ngsjpftpay; · njhFg;G : jpU.R.rpwPjud;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up -...

ngsjpftpay;

thAf;fspd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT

njhFg;G : jpU.R.rpwPjud;> Mrpupau; - ngsjpftpay;> (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - nfhf;Ftpy;) fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU.f.Ffjhrd;, MrpupaH - j.njh.njh (fpsp/Gdpj gw;wpkh Nwh.f.j.f ghlrhiy> cUj;jpuGuk;)

juk; - 12> 13

thAf;fspd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sT

jpz;kq;fs;> jputq;fSf;F mtw;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfspd; ntg;gepiyAldhd khwy;

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f msT rpwpjhf ,Ug;gjhy; ve;j ntg;gepiy tPr;rpw;f;Fk; jpz;kq;fspdJk;

jputq;fspdJk; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfs; khwpyp vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; thAf;fspd; jd;

ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfs; mt;thwy;y. thAf;fSf;fhd epge;jidfs; khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shtjhy; mit

nfhz;bUf;ff;$ba jd; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfs; Kbtpyp vz;zpf;ifahdit. MapDk;

,q;F ,uz;L tifahd jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfNs fUjg;gLfpd;wd.

khwh mKf;fj;jpy; 1 mol thAtpd; ntg;gepiyia 1°C ,dhy; mjpfupg;gjw;f;F Njitahd ntg;gf; fzpak; mt;thAtpd; khwh mKf;f %yH jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT vdg;gLk; ,q;F

φ - toq;fg;gl;l ntg;grf;jp R - %y; vz;zpf;if ΔT - ntg;gepiy khw;wk;

Cp ,d; myF J mol-1K-1

khwh mKf;fj;jpy; %yH jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT (Cp)

NjHr;rp kl;lk;: 4.5.2

φ=RCpΔT

khwhf; fdtstpy; %yH jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT (Cv)

khwh fdtstpy; 1 mol thAtpd; ntg;gepiyia 1°C ,dhy; mjpfupg;gjw;f;F Njitahd ntg;gk; mt;thAtpd; khwhf; fdtsT %yH jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT vdg;gLk; ,q;F ΔU - ntg;grf;jp gupkhw;wk;/ mfr;rf;jp khw;wk; Cv ,d; myF J mol-1 K-1

ΔU = RCvΔT

Cp

Cv %yH jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfspd; tpfpjk;

MdJ %yf;$W xd;wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; jq;fpAs;sJ


juk; - 12> 13

epa+l;ldpd; Fspuy; tpjp (Newton’s Law of Cooling)

#lhd nghUs; xd;wpypUe;J #oYf;F ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; tPjkhdJ #oypy; ,Ue;jhd mg;nghUspd; Nkyjpf ntg;gepiyf;F NeH tpfpj rkdhFk;.

#oYf;fhd ntg;g ,og;G tPjk; Nkyjpf ntg;gepiy ,q;F

- nghUspd; ntg;gepiy R - #oypd; ntg;gepiy

K - tpfpj rk khwpyp ,J Nkw;gug;gpd; jd;ikapYk; mstpYk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;

epiyahd tspf;F Nkyjpf ntg;gepiy rpwpjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; fhw;Nwhl;lk; cs;s ,lj;jpy; my;yJ rPuhd type;j Nkw;fhTif cs;s ,lj;jpy; ve;j

ntg;gepiy tPr;rpw;f;Fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

tpjp typjhtw;fhd epge;jidfs;

dφ ( - R)

dt

dφ ( - R)

dt

Fspuy; Kiwahy; jputnkhd;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssit Jzpjy;

cgfuzq;fSk; nghUl;fSk;

epWj;jw; fbfhuk;> fNyhup khdp> NghJkhd msT ePH> NghJkhd mstpy;

jputk;> Kf;fhyp> fk;gptiy> Kj;Jyhj;juhR> (-10°C) - 110°C ntg;gepiy

tPr;irf; nfhz;l ntg;gkhdp> gd;rd; RluLg;G> gpbjhq;fp

nfhs;if

cWjp thA ntg;gg ; gha;r ;rnyhd;w pd; FspUk; > ntg;gNkw;w pa ,uz;L

nghUl ;fs pd ; Nkw ; g ug ; Gfs pd ; jd ;ik> gug ; gsT , nghUs ;fSf ;Fk ;

Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpw;f;Fk; ,ilNa Nkyjpf ntg;gepiy vd;gd rHt rkdhapd;>

mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ntg;gk; ,of;fg;gLk; ,iltPjk; rkdhFk;


juk; - 12> 13

ePH jputk;

Q1

Q2

ntg;gepi

y

Neuk; tw

tl

Ma;T$l ad;dypy; njhq;f tplg;gl;Ls;s NghJ

xNu fNyhupkhdpiag; gad;gLj;jp rkfdtsTs;s jputq;fis Nkw;gb epge;jidapd; fPo; Fspu

tpLk; NghJ fyf;fpAld; fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT m1 ck; ePUld; jpzpT m2 ck; jputj;Jld;

jpzpT m3 ck; Mapd; 1 ntg;gepiy njhlf;fk; 2 ntg;gepiy tiu FspUtjw;fhf

fNyhupkhdpapDs; ePH mlq;fpAs;s NghJ nrythFk; fhyk; tw ck; jputk; cs;s re;jHgj;jpy;

nrythFk; fhyk; tl ck; fNyhupkhdp Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT C Ak;

ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Cw ck; jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Cl ck; Mapd; ,uz;L

re;jHgq;fspYk; ntg;g ,og;G tPjk; rkdhFk;

,jd; %yk; C1 [f; fzpf;fyhk;


juk; - 12> 13

nra;Kiw

fyf;fpAld; fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpit mse;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. Vwj;jho 70°C tiu

ntg;gNkw;wpa ePupdhy; fNyhupkhdpia %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F tiu epug;gp> %bapdhy;

%b glj;jpy; fhl;bathW jhq;fpnahd;wpy; njhq;f tpLq;fs;. ,j;njhFjp Ma;T $l

ad;dYf;F mUNf ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. ePiu ,ilawhJ fyf;fp

epWj;jw; fbfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy Vwj;jho 40°C MFk; tiuapy; miu

epkplj;jpw;F xU jlit ntg;gepiyia gjpT nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,Wjpapy; ePH

mlq;fpAs;s fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpit mse;J nfhs;Sq;fs;. fNyhupkhdpapDs; cs;s

ePiu mfw;wp ed;F Jilj;J cyutpl;L mjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ntg;gNkw;wpa jputj;jpd; rk

fdtsit mjDs; ,l;L> jputj;jpw ;f ;fhfTk; Kd;dH Nghd;Nw thrpg ;Gf;fisg;

ngWq;fs;. jputj;Jld; fNyhupkhdpAld; jpzpitg; ngWq;fs;. thrpg;Gf;fis gpd;tUkhW

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s xH ml;ltizapy; gjpT nra;Aq;fs;

thrpg;Gf;fSk; fzpg;Gf;fSk;

fhyk; (epkplk;) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

ePupd; ntg;gepiy °C

jputj;jpd; ntg;gepiy °C

fNyhupkhdp + fyf;fpapd; jpzpT = M1

fNyhupkhdp + fyf;fp + ePH (2/3) = M2

jutj;Jld; fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT = M3

1°C — 2°C tPr;rpDs; ePH Fspu vLj;j Neuk; = Tw

1°C — 2°C tiu jputk; Fspu vLj;j Neuk; = Tl


juk; - 12> 13

Note

xNu Ms;$w;W mr;rpd; kPJ ePUf;Fk; jputj;Jf;Fkhf Neuj;Jf;F vjpNu ntg;gepiy tisapia

xg;gkhf tiuAq;fs;. ntg;gepiy fhy tisap %yk; xNu ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrj;jpDs; Fspu

tpLtjdhy; jputj;jpw;f;Fk; ePUf;Fk; ntt;Ntwhf nrythFk; fhyj;ijg; ngWq;fs;. Cw ,w;Fk;

C ,w;Fk; epakg; ngWkhdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf;

nfhs;ssit (Cl)fzpAq;fs;.

