gh clrb eliil drlcc"hl,

ughb`d hi ru`drl gli ede ru`drl, hi ru`drl glii_hd hsdibtd gbi ede hd' N_ !ulstd c"l

%dil%b`d dttlelrl

Elii‘dscurht gliib edttl (edehd he%hsh&hil) sdid i_hd á %hsh&hil' /h1 c"l %lghb`d eli

&uhd l ch spb%letb, !ubegd ch spb%letb, á hi pblsbnnhd glii_hd, %libtd, he%lcl, gbiib

iucl gli nhdred < d gliib ib`pbgheb c"l pdsshb`d b4rlttbrch bg bccleglrl d b %dilr

bcclsb gurbetl ib edttl, gb &b`&heh drb`bh tbetd crlschuth gb pdsslglrl id sphedsd

tlsdrd glii_hd' *e l4ltth hi edehd "b i_uthiht gh %librl dg bssdrgbrl i_hd, ghstrbrch gb

edh stlssh'


57/195


58/195

9

Sl hi `lrhtd gh b%lr he%letbtd hi cbprd lsphbtdrhd ede splttb bnih l&rlh, lssd ede

splttb elppurl bnih lnhhh, beh ede splttb b elssue ud`d `b biib %dipl' b %dipl

plccbth ede "b `b splssd "b gliil puich, lg lccd cd`l fb ib %dipl plr ih&lrbrsh gliil

puich M strbppb glii‘lr&b l el fb ueb pbiib, prlegl glihcbtb`letl !ulstb pbiib frb il

ib&&rb lg letrb he ue u`l + %hb %hb c"l ib %dipl s‘h``lrnl eli u`l, il puichsbinded %lrsd ib pbrtl bschuttb gliib %dipl + pdh ib %dipl h``lrnl bec"l ib tlstb,

tlelegd fudrh sditbetd hi `usd, l il puich cdrrded b rhfunhbrsh suiib pbiib gh lr&b +

heel ib %dipl tu4b ib tlstb elii‘bc!ub, l elii‘hstbetl `lglsh`d cbcchb %hb ib pbiib,

c"l sl el %b biib glrh%b cbrhcb gh puich'

(>'Sb%hehd,cht', lg'2LL+ pbn'9)'


59/195

Oulstb tlrrb fu sl`prl (''') ue pblsl gh he%bshdeh l gh cde!uhstbM tutth nih he%bsdrh l h

cde!uhstbtdrh furded strbehlrh, l id rh`bslrd' leelrd, prlslrd l rhpbrthrded,

ibschbegd l crlbegd, b rlnnlrl hi pblsl, h idrd rbpprlsletbeth, h ed&hih, h prhechph, h

guc"h, h &brdeh, ueb brhstdcrbhb gh drhnhel strbehlrb, l, cd`l tuttl il brhstdcrbhl,

ebturbi`letl he idttb cdi idetbed nd%lred+ l fdrl `hihtbrh hesu-chleth bg bitrd c"l bslr&brl hi pdsslssd l b tlelrl he rhsplttd h &brdeh' Bbecb%b plrch1, á sl`prl

`becbtb, l becdrb `becb, ueb cibssl hetlr`lghbrhbM `b frb hi pdpdid cdetbghed l id

Stbtd strbehlrd c‘á sl`prl stbtd ue b&hssd, ue crlpbcchd+ l !uh stb ebscdstb ib `bb'

(/'l%h,2, l pbrdil sded phltrl+ pbn'272)'


60/195

5G

b S%hlrb á ue phccdid pblsl glii‘Nurdpb c"l sh bfbchb suiib S%hlrb, i‘*tbihb, ib

:lr`behb, ib S%hlrb l i‘>ustrhb' > `dith ibn"h l `ditl `detbnehl, `b hi `brl ede

&bnehb ib S%hlrb, l sdprbttuttb Klreb'

b S%hlrb %legl il br`h b tuttd hi `degd plr fbiih scbeebrl `b ilh ede f elbec"l

ueb nulrrb phcdihssh`b'/de !ulh sdigh cdstruhscl il &bec"l' Bb ede il &bec"l &udel, il &bec"l glh cbtth%h,

splchbi`letl h grdnbth'* glihenuleth gliib Shchihb l gliib /heb `lttded iJ h sdigh, h

`hihbrgh' b pdihhb %, ghcl gh c"h sded !ulsth sdigh, ede id sd, ede tlid ghcd, sded

cbh `hlh, ib &becb á c"husb'

(B'8‘6rtb, 2G, *d splrhb`d c"l `l ib cb%d+ pbn'23)'


61/195

52

Eb%hn1 plr slssbetbgul nhdreh l slssbetb edtth (plrsl gul edtth eliil >drrl plr

ueb pbrthtb gh pdHlr), l ebi`letl ueb &liib `bttheb ued gliib chur`b b%%hst1 ue

rb`d gh `hrthiih c"l nbiilnnhb%b sdttd &drgd' Oulstd %dil%b ghrl c"l eliil %hchebel

c‘lrb ib tlrrb (d ue elndhd gh fruttb)'

(:'BbrU, 253, Bl`drhl gh ue hrrlshsth&hil ih&lrthed, trbg'ht'+ pbn'L5)'

>ec"l he :rduc"d lg hd, lghtd gb >glip"h, butd&hdnrbb gli fb`dsd cd`hcd

stbtuehtlesl, sh trd%bed &bttutl gh !ulstd ih%liid' Sh pdtrl&&l hehhbrl b %biutbrl c"l

ib fb`b gh :rduc"d BbrU shb ueb gliil `ditl &ufbil gli slcdid %letlsh`d'


62/195

5;

>&htubi`letl prbeb%b &lel, bg ue &ude rhstdrbetl+ l&&l `dith b`drbh trh%hbih,

slesubih, `b ede bppbsshdebth+ lrb lcclhdebi`letl ihthnhdsd lg b%brd fudrh gli

cd`uel' \eb %ditb id beedhb%b ueb cuchtrhcl gh ueb clrtb lt c"l stb%b

c"hbcc"hlrbegd cde ue‘b`hcb fudrh gliib pdrtb gli sud bppbrtb`letd'Nnih ib nltt1 nhø

plr il scbil, cbusbegdil ilshdeh plr`beleth' Niib dttleel ueb sletleb c"l idcdstrhenl%b b pbnbril ueb clrtb sd``b (2 tbiilrh) dneh trh`lstrl ec"?

%h%l%b'Oubegd biel liib `drJ, gdpd %leth beeh, Sc"dple"bulr beedt1 eli sud ih&rd

glh cdeth M 6&ht beus, b&ht deus Wb %lcc"hb `udrl, hi gl&htd clssb'

(K'=usslii, cht', trbg'ht'+ cbp'**)'


63/195

53

(''') Nsslegd gb lsciuglrl, cd`l iuh stlssd ghcl%b sl`prl, dneh l%letd cbsubil, hi

`drsd gli cbel gh liilr, becdrb prh`b gh lsslrl l4ltth%b`letl heflrtd, gl%l b%lr

b%utd hi sud pdstd eli prdnlttd cdeclphtd gb diilr'*e fdegd, iuh, diilr, ueb %ditb

b%l%b glttd c"l hi `drsd gli cbel gh liilr lrb he %lrht dplrb sub, gh diilr,

ue‘bsslrhdel, !ulstb, gliib cuh slrhlt ede hetlegd b4bttd gu&htbrl'(A'Klre"brg, 29G, * `benhb b pdcd, trbg'ht'+ pbn'53)'


64/195

57

(''') Ahrbeed shnehcb%b he drhnhel custdgl glh fdr`bnnh' (>'Sb%hehd, cht',lg'2LL+

pbn'23)'

Aur, fdr`bnnhd, bebU, shnedrl, he nrlcd bethcd' S‘h``bnheb c"l eliil cd`ueht glghtl

biib pbstdrhhb hi shnedrl gli cbchd fdssl ue plrsdebnnhd gh rhihl%d' Bb sui =dcch ederhuschb`d b trd%brl cdeflr`b' Bdbrliib gh &ufbib biib Sb%hehd


65/195

5

*i ebpdiltbed crlgl elnih sphrhth c"l gbeed h eu`lrh, crlgl elnih bsshsththM nih bsshsthth

sded nletl strbehssh`b, bicueh he &udeb flgl, bicueh scrdccdeh, c"l `benhbed pdcd,

&l%ded bc!ub, pbribed plr lehn`h, ghnhuebed prh`b gh begbrl b ilttd l "beed il

%hshdeh' h%ded biil spbiil glh nhudcbtdrhM ede nhudcbed `bh' Abi%ditb h nhudcbtdrh

gliush &bstdebed i‘bsshsthtd, pdh nih c"hlgded plrgded'(''')

‘bsshsthtd (gbnih sphrhth) á ue cbecrd c"l rdgl il fb`hnihl &drn"lsh, ue cde%uishdebrhd

pbiihgd c"l `benhb `ditd, c"l enl gh b%lrl d "b gliil biiuchebhdeh, c"l ede ib%drb,

('''), c"l fb crlglrl b gliil `bclrbhdeh cruglih (''')' Bb, gbiib cbsb &drn"lsl, plr

`ld gliib cb`lrhlrb, gli slr%d, gliib ib%begbhb, ib rlputbhdel glii‘bsshsthtd brrh%b

eli pdpdid+ l i‘ bsshsthtd %h lstlegl ib sub bhdel `hsthcb, %h rbccdnihl glh nubgbneh

phccdih, `b hesplrbth, %h fb glnih bglpth l ehscl plr cb``hebrl eliil %hl, chrcdegbtd

sl`prl gb !ubttrd d che!ul plrsdel, c"l id cdrtlnnhbed l stughbed tuttl il sul

pbrdil'

(B'Slrbd,2997, *i %letrl gh Ebpdih+ cbpp'* l *)'

Ngubrgd 8l Fhihppd "b trbttd, gb !ulstb `btlrhb, ueb cd``lghb (l bec"l ue i`) gbi

thtdid #Ede th pbnd$' \e lphiltthcd %lrd d sh`uibetl, d letrb`&l il cdsl (`b h

/de%uishdebrh furded bec"l ueb slttb gh lstrl`hsth rlihnhdsh frbeclsh), drhletb he%bed

hi prdtbndehstb, Ngubrgd, thtdibrl gh ue &becd dttd l nhdcbtdrl tlebcl' *e%lcl, fb ue

&li cdipd hi fdrtuebtd ghplegletl (]lpphed 8l Fhihppd), cuh hi pbgrl gli prhechpbil, he

sdned, b%rl&&l rh%libtd h eu`lrh %hecleth'Ede th pbndM hi gbtdrl glh eu`lrh á `hd pbgrl, s‘á cdefusd, ib %hechtb splttb b `l'


66/195

55

\e nhdred, ue hegustrhbil ebpdiltbed l&&l ue‘hglb' Sbplegd c"l ib phb á ueb gliil

bgdrbhdeh cuchebrhl ebpdiltbel, sbplegd c"l ib cdidehb ebpdiltbeb he =d`b á

ibrn"hssh`b, ples1 gh bprhrl ueb phlrhb he =d`b'(''')Suiil prh`l ib fdiib %h

bccdrsl+pdh beg1 scl`begd'b phb, tditb bi sud b`&hletl ebpdiltbed, pbrl%b ueb

stdebturb l rbpprlsletb%b ueb heghnlsthdel+hi sud bstrd h`pbiihgJ l trb`det1, he=d`b+ phbetb lsdthcb, `drJ he !ulstb sdileeht rd`beb'

(B'Slrbd, cht'+cbp'***)'

*ecrlgh&hilM bec"l ib phb stlet1, bh sudh hehh'


67/195

5L

(''')*i `hehstrd, &le prlstd, ede á phø hi glilnbtd gli ]brib`letd, tleutd b ghrhnlrl id

sfdrd glh fuehdebrh l bg drnbehbrl ib idrd btth%ht, hecbrhcbtd gh nd%lrebrl,

hesd``b+gh%betb he%lcl prhnhdehlrd glnih u-ch, sh phlnb bh idrd `ltdgh, bcclttb ib

idrd ghschpiheb'

Ede "b hi pdtlrl, `b "b ib rlspdesb&hihtMl ch1 &bstb b hedrndnihrid']u1 hnedrbrltuttd gliib prdprhb b``hehstrbhdel, `b el rhspdegl l,gh cdipd,sh sletl strlttb`letl

ilnbtd b glnih ud`heh, gh cuh su&hscl ib %didet, `b bh !ubih glttb glnih drgheh'Bled á

rlbi`letl pbgrdel gliib shtubhdel phø cdedscl ib nhdhb gh lsslrl hi cbpd'