KbT fzpj;jy; %yk; ngw;w ngWkhdj;ij jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssthf KbT nra;Aq;fs;

Nkyjpf ntg;gepiy 20°C - 30°C tiu rpW ngWkhdq;fSf;fhfTk;

,g;gupNrhjidia elhj;jyhk; . mjw;fhf cWjpahd tspg; gha;r ;ry;

Njitg;gLtjpy;iy. vdpDk; gupNrhjidia elhj;Jk; fhyg;gFjpapy;

fNyhupkhdp maypy; mirah tspr; #onyhd;iw Ngzp tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

fzpj;jypd; NghJ ntg;gepiy tPr;rpDs; fNyhupkhdp %yk; ntg;gepiy

FiwtilAk; tPjq;fspd; ,ilg;ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWtij tpl fPNo tUk;

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW Fwpj;j ntg;gepiyf;F xg;gkhd Nkyjpfj;Jf;fhf

ntg;gepiy Fiwtile;j tPjj;ij ngWjy; $Ljy; jpUj;jkhdjhFk;.

jputk;

jputk;

ePH

0

QR ePH

ntg;gepi

y

fhyk;


juk; - 12> 13

a+ypd; kpd; Kiwahy; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Jzpjy;

glj;jpy; fhl;bathW cgfuz mikg;ghdJ xOq;F nra;ag;gl;L ntg;gkhf;Fk; RUSf;F Vw;w

kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij toq;FkhW khWk; jil nrg;gQ; nra;ag;gLk;. fNyhup khdpahdJ njupe;j jpzpT

(m) cila gupNrhjid jputj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. jputj;jpd; Muk;g ntg;gepiyahf miw

ntg;gepiy R [ tpl rpy ghiffs; Fiwthd ntg;gepiyapYs;sjhf vLf;fg;gLk;. miw

ntg;gepiyapYk; ghHf;f vt;tsT ghif Fiwthf ,Uf;fpd;wNjh mNjasT ghifahy;

ntg;gepiy caHe;jJk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLtij epWj;jp ,Wjp caH ntg;gepiy 2 [f;

Fwpf;Ff. gupNrhjidapd; NghJ Nthy;w;W khdpapd; thrpg;G V mk;gpaH khdpapd; thrpg;G I

vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;Ff. mj;Jld; kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jg;gl;l Neuk; t [ epWj;jw; fbfhuj;jpdhy;

msf;Ff.

thrpg;Gf;fs;

jputj;jpd; jpzpT = m

Muk;g ntg;gepiy = 1 =(R— x)

,Wjp ntg;gepiy = 2 =(R + x)

Nthy;w;Wkhdp thrpg;G = V

mk;gpaHkhdp thrpg;G = I

kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jg;gl;l Neuk; = t


juk; - 12> 13

fzpg;G: (fNyhupkhdp + jputk;) ngw;w ntg;gk; = RUspdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l ntg;gk; vdNt fNyhupkhdpapd; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT njupe;jhy; jputj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssit Jzpayhk;

Note

,g;gupNrhjid mikg;gpy; miw ntg;gepiyapYk; ghHf;f rpy ghiffs;

Fiwthf njhlf;f epiyahf njupT nra;J mNjasT ghifapy; ntg;gepiy

caUk; tiu kpd;Ndhl;lk; nrYj;jg;gLk;. Kjy; miug;gFjp Neuj;jpw;f;F

#oy py pUe ; J ngw g ; g Lk ; ntg ; g k ; k pFj p miug ; gFj p Ne uj ; j p w ; F

#oYf;F ,of;fg;gLk;. vdNt Njwpa ntg;g ,og;G g+r;rpakhFk;. ,jd; %yk;

ntg;g ,og;Gf;fhd jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

ePz;l Neu kpd;Ndhl;lq;fSf;F nrUF rhtp cfe;jJ vd;gjhy; ,q;F nrUFrhtp

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

kpd;Ndhl;lk; nry;fpd;wNghJ ntg;gepiy cau RUspd; jil $Ltjhy;