Nnih gh%letb sdihgbil `bnbrh bec"l cdetrd hi ]brib`letd cde cdidrd c"l hi

]brib`letd id "b hecbrhcbtd gh cdetrdiibrl' Ede s%dinl c"l ue uehcd rudidM!uliid gh

cdprhrih cde ib sub rlspdesb&hiht sd%rbeb, gh ghfleglrih plrshed elh idrd lrrdrh l gh

bsshcurbrel, bii‘dccdrrleb, i‘h`pueht'

Ede pdtrl&&l lsslrl bitrh`lethMch1 c"l idrd "beed fbttd, iuh id "b cdetrdr`btd,

cd`l pdtrl&&l scdeflssbrih N‘ sc"hb%d gli pdtlrl c"l sh fb `dstrb gh bttrh&uhrnih l gh

cuh iuh stlssd rh%leghcb i‘delrl'N bec"l sl tutth id sbeed, ch1 "b pdcb

h`pdrtbebMnrbhl b !ulstd nhdcd, hi fbetbs`b gh ueb butdrht bilnnhb suii‘d`&rb gh

ueb gl`dcrbhb'

(='gl Xdu%leli, 227, b =lpu&&ihcb glh cd`pbrh, trbg'ht'+ slcdegb pbrtl, cbp'***)'


68/195

59

Fhe gbi prh`d `d`letd ib nletl lscl gh clr%liid, nih ud`heh l phø il gdeel' :rhgb bi

&bstbrgd, bi trbghtdrl c"l `lttl%b ib sub hstruhdel b scrh%lrl &liil iuen"l ilttlrl

bnih bssbssheh S'Bbrcd W`hihtbrh gliib =lpu&&ihcb Sdchbil *tbihbeb, biib cbrdneb c"l

fb sc"hfd bec"l bi 8hd gliib phlt, c"l drb hi pdrcd id pdrtbed bi `bcliid, l &rb%h

pbrthnhbehc"l ebi`letl fbtl hi %dstrd gd%lrl'Slrrbed l, cd`l ede brrh%bed b`lttlrnih il `beh bggdssd, fbeed &drgbtl gh sputh'\ed sputd ib%b ib fbcchb

glii‘br`hnlrd Fdgrlttb, l iuh g gli cbichd glii‘br`b eliil pbecl glh phø prdssh`h'/de

il &udel l il cbtth%l nih br`hnlrh `lttded ib nletl b flrrd gh cb%biid, prlssbppdcd'N

Bdrlttd iuh "b stb`pbtd hi `blstrd cdetrd ue `urd &li &hbecd' hlel fudrh ue

&drn"lsl l ghcl c"l plr cbrht, !uliib á cbsb sub, "b fbttd rhfbr i‘hetdebcd `led g‘ue

`lsl fb l c"l ch sbrl&&lrd tbeth bitrh &lh pdsth'

(K'Flednihd,27, >ppueth pbrthnhbeh+pbn'3)'


69/195

5

8h edttl, he ueb chttbgheb htbihbeb gli edrg, lrb lstbtl, ue nhd%bedttd usb%b %hdileb

b ueb gdeeb b scdpd slssubil, sl`&rb, letrb`&h ru`drlnnhbegd plr strbgb'

Fhelstrl bplrtlM il nrhgb glh gul btthrbed i‘bttlehdel gh bicueh chttbgheh, `b ued sdid

c"hb`b ib pdihhb' Ouliid, ebrrb i‘hetlr%leutd, s&btbcc"hb%b ib gdeeb suiib `hb butd'


70/195

LG

*i rd`drl sh gh4usl h``lghbtb`letl, hi %hchebtd bccdrsl, sh nubrg1 biil ùrbnihl, l sh

%hgl, d sh crlglttl %lglril h`&rbttbtl g‘ue uetd nhbiidnedid' ]rlstd, prlstd bitrh

rlcbrded pbnihb, l flclrd fudc"h bccbetd bi ùrd, gd%l sh crlgl%b c"l fdssl stbtd

uetd, bitrh h`&hbecbrded gh cbicl' b fb`b plr%leel i‘hegd`beh bi Slebtd, hi !ubil

drghe1 bi /bphtbed gh nhusthhb c"l begbsl bg lsb`hebrl' Oulsth pdrtbtdsh sui iudnd%hgl il ùrb b&&rustdibtl, l h`&hbecbtl, c"l b4á ede pdtl%bed heghcbrl bitrd sl ede

ib nrbegl l prlchphtdsb pburb glh pbgrdeh gliil cbslMpurl hi /bphtbed l hi edtbQd

bttlstbrded c"l sdttd hi fu`bcc"hd, l i‘b&&rdeb`letd, b%l%bed pdtutd ghsclrelrl

#bicueh slneh gh `btlrhb detudsb thrbetl bi nhbiid, spbrsd%h cd`l cde il ghtb$'

(>'Bbedeh, 297G, Stdrhb gliib cdideeb hefb`l, lg'23+ pbnn'


71/195

L2

*e !ulstd `d`letd nhuenl biib edthhb gliib /deflrleb :d%lrebth%b, c"l ib

/b`pbneb gh !ulstd 8ucbtd trd%bsh heflstbtb gb ueb flrdcl Klsthb gh cdidrl

clelrhcchd `dscbtd !ubsh he elrd, gliib nrbeglb gh ue nrdssd /bel, l gbiib !ubil

furded nh s&rbebth gul Fbechuiih'

]rl`urdsb ib `lglsh`b /deflrleb gh gbrl tutth ih phø sdiilchth prd%%lgh`leth, c"lslr%hr pdssbed b ih&lrbrl ib ]rd%hechb gliib glttb heflstbhdel, "b ghspdstd c"l

gl&&b lsslrl su&htd cd`&hebtb ueb nlelrbil /bcchb cde tutth nih \d`heh g‘>r`h gliil

/d`ueht, cdi Sbtliihhd gh tuttl il /urhl, l cdiil :ubrghl gh Fhebeb'

>i tl`pd stlssd rlegl heditrl edtd, c"l gb !ulstb Alsdrlrhb /b`lrbil %lrr pbnbtd hi

prl`hd gh che!ubetb Clcc"heh l4ltth%h b c"hue!ul, d elii‘bttd gliib sugglttb nlelrbil

/bcchb, d he bitrb dccbshdel b%r ucchsb ib prlglttb flrdcl KlsthbMsd``b, c"l %lrr

su&htd s&rsbtb gbi =lnhd cbsshlrl 8de :huslppl ]drtb, he %hstb gli /lrthcbtd, c"l

rhibsclr hi =lnhd glilnbtd gliib ]rd%hechb, eli gh cuh Alrrhtdrhd ib glttb Klsthb sbr

stbtb b``bbtb' Bhibed ih 27 unihd 2L;'

(:'/bprdeh,295, *i /detl gh l%le"iilr+ pbn'22)'


72/195

L;

N‘ ue henleud lrrdrl crlglrl c"l ihenubnnhd l %lrht pdssbed cdhechglrl, c"l lshstb

`bh ue rbppdrtd ueh%dcd l elclssbrhd frb il pbrdil l ch1 c"l lssl glshnebed, c"l

shnehcbeth l shnehcbth shbed `bh sd%rbppdeh&hih'

*i shecrlthstb tutt‘bttdred b s? rb%%hsb id splttbcdid cd`hcd l trbnhcd gh shnehcbeth

gh4lrleth c"l glshnebed ue uehcd shnehcbtd, d gh ue sdid shnehcbetl c"lcd`prlegl shnehcbth dppdsth'

(N'Cdiib, 2G, lrht slnrltl lspdstl he l%hgleb+ pbn'2G)'


73/195

L3

8b &b`&hed, lspidrbegd ueb cbsb scdedschutb, s&ucbh he ue %bed gd%l `h scdprhh

rh.lssd bii‘h`prd%%hsd he ueb %bstb splcc"hlrb'Arb ib %hshdel l hi rhcdedsch`letd gh

`l stlssd trbscdrsl ue btth`d, c"l `h pbr%l iuen"hssh`d, eli !ubil hetuhh c"l hi

`degd edtd l !udthghbed ede lrb i‘uehcb rlbit'

(N'Cdiib, cht'+pbn'27)'


74/195

L7

8h b%lr prlsd b !ubttrd d che!ul beeh ilhdeh gh %hdihed ede sbpl%b`d, cd`l he%lcl

rbccdetb edstrd frbtliid c"l nih "b rh%libtd sub `dnihl rhflrlegd tlsth`dehbel gh

edstrb `bgrl l gliib edstrb edeeb `btlreb, letrb`&l glfuetl' Ede rhcdrghb`d' Ed'

Ede id rhpdrtlrl`d eli edstrd currhcuiu` %htbl (c'%')'


75/195


76/195

L5

* sdigbth ede gd%l%bed lsslrl u`hih, `b &rb%h sdigbthMede fbndtth gh rbsslnebhdel,

`b nru`h gh %didetMclrcbh sl`prl gh crlbrl bi`led ue iucdrl gh %didet, bec"l

eliil phø tdrphgl beh`l glh #rbsslnebth$'/de ib rbsslnebhdel ede sh fb ib nulrrb, l

tbetd `led ib sh %hecl'Sded ue r?tdrl l !ulstb á ib `hb rltdrhcb'

Sbrl&&l cd`l ghrl c"l ued sh rbsslneb begbrl Wshc b ilttd cde ueb rbnbbM%lrrpurl ue `d`letd c"l ib sl`pihcl rbsslnebhdel ede &bstb'

(/'N':bggb,237, *i cbstliid gh \ghel, lg'2L3+ pbn'3L)'

Nrds l ]1il`ds'


77/195

LL

\e nhrd bttrb%lrsd il del gl%bstbtl gh Frbechb h`prlsshdeb i‘dcc"hd l

i‘h``bnhebhdel bi gh i gh dneh glscrhhdel'8urbetl i‘he%lred gli 229


78/195

L9

/"h gh edh "b gliil phccdil rleghtl, plr !ubetd ih`htbtl pdssbed lsslrl, d hi sdstlned

gliib fb`hnihb, ede pu1 cdedsclrl hi sleth`letd gh bendschb c"l bttbebnihb cdidrd h

!ubih ede "beed cbsb e? glebrd'* gd`lsthch c"l ghplegded he tuttd gbh idrd gbtdrh gh

ib%drd, %httd l biidnnhd, l c"l he dneh `d`letd pdssded rhcl%lrl i‘drghel gh fbr

!ubicdsb, l hi cuh glsthed pu1 ghpleglrl gb ueb tlhlrb rdttb d gb ued s&bid g‘u`drl,s%hiuppbed gliil el%rdsh pbrthcdibrh'Sh pu1 gbrl hi cbsd gh ueb gd`lsthcb c"l,

sl&&lel bttrbttb gbi sud gbtdrl gh ib%drd, clrc"h hecdeschb`letl gh prd%dcbrl ib sub

cdiilrb' /bprhcch l c"hrh&hh, suscltth&hiht l &rdech, pltuibel l plr`bidsht %lended

gbiib elclssht rlprlssb gh cd`plesbrl ue‘l%hgletl gh4lrleb gh stbtus'

(='Bbun"b`, 279, *i slr%d, trbg'ht'+ pbn'3)'

]shcdgheb`hcb su &bsl lcded`hcb'


79/195

L

Oubegd Frág?rhc letr1, stb%bed %betbegd i‘lid!uleb glii‘b&btl /dlur']dh

glpidrbrbrded i‘h``drbiht glh gd`lsthch b prdpdshtd gh ue furtd cd``lssd gb ue

cb`lrhlrl+l h plttlndilh sh b%%hbrded'b %lcc"hb shnedrb gh Sd``lrZ b%l%b hi

rb4rlggdrl, ib shnedrheb gh Aur%hsdt sh spdsb%b, h Bdetc"brrde ede sbrl&&lrd

rhtdrebth prh`b gliib el gh nleebhd, l cdsJ h KrltbecdurtMbglssd ch sh trbttlel%b edb tbrgh he cb`pbneb' N ib `hslrhb glh ghscdrsh rhusch%b cd`l bnnrb%btb gbi iussd gliil

cdsl chrcdstbeth+`b !uliid c"l ghcl%bed lrb `led stuphgd gliib `behlrb gh

cde%lrsbrl, sleb ued scdpd, sleb ue elssd l sleb %h%bcht' Nppurl c‘lrbed iJ

ud`heh lsplrth gliib %htb, ue lU `hehstrd, hi pbrrdcd g‘ueb nrbegl pbrrdcc"hb, gul d

trl bith fuehdebrh gli nd%lredMtutth sh ih`htb%bed bh iudn"h cdùeh'