Rw;wpYs;s kpd;Ndhl;lk; Fiwfpd;wJ. vdNt gupNrhjidapd; NghJ mk;gpaHkhdp

thr pg ; G t Po ; r ; r p milAk ; . khWk ; jilia nrg ; gQ ;nra ;tjd ; %yk ;

mk;gpaHkhdpapd; thrpg;ig epiyahd ngWkhdj;jpy; Ngzyhk;.

ntg;gkhf;Fk; RUis Mf;Ftjw;F epf ;FNuhk; vd;Dk; fyg;G cNyhfk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.


juk; - 12> 13

fNyhup mstpay; (Calorimetry)

100°C ,y; cs;s 100g cNyhfj;Jz;L xd;W 100g ePiuf; nfhz;Ls;s 20°C ,y; cs;sJk;

42JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cilaJkhd xU fNyhupkhdpapDs; ,lg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Wjp

ntg;gepiy 40°C vdpd; cNyhfj;jpd; njd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f

120g jpzpTila Cu fNyhupkhdp 15°C ,y; 100g gugpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 100°C ,y; cs;s

48g mYkpdpak; mjDs; ,lg;gl;l NghJ ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 27°C MfpaJ. mYkpdpak;> nrg;G

Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTfs; KiwNa 1000 Jkg-1K-1> 400 Jkg-1K-1 vdpd; gugpdpd;

jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f.

84JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cila nrg;Gf; fNyhupkhdp xd;W 20°C ,y; 200g vz;nziaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. 100g jpzpTila nrg;Gj; Jz;nlhd;W xH ciyapy; ,Ue;J fNyhupkhdpf;F

khw;wg;gl;lJ. vz;nza;apd; ntg;gepiy 60°C ,w;F caHe;jjhapd; ciyapd; ntg;gepiy

vd;d?

vz;nza;apd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 1890 Jkg-1 K-1

nrg;gpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 420 Jkg-1 K-1

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cila %d;W ghj;jpuq;fspy; A,B,C Mfpa jputq;fs;

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; ntg;gepiyfs; KiwNa 40°C> 60°C> 80°C MFk;. A, B Mfpad

fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 50°C. B, C Mfpad fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 75°C.

A, C Mfpa fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy vd;d?

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila %d;W ghj;jpuq;fspy; A,B,C

Mfpa jputq;fs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd; ntg;gepiyfs; KiwNa 20°C, 40°C, 60°C MFk;.

A, B fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 25°C. B,C fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 45°C

vdpd; A,B,C Mfpa %d;Wk; fyf;fg;gl;lhy; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy vd;d?

#lhd nghUs; xd;W tspapy; Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mjdJ ntg;gepiy

80°C ,y; ,Ue;J 60°C ,w;F FspHtila 5 epkplq;fs; vLj;jJ. NkYk; 5 epkplq;fspd;

gpd;dH nghUspd; ntg;gepiy 50°C MfpaJ. #oy; ntg;gepiyAk; NkYk; 5 epkplq;fspd;

gpd;dH nghUspd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fhz;f?

500°C

1540 Jkg-1 K-1

2440 Jkg-1 K-1

70°C

40°C, 45°C

27.7°C


juk; - 12> 13

#lhd nghUs; xd;W Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mjdJ ntg;gepiy 6 epkplq;fspy; 75°C ,y;

,Ue;J 60°C ,w;F Fiwtile;jJ. mLj;j 6 epkplq;fspy; nghUspd; ntg;gepiy 50°C

MfpaJ. #oy; ntg;gepiyiaAk; NkYk; 6 epkplq;fspd; gpd;dH nghUspd; ntg;gepiyiaAk;

fhz;f?

500g jpzpTilaJk; 600 Jkg-1K-1 jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cilaJkhd jpz;kf; Fw;wp xd;W

#lhf;fg;gl;L Fspu tplg;gl;lJ. 60°C ,y; ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp tPjk; 1°C/epkplk; Mff;

fhzg;gl;lJ.

60°C ,y; ntg;g ,og;G tPjj;ijf; fhz;f?

#oy; ntg;gepiy 30°C vdpd; 40°C ,y; ntg;g ,og;G tPjk; vd;d?

84JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 200g #lhd ePH vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ

Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ 50°C ,y; ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp tPjk; 5/11°C min-1 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

50°C ,y; ntg;g ,og;G tPjk; vd;d?

miwntg;gepiy 30°C vdpd; 40°C ,y; ntg;g ,og;G tPjk; vd;d?

miwntg;gepiy 85°F MfTs;s xU ehspy; cly; eyk; cs;s xUtH Xa;thf ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ jdJ cly; ntg;gepiyia 98.4°F ,y; NgZtjw;F Njitg;gLk; rf;jp 2000 kcal

MFk; . miwntg;ge piy 70°F Mf ,wq;fpa xU Fspuhd ehspy ; mtUf;F cly ;

ntg;gepiyiag; NgZtjw;F Njitg;gLk; Nkyjpf rf;jpapd; msitf; fhz;f.

55JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila fUikahf;fpa fNyhupkhdp xd;W 100cm3

fpspruPidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. (jd;dPHg;G 1.26) ,ij ntg;gkhf;fpa gpd; Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ 40°

C ,y; ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp tPjk; 1°C min-1 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd; xU kpd; ntg;gkhf;fp

fpspruPdhy; itf;fg;gl;L 6W tPjk; kpd;rf;jp toq;Fk;NghJ fpspruPdhy; ntg;gepiy 40°C ,y;

cwpjpahf cs;sJ. vdpd; fpspruPdpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f?

Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;f ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila A,B vd;Dk; ,U fNyhupkhdpfs; KiwNa

rkdhfTs;s e PiuAk ; kz;nzz;izAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. A ,d; Nkw ;gug ;G kq;f pa

fWg;ghfTk; B ,dJ Jyf;fpajhfTk; cs;sd. xU Fwpj;j nghJ ntg;gepiyapy; ,uz;bdJk;

ntg;gepiy tPo;r;rp tPjq;fs; xNu mstha; ,Ue;jd. jputq;fs; khw;wp ,lg;gl;l gpd; xNu

ntg ;ge piyapy ; A ,dJ ntg ;ge piy t Po ;r ;r p t Pjk ; B ,d; 3 klq ;fha ; ,Ue ;jJ.

kz;nzz;izapd; jd;dPHg;G 0.8 vdpd; mjd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f?

30°C, 43.33°C

5W, 5/3W

7W, 3.5W

2239 kcal

2421 Jkg-1 K-1


juk; - 12> 13

84JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;sTila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 300cm3 #lhd vz;nza; (mlHj;jp

800kgm-3) vLf;fg;gl;L Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mjd; ntg;gepiy 60°C ,y; ,Ue;J 50°C ,w;F

FspHtjw;F 5 epkplhq;fs; vLj;jJ. fNyhupkhdpapDs; mNj fdtsT #lhd ePH vLf;fg;gl;L

mNj #oypy; Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mNj ntg;gepiy tPr;Rf;$lhf FspHtila 8 epkplq;fs;

vLj;jJ. vz;nza;apd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f?

60JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 200cm-3 #lhd vz;nza; (mlHj;jp

900kgm-3) vLf;fg;gl;L Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mjd; ntg;gepiy 60°C ,y; ,Ue;J 40°C ,w;F

FspHtjw;F 6 epkplk; 40s vLj;jJ. mNj fNyhupkhdpapDs; mNj fdtsT #lhd ePH

vLf;fg;gl;L mNj #oypy; Fsputplg;gl;l NghJ mNj ntg;gepiy tPr;Rf;$lhf FspHtila 8

epkplk; 20s vLj;jJ vdpd; vz;nza;apd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f?

290K ,Ys;s xH <af;Fohapd; cs;tpl;lk; 6cm ntsptpl;lk; 10cm <ag;ghfj;jpd; FWf;F

ntl;Lg;gug;gsT 50cm2 vdf; fUjg;glyhk;. Fohapd; jpzpT 22Kg MFk;. 290K ,y; <aj;jpd;

mlhHj;jp 11000kgm-3 <aj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 125 Jkg-1K-1 mjd; Vfgupkhz

tpupifj;jpwd; 3 X 10-5 K-1 MFk;.

290K ,y; Fohapd; ePsk; vd;d?

Foha; 490K ,w;F #lhf;fg;gl;lhy; Fohapd; ePs mjpfupg;G vd;d?