(:'Fibu&lrt,295, ‘lgucbhdel sleth`letbil, trbg'ht'+ pbrtl slcdegb, cbp'**)'

Ede rhuschb`d b ede lsslrl gliush gb !ulstd &rbed' Suh iudn"h cdùeh chrcdibed

`dith iudn"h cdùeh'

‘>*S6 gli /detl fu bccditd

!ubsh cde frlelshb'

*i sbenul g sl`prl biilnrhb'

‘bssbsshehd á lsuitbeb'

\cchglrl, ue pbssd gh gbeb

c"l sdrb ib ihturnhb'

(''')

Bh br`bh bec"‘hd'

>ec"‘hd

`h uehh biib #nlelrbil /bcchb$'

Kbttlh bccbehtb`letl,


80/195

9G

b pbi`d b pbi`d, ib rltl

ttb glh cb`ph i‘hetrhcd

gliib `bcc"hb'

b sltl`h bttbebnihb%b'

b fbcchb

i‘b%l%d he b``l'

8d%ue!ul,

cdi cudrl c"l `h scdpphb%b,

ede scdrsh ib phø phccdib trbcchb'

(''')

:lttbh hi fuchil'

=hletrbh

- gh sthb bii‘dstlrhb'

b Klsthb, d lrb funnhtb %hb,d ede lshstl%b'

(*i /detl

bi ghb%didI< strb%lgl%b)

(:'/bprdeh, cht'+ pbnn'2


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Ede "bh &hsdned gh prldccupbrth gli tud b%%lehrl, phuttdstd gd%rlsth dccupbrth gli

tud pbssbtd'

(F'bfHb, 2;L, >`lrhcb, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*)'


82/195

9;

\e cbel s‘heib%b trb il nb`&l gliib nletl (''') l hi `hd cd`pbned %h hechb`p1' *i

cbel &bi1 %hb sleb l`lttlrl suded+ i‘ud`d, bibegd ue pdc"hed ib %dcl, ghssl

rhglegd phbedM #Bb nubrgbtl ue pd‘ !uli cbel rdnedsd$, l su&htd ch trd%b``d

slpbrbth gb ue `ucc"hd gh nletl (''')' hgh Xh` phrdlttbrl su sl stlssd' Flcl ue pbssd

b%beth l `h s&brr1 ib strbgb' Nrb%b`d sdih+ `h heclelrh%b cde ued snubrgd phled ghcdcchutb glchshdel' (''') #8hcl%btl b `l$ c"hlsl Xh` b %dcl &bsshssh`b (''')' *d ghsshM

#Ed$ (''') #dh ghtl gh ed$ ghssl iuh `ditd scurd, #`b hd "d slethtd &lel$'

(X'/derbg, 2GG, drg Xh`, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*)'

ArbguclM

(''')> gdn Rbs t"lrl, Rlb%hen "h`slif he beg dut b`denst pldpil‘s ilns (''') beg `Z

cd`pbehde stu`&ilg d%lr "h`' A"l gdn ilbplg bRbZ Rht"dut b sdueg+t"l `be,

rbhshen "hs %dhcl b ihttil, sbhg Rht" b sidR ibun", #ddH bt t"bt Rrltc"lg cur$, beg

ghrlctiZ bftlrRbrgs Rl &lcb`l slpbrbtlg &Z b idt df pldpil (''')'* sbR Xh` sphe

rdueg' @l `bgl b stlp fdrRbrg beg &brrlg `Z RbZ' l Rlrl bidel+ "l nibrlg bt `l

Rht" be bhr df stu&&dre rlsdiuthde' (''')'$8hg Zdu splbH td `l$ bsHlg Qh` %lrZ idR

(''')'* sbhg #Ed$ (''')'$du sbZ Zdu ghge‘t,$"l sbhg, %lrZ sd`&rl'$Kut * "lbrg'$

(X'/derbg, drg Xh`, 2GG+ lg'Kbetb` KddHs, cbp'*)'

rltc"lg cur ede á ue cbel rdnedsd+ b Xh` sudeb, trbsibtd, cd`l #pd%lrd %hnihbccd$,

fdrslM gbi `hchghbil !uh prd !ud gh Xh` `ud%l tuttd hi iuend ghbidnd trb iuh l BbridRl'

]lr1 #cbel rdnedsd$ fuehdeb'


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93

A"dsl t"rll Dh‘s‘ hesthect, hetuhthde, hesphrbthde< he R"hc" * pheelg `Z fbht" Rlrl

`drl uslfui he ilbrehen b&dut pldpil t"b idnhc cduig &l' /bprdchdus bpprdbc" td

cbprhchdus su&Qlct' (N'AbZidr,297, A"l gl%bstbthen &dZs, lg'2+ pbn'257)'

Flgl elii‘hsthetd, elii‘hetuhhdel, elii‘hsphrbhdel, phø c"l eliib idnhcb, plr sbplrcdedsclrl il plrsdelM b sdnnlttd cbprhcchdsd, bpprdcchd cbprhcchdsd' > ebsd' Ede

schlethcd'


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97

*e ueb b&b (''') "b gb sl`prl hi sud rudid ueb nurb `bihneb l h`pleltrb&hil, cde hi

cd`phtd gh ghstrunnlrl, d bi`led gh rhghcdihbrl, ch1 c"l á &uded l iu`hedsd'

(A'Klre"brg, 25, N%leth, trbg'ht' cde tlstd b frdetl+ pbn';)'

ArbguclM(''') 8lee u lhel` Brc"lesphli nl"rt slht Ql"lr lhel &sbrthnl

ueguurc"sc"bu&brl :lstbit, ghl gbs :utl, 8urc"sc"bu&brl, u lrstrle dglr

Rlehnstles ic"lrihc" u `bc"le trbc"tlt' (A'Klre"brg, cht'+ pbn';7)'


85/195

9

Fuelrbil gh `bssb b Fhrlel (7 * ;G2G) plr ib `drtl gh ue ghchbsslttleel eliid

scdetrd edttured trb gul scddtlr' b %hb gliib c"hlsb gd%l sh á s%ditb ib fuehdel

fuel&rl lrb b4diibtb gh bgdilscleth (cde h cbideh tleuth &bssh, `b ede he slned gh

iuttd), %hnhih ur&beh sdr%lnihb%bed l nbrbeth%bed hi rhtd' Ede cbph%b`d cd`l hi

glfuetd b%lssl tbeth b`hch' Ab` tb` %hb hetlrelt, plesb%b`d'DFuelrbihs`d‘ gh `bssb, cdrpdrbth%d, Dgdidrhs`d‘'

‘uith`d cdeclttd (>'Sb%hehd (272


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95

Ard%hb`d su b Stb`pb gli L :huned ‘GLM #ElR drH' \e ud`d fb cbusb plr ueb

suplr lrlhdel' @b prlsd ue hetlnrbtdrl l "b b%utd ue‘lrlhdel #sleb el$, plr ib

!ubil á ehtd he dsplgbil']lr !ulstd /'', %lethed%leel gh E'', "b fbttd cbusb biib

cbsb prdguttrhcl, Ed%brths$'

*e *tbihb, he ue pdstd gh prdetd sdccdrsd, !ubil #cdidrl gh urnleb$ nih b%rl&&lrdgbtd


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9L

Bditl sded il ilnnlegl c"l, b uccb l ghetdreh, glscrh%ded ib nurb gliib &liib

uchgb Bbesh' Slcdegd h rbccdeth, cdstlh lrb ueb gdeeb nhd%bel l `ditd b%%leletl l

c"l sbpl%b &le uthihbrl hi sud fbsched plr cdiilhdebrl ue b`betl ghltrd i‘bitrd, `bh

sbhb glii‘b`drl cbrebil'Sh ebrrb c"l b%lssl fbttd bgghrhtturb ucchglrl hi `brhtd plr

pdtlrsh glghcbrl cd`piltb`letl biib %htb nbibetl, bnih b&hth prlhdsh, bhnhdhliih'>`b%b tbi`letl sl stlssb gb b%lrl &hsdned gh chrcdegbrsh gh splcc"h c"l

rh.lttl%bed cdetheub`letl ib sub h``bnhelM suiil pbrlth, eli ih&rd gb `lssb,

bgghrhtturb sdprb hi ilttd he `behlrb gb bggdr`letbrsh ssbegd ib sub gdicl l

sheudsb nurb'

Bb hi tl`pd, cd`l sh sb, scdrrl helsdrb&hil'N uchgb gd%lttl cdestbtbrl, bg ue clrtd

puetd, c"l il run"l cd`hechb%bed b rhnbrl hi sud &li %ditd'(''')ib gdeeb ede l&&l

lshtbhdel bicueb l he%dc1 ehletl`led c"l hi ghb%did'*i !ubil il bppbr%l &le

%dilethlrh plr sthpuibrl ue `bilcd bccdrgdMhe cb`&hd gh trlet‘beeh gh uitlrhdrl

nhd%helb, hi gl`dehd b%rl&&l pdtutd prleglrsh i‘beh`b gliib gdeeb'

(RRR'tuscbeQdurelZ'drnilnnlegl)'

http://www.tuscanjourney.org/leggendehttp://www.tuscanjourney.org/leggende


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99

\e bitrd rbccdetd (''') pbrib gh ueb nrbe shnedrb c"l `benhb%b l &l%l%b

biilnrb`letl l b%l%b tuttd ch1 c"l hi cudrl pu1 &rb`brl, l c"l glshglr1 %h%lrl plr

sl`prl' Elh prh`h cletd beeh tuttd beg1 &lel, `b pdh cd`hech1 b rlstrhenlrsh lg

bnnrhehrsh, ed b c"l ede pdt? phø cb``hebrl, e? rlnnlrsh he phlgh, e? `benhbrl, e?

&lrl' Bb el``led pdtl%b `drhrl'>nih hehh i‘bih`letb%bed cd`l sl fdssl ueb &b`&heb, `b eJ cdi gh%letbrl tbetd

`heutb c"l ib `hslrd he ueb &dtthnihb gh %ltrd l ib bpplslrd eliib c"hlsb'Stb becdrb

iJ, eliib /"hlsb gh Sbetb Bbrhb b u&lcH'@b ib nrbeglb gh ue tdpdihed l ueb %ditb

bii‘beed sh `ud%l'

(X':'Frblr, 223, Kbiglr t"l Klbuthfui, trbg'ht'+ $h%lrl plr sl`prl$)'


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9

Oubegd cdi prdnrlssd gliib cdedscleb nih ud`heh cd`hechbrded b rleglrsh cdetd

glii‘lrrdrl cd`phutd bttrh&ulegd bi cd``lrchd trb h slssh ue l4lttd suiib

rhprdguhdel gh beh`bih l phbetl, ib cde%hehdel gliib edch%ht gh clrth rbppdrth lrb

drb`bh tbi`letl rbghcbtb, c"l ede fu fbchil ih&lrbrslel, bec"l !ubegd plrclphrded

i‘bssurght gli rbnhdeb`letd c"l ih b%l%b pdrtbth b !uliil cdeciushdeh' /dsJ ib %lcc"hbprbthcb sbrl&&l rh`bstb he %hndrl, sl&&lel ib %lcc"hb tldrhb fdssl %leutb `led'

>%rl&&lrd cdetheubtd bg dsslr%brl il %lcc"hl rlndil gliib `drbil slssubil, `b sl

gd%l%bed dsslr%brl hi rhsplttd gliib cd`ueht lrb elclssbrhd pdnnhbril su ueb eud%b

&bsl tldrhcb' Ouliib &bsl, he bccdrgd cde hi nlelrbil prdnrlssd gli pleshlrd, fu

fdrehtb gbiib rlihnhdel'

(X':'Frblr, 2G


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2

#/"l cdsb slh, ueb strlnb$

#SJ, ueb strlnb'$

(''')