Fohapd; Rtupd; jbg;G mjpfupg;G vd;d?

290K ,y; ,Ue;J 490K ,w;F #lhf;Fk; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l rf;jp vd;d?

Fohia 200K ,D}lhf caHj;j Njitahd ntg;grf;jpAk; mjid mjd; cUF

epiyapy ; cUf;Ftjw;F Njitahd ntg;grf ;j pAk; rkd; Mapd; <aj;j pd ; cUfypd;

kiwntg;gj;ijf; fhz;f?

nfhjpepiy –180°C ,Ys;s jput xl;rprDf;Fs; gykzp Neuk; njhq;ftplg;gl;Lf; fple;j 185g

gpj;jisj;Jz;L (S=400Jkg-1K-1) ntspNa vLf;fg;gl;L tpiuthf 0°C ,y; ngUksT ePiuf;

nfhz;l Kfitf;Fs; Nghlg;gLfpd;wJ. ntg;g ,og;Gf;fis Gwf;fzpj;J gpj;jisj; Jz;il

Rw;wp cz;lhfpa gdpf;fl;bapd; jpzpitf; fhz;f. gdpf;fl;bapd; L=3.33 X 105 Jkg-1

jd; cUFepiy 327°C ,y; cs;s cUf;fg;gl;l <ak; xU Fwpg;gpl;l msT vz;nza;f;Fs; Cw;wg;gl;l

NghJ vz;nza;apd; ntg;gepiy 12°C ,y; ,Ue;J 25.5°C ,w;F VwpaJ. ,Nj Nghd;w gupNrhjid

kPz;Lk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ <ak; MdJ kl;lhf jpz;kk; Mfpa gpd; Nghlg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j tifapy; vz;nza;apd; ntg;gepiy 20.5°C ,w;F VwpaJ. <aj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 0.13Jg-

1K-1 Mapd; <aj;jpd; cUfypd; kiw ntg;gj;ijf; fhz;f?

3666.7 Jkg-1 K-1


juk; - 12> 13

0°C ,y; cs;s ngupa ePHj;njhl;b xd;wpy; jfuf; Ftis xd;W mjdJ jpwe;j Kid Nky;

Nehf;fpathW kpjf;fpwJ. mjDs; m Kg jpzpnthd;W itf;fg;gLk;NghJ mJ kl;Lkl;lhf

%o;fpwJ. ,g;NghJ ,j;jpzpT mfw;wg;gl;L 0°C ,y; cs;s m1 Kg mw;fNfhy; (m1 < m) ,f;

Ftisf;Fs; Cw;wg;gl;L mjD}lhf tspia Fkpo;tpg;gjd; %yk; Kw;whf Mtpahf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ftisia kl;Lkl;lhf %o;f itg;gjw;F ,g;NghJ mjw;Fs; itf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ,opTj;

jpzpitf; fhz;f. #oTs;s tspAldhd ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;glyhk;.

0°C ,y; ePupd; mlHj;jp Pwkgm-3

0°C ,y; gdpf;fl;bapd; mlHj;jp Pikgm-3

0°C ,y; mw;fNfhypd; Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; LJkg-1

gdpfl;bapd; cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gk; L1Jkg-1

49.5 X 10-5 Kg jpzpTila 15°C ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s xU nrg;Gj; Jz;L MdJ nfhjpepiy

-183°C ,y; ,Uf;Fk; jput xl;rprDf;Fs; Nghlg;gl;lJ. Mtpahfpa thAtpd; fdtsT 15°

C ,Yk; 75.5cm Hg mKf;fj;jpYk; 123cm3 MFk;. NTP ,y; xl;rprdpd; mlHj;jp 1.43 X 10-3

kgm-3 mjd; Mtpahjypd; kiw ntg;gk; 214 X 10-3 Jkg-3 vdpd; 15°C ,w;Fk; -183°C ,w;Fk;

,ilapy; ntg;gpd; ruhrup jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssitf; fhz;f?

84JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssTila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 30°C ,y; 200g ePH cz;L mjDs;

0°C ,y; cs;s <ug;gw;ww;w 30g gdpf;fl;bj; Jz;Lfs; ,lg;gLfpd;wd. ,Wjp ntg;gepiyiaf;

fhz;f?

84JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 30°C ,y; 200g ePH cz;L. mjDs;

30g <ug; gdpf;fl;bj; Jz;Lfs; ,lg;gl;l NghJ ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 20°C MfpaJ. <ug;

gdpf;fl;bj; Jz;Lfspy; ,Ue;j ePupd; rjtPjj;ijf; fhz;f?

42JK-1 ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cila fNyhupkhdp xd;wpDs; 60°C ,y; 300g ePH cz;L. mjDs;

0°C ,y; cs;s 50g <ug;gw;ww;w gdpf;fl;bj; Jz;Lfs; ,lg;gLfpd;wd. ,Wjp ntg;gepiyiaf;

fhz;f?

jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 2.5kJ kg-1 K-1 cila 80g jpzpTs;s #lhd jputnkhd;W 80JK-1 ntg;gf;

nfhs;ssTila fNyhupkhdpf;Fs; vLf;fg;gl;L Fsputplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpz;kkhFtjw;F rw;WKd;

Fspuy; tPjk; 1.8°C min-1 ntg;gepiy 20 epkplq;fSf;F khwhjpUe;jJ vdpd; cUfypd;

kiwntg;gj;ijf; fhz;f?


juk; - 12> 13

-40°C ,Ys;s 10g gdpfl;bia 100°C ,y; cs;s nfhjp ePuhtpahf khWtjw;F Njitahd ntg;gf; fzpaj;ij fhz;f. gdpf;fl;bapd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT ePupd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;sstpd; miu klq;F vdf;nfhs;f?

ed;whf fhtyplg;gl;l xU nrg;G fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT 100g. mjDs; 100g ePUk; 50g

gdpf;fl;bAk; cs;sd. xLq;fpa rpwpjsT ePiuf; nfhz;l 100°C ,Ys;s ePuhtp ,f;fNyhup khdpapDs; ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 30°C MFk; tiu nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. fNyhupkhdpapd; jpzpT mjpfupg;G 20g MFk;. nrg;gpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 420Jkg-1K-1 vdpd; ePuhtpapy; ,Ue;J xLq;fpa ePupd; rjtPjj;ijf; fhz;f.

ciy xd;wpy; ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;l 0.5kg jpzpTila cNyhfk; 30°C ,Ys;s 0.4kg jpzpT

ePiuf; nfhz;lJk; 0.2kg jpzpTilaJkhd ed;F fhtw;fl;blg;gl;l mNj cNyhfj;jhy; Md ghj;jpuj;jpDs; Nghlg;gl;lJ. ePH nfhjpj;J xU rpWgFjp Mtpahfpd;wJ. ghj;jpuj;jpdJk; cs;slf;fj;jpdJk; nkhj;j jpzpT 1.09kg. cNyhfj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT 420Jkg-1 K-1

vdpd; ciyapd; ntg;gepiyiaf; fhz;f 630Jkg-1K-1 jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT cila xU gjhHj;jj;jpd; 0.05kg MdJ -5°C ,y;

cs;sJk; Gwf ;fzpf ;fj ;jf ;f ntg;gf ; nfhs;ssT cilaJkhd xU ghj ;j puj ;j py ;

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhFjp khwh tPjj;jpy; ntg;gkhf;fg;gl;l NghJ gjhHj;j ntg;gepiy

30s ,y; 15°C ,w;F rPuhf mjpfupj;jJ. mLj;j 5 epkplj;jpw;F cWjpahf ,Ue;j gpd;dH 4

epkplj;jpy; 115°C ,w;F rPuhf caHtJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. mLj;j 15 epkplj;jpd; NghJ

gjhHj;jNkJk; kPjp ,Uf;fhjtiu gjhHj;j ntg;gepiy cWjpahf ,Ue;jJ.

NkNy cs;s juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp ntg;gepiy Neu tiuig tiuf?

ntg;grf;jp toq;fg;gLk; tPjk; vd;d?

jputepiyapy; gjhHj;jj;jpd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT vd;d?

gjhHj;jj;jpd; cUfypd; kiwntg;gk;> Mtpahjypd; kiwntg;gk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f?

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