$*e !ulstb rd&bcchb ede ch crlgd' Sded tuttl schdcc"ll' Bb gbi `d`letd c"l tu ch

crlgh, gbi tud puetd gh %hstb "bh bssbsshebtd ueb plrsdeb'$(*'K'Shenlr, b strlnb, he ]bsshdeh, trbg' ht', pbn'97)'

S‘bccleeb !uh bi fled`led glii‘butdfrbhetlegh`letd, c"l clrtd ede rhnubrgb

sditbetd ib strlndelrhb' *i rbccdetd %lrtl suiib h`prl%hstb bttrbhdel c"l ueb rbnbb

bi!ubetd snrbhbtb suschtb eli sud prdflssdrl, gdpd c"l ib `dnihl gh !ulst‘uith`d á

`drtb gh nrb%l l `hstlrhdsb `bibtthb'


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;

*i ]brthtd ede pu1 `bh s&bnihbrl (''')'Au lg hd pdsshb`d cd``lttlrl glnih lrrdrh, `b

ede hi ]brthtd' *i ]brthtd, cd`pbned, á phø gh tl, gh `l l gh `hiil bitrh cd`l tl l cd`l

`l' *i ]brthtd á i‘hecbrebhdel glii‘hglb rh%diuhdebrhb eliib Stdrhb' b Stdrhb ede

cdedscl e? scrupdih e? lshtbhdeh' Scdrrl, helrtl l hefbiih&hil, %lrsd ib sub `átb' >g

dneh cur%b gli sud cdrsd ibschb hi fbend l pdrtb cde s? h cbgb%lrh glnih b4dnbth' bStdrhb sb gd%l %b' Ede cd``lttl lrrdrh' /diuh c"l ede "b ueb flgl bssdiutb eliib

Stdrhb ede á eliil il gli ]brthtd'(''')@bh scrhttdM$* rlsth gli `d%h`letd rh%diuhdebrhd

gl&&ded uehrsh l tuttl il fdrl dsthih biib thrbeehgl fdr`brl ue &idccd+gd&&hb`d

pdrrl el biil edstrl %lcc"hl idttl hetlrel l cd`hechbrl gh eud%d ib idttb

cdùel$'Oulstd á ue lrrdrl'*i ]brthtd ede gl%l biilbrsh bh `dglrbth'(''')@bh

scrhttdM$Oubegd ib cbsb &ruchb, tutth gl%ded cdetrh&uhrl b sd4dcbrl i‘hecleghd+sl

cdetheuhb`d b ghscutlrl suiil tldrhl, i‘hecleghd ch rhgurr tutth he clelrl$'>itrd

lrrdrl' Edh cd`&btthb`d hi fudcd cde i‘bc!ub+nih bitrh cde i‘dihd']lrtbetd gd&&hb`d

prh`b glchglrl !ubil á hi shstl`b nhustd, sl i‘bc!ub d i‘dihd, prh`b gh uehrl il &rhnbtl

glh pd`phlrh'(''')b ihelb gli ]brthtd á elttb`letl glehtb, cd`l ue benustd

slethlrd trb il `detbnel'*i phø ihl%l pbssd fbisd, b shehstrb d b glstrb, fb cbglrl eli

prlchphhd'

(>'dlstilr, 275, Kuhd b `ldnhdred, trbg'ht'+ $*i prh`d hetlrrdnbtdrhd$, 0 *P)'

b #thrbeehgl$ he !ulsthdel á, cde dneh prd&b&hiht, hi fbschs`d, d hi

ebhdebisdchbihs`d' Ouh sh ghscutl, clrtd he ue cih`b plrslcutdrhd, su cd`l gd%rl&&l

pdrsh, rhsplttd biil bitrl fdrl pdihthc"l cdetrbrhl bi fbschs`d, ue pbrthtd cdùehstb'‘hetlrrdnbetl cdetlstb ib ihelb gh cuh á sdstlehtdrl i‘hetlrrdnbtd, ghrl``d

#frdethstb$, dppdelegdnih ueb ihelb c"l prh%hilnhb, sl`prl l cdùe!ul, id

sc"hlrb`letd gh cibssl gb pbrtl cdùehstb, chdá b ghrl hi `betleh`letd

glii‘bttlehdel biib cdetrbgghhdel fdegb`letbil (slcdegd hi `brUhs`d


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7

(''') Bh h``bnhed sl`prl tutth !ulsth rbnbheh c"l fbeed ueb pbrthtb he

!ulii‘h``lesd cb`pd gh slnbil (''')'Bhnihbhb gh rbnbheh, l hetdred ede c‘á elssue

bitrd, elssue nrbegl, %dnihd ghrl, sditbetd hd' N hd std he phlgh suii‘drid gh ue ghrupd

pblscd'N ede gl%d fbrl bitrd c"l prleglrl bi %did tutth !uliih c"l stbeed plr

cbglrl gbi ghrupd, %dnihd ghrl, sl cdrrded sleb nubrgbrl gd%l %beed, hd gl%d sbitbrfudrh gb !ubic"l pdstd l bcc"hbppbrih'Ede gd%rlh fbrl bitrd tuttd hi nhdred' (''')'Sd

c"l á ueb pbhb, `b á i‘uehcb cdsb c"l `h phbclrl&&l %lrb`letl fbrl'

(X'8'Sbihenlr, 22, *i nhd%bel @digle, trbg'ht'+ cbp'PP**)'

8b cuh hi thtdid, A"l cbtc"lr he t"l rZl, c"l rhsplcc"hb i‘h``bnhel glii‘b4lrrbrl

rbnbheh plrhcdibeth' N‘ hi cdetrbrhd gli ph4lrbhd gh @b`lihe'


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* cd`uehsth gl%ded cd`prleglrl b fdegd hi prhechphd gliib su&drghebhdel glh &hsdneh

gliib pbrtl bi tuttd' Sl ueb prdpdstb bppbrl rlbihb&hil eliib shtubhdel pbrthcdibrl,

`b ede eliib shtubhdel nlelrbil, &hsdneb su&drghebrl ib pbrtl bi tuttd' Sl

%hcl%lrsb, ib prdpdstb ede á rlbihb&hil eliib shtubhdel pbrthcdibrl, `b id á eliib

shtubhdel nlelrbil, bec"l he !ulstd cbsd ib pbrtl gl%l lsslrl su&drghebtb bi tuttd'Nccd cdsb shnehcb cdeshglrbrl ib shtubhdel eli sud heshl`l'

(' ]hbd lt bi' (b curb gh), 255, /htbhdeh gbiil dplrl gli prlshgletl Bbd Clgden,

trbg'ht'+ cbp'PP*)'


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5

*i cd`uehs`d á i‘lsbsplrbhdel gli cbecrd &urdcrbthcd c"l "b sl`prl rdsd

i‘u`beht' /becrd tlglscd, prdgdttd gbi cbrbttlrhsthcd prlpbrbhdehs`d tlglscd'

6neh prlpbrbhdel plgbetlscb á bethu`beb' (/ht'he S'Sdetbn, 2LL, 2L9, Bbibtthb

cd`l `ltbfdrb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'L;)'

b #prlpbrbhdel plgbetlscb$, phø c"l lsslrl #bethu`beb$, su%%Jb, btthlel

bii‘heflihcht' Fhihppd Ad``bsd Bbrheltth, i‘butdrl gh !ulstl rhn"l, prlegl gh `hrb hi

cd`uehs`d l #h tlglsc"h$, sdr%dihb`d, lppurl !uliid gh #prlpbrbhdehs`d$ pbrl ue

&li cdeclttd' @b b c"l %lglrl cde i‘beshb l h `brc"henlneh dsslssh%h plr tlelrib b

&bgb, he prh%btd l eliib gh`leshdel cdiiltth%b'


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L

d scrhttdrl nubtl`bitlcd >unustd Bdetlrrdsd "b scrhttd ueb %ditb !uliid c"l %hlel

cdeshglrbtd hi rbccdetd phø &rl%l gh tuttb ib ilttlrbturb ueh%lrsbilM #/ubegd

glsplrt1, li ghedsburhd tdgb%Jb lstb&b biiJ$'(Oubegd sh s%lnih1, hi ghedsburd lrb

becdrb iJ')

(''')*i rbccdetd sunnlrhscl, eliib sub fui`helb sl`pihcht, gul hetlrprltbhdehM(h)hithhd á s%lnihd bccbetd b ue ghedsburd, plr ede %lglrid phø sh bggdr`letb, l !ubegd

sh s%lnihb hi ghedsburd á becdrb iJ+(hh)hi thhd á s%lnihd sleb ghedsburh elh pbrbnnh, sh

bggdr`letb, sdneb ue ghedsburd, l !ubegd sh s%lnihb hi ghedsburd gli sdned á

becdrb iJ'Autth b``lttlrbeed c"l ib slcdegb hetlrprltbhdel á surrlbihsthcb`letl l

HbfHhbeb`letl phø sbpdrdsb gliib prh`b, `b elppurl ib prh`b lrb lsciusb gbi

rbccdetd, c"l pdtrl&&l lsslrl ue rbccdetd rlbihsthcd suiib prlhstdrhb'

(\'Ncd,;GG3, cht'+pbn'5)'

*i sdnnlttd gh #glsplrt1$ pdtrl&&l bec"l lsslrl hi ghedsburd' d stupdrl (phø gli

ghedsburd c"l gli ilttdrl) glrh%lrl&&l biidrb gbi trd%brsh, hi ghedsburd, tdgb%Jb biiJ,

he ue iudnd gh%lrsd gb !uliid gli sud sdned, l unubil b gd%‘lrb bi `d`letd gh

bggdr`letbrsh' /bphtb bec"l bh ghedsburh, cd`l b edh, gh s%lnihbrsh l gh ede cbphrl

su&htd gd%l sded

b slcdegb hetlrprltbhdel lc"hbeb á !uliib c"l s‘h`pdel, nlelrl "drrdr, `b á

#betrdpdcletrhcb$'


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]lr hi shnedr /b%l gh%leel c"hbrd c"l !ulnih dnnltth schethiibeth lrbed crhstbiih

lsbttb`letl unubih b !uliid he cuh stb%b nubrgbegd'(''')Oubic"l %ditb, ueb gliil

nrbegh crlbturl bibtl s%dibb%b e i he ch`b l, gdpd b%lr rhphlnbtd il bih l

b%%hen"hbtd bicueh tletbcdih hetdred bi pleedel, nubrgb%b ssb`letl eli crhstbiid

plr ue clrtd plrhdgd b %ditl bec"l plr ue !ubrtd g‘drb'N ueb slrhl gh dsslr%bhdeh,fbttl plr sunnlrh`letd gli shnedr bcl, ih cde%hesl letrb`&h c"l, rhsplttd bi `degd

dnnlttd gliib %hshdel, hi crhstbiid eli !ubil idrd nubrgb%bed sh trd%b%b su ue pleedel

bi ih`htl gliib tlrrbb, l c"l he ueb dccbshdel bi`led, ued glnih b&htbeth gh

!ulst‘bitrd `degd b%l%b nubrgbtd ib fbcchb gli shnedr /b%l `letrl iuh fbcl%b

bitrlttbetd'

(@':'liis, 29L, ‘ud%d gh crhstbiid, trbg'ht'+ lg' Nhebugh)'

*i nubrgbetl á nubrgbtd gbi nubrgbetl gh ue bitrd `degd, letrb`&h nubrgbth l

nubrgbeth'


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\eb ilttrhcl gl b shnedrheb Nisl (>'Sc"ehtilr) rhflrhscl, ede sbpphb`d !ubetd

cdesbpl%dil c"l i‘drhnhebil á scrhttd he tlglscd, gh b%lr plesbtd splssd bi ed`l

gliib prdtbndehstb cd`l sl fdssl i‘b%%lr&hd henilsl lisl' :hdcbrl cde il pbrdil

shnehcb bec"l spblsbril gbiib idrd rlshgleb drhnhebrhb' Kbstb ede b4lhdebrsh

trdppd biil edstrl trd%btl, !ubegd lssl rbpprlsletbed sdid ueb edstrb %lrht'


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2GG

/h rbccdetbrded c"l, gurbetl ue cde%lned su :ldrnl Sh`lede, b Fhrlel, !ubicued

b%l%b nhdcbtd cde !uli cdned`l < sh `bhs ede < hnedrd b !ubil scdpd lr`leluthcd+

ch rbccdetbrded scbegbihbth c"l #sh$ ede á frbeclslM he%lcl id á'

Nicola Spinosi - Piccola enciclopedia degli errori

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