juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;

juk; 12>13

njhFg;G : jpU R .rpwpkjd; (ngsjpftpay; Mrpupau;)> ah/aho; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up

fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpU Nt.jNd];Fkhu; (j.njh.njh.Mrpupau;)> fpsp/n[aGuk; kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

ntg;gtpupT

ngsjpftpay;

juk; 12>13



ntg;gtpupT (Thermal Expansion)

ntg;gepiy $Lk; NghJ nghJthf gjhu;j;jq;fs; tpuptilfpd;wd. jpz;kq;fis tpl jputq;fs;

$lthfTk; jputq;fis tpl thAf;fs; $lthfTk; tpuptilfpd;wd. rpy gjhu;j;jq;fspd; tpupT kpff;

Fiwe;jit.

jpz;kq;fspd; tpupT

jpz;kq;fspd; ntg;gtpupT gpd;tUkhW %d;W tifahf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

ePstpupT (Vfgupkhz tpupT)

xU gupkhzj;jpy; (One Diresion) Vw;gLk; tpupTfis fUJfpd;wJ. jpz;kf; Nfhnyhd;iwf;

fUJNthkhapd;.

l0 - Muk;g ntg;gepiyahfpa 1,y; Nfhypd; ePsk;.

l - ,Wjp ntg;gepiyahfpa 2 ,y; Nfhypd; ePsk;

e α

e - ePs tpupT (ePl;rp)

e α l0

e α l0 (2-1)

e = α l0 (2-1)

= ntg;gepit tpj;jpahrk;

1. ePs tpupT

2. gug;G tpupT

3. fdtisT tpupT

l0

l

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

e 1’C

2’C

juk; 12>13



,q;F α eP- stpupTf; Fzfk; my;yJ Vf

l = l0 + e

l = l0 1+ α

l = l0 + αl0

l0 x (

α = e

xU myF ePsKs;s jpz;kk; xd;iw xU myF ghif ntg;gepiyf;$lhf ntg;gkhf;fg;gLk; NghJ

mjdpy; Vw;gLk; ePstpupT mj;jpz;kj;jpd; ePstpupTf;Fzfk; (α) vdg;gLk;

,jd; myF k-1 my;yJ 0C-1 MFk;.

tiutpyf;fzk;

tl;l tpuptpw;fhf tpl;l tpupitf; fUJjy;.

jpz;k tisak;

Muk;g ntg;gepiy ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 2

Muk;g ePsk; = d0 ,Wjp ePsk; = πd

πd πdα

d dα

d d

vdNt> gu pj pa py ; Vw ;gLk ; e Ps tpu pitf ; fUj ;j pw ; nfhs ;tjw ;Fg ; gj pyhf tpl ;lj ;j py ; (my ;yJ Miuapy ; ) Vw ;gLk ; e Ps tpu pitf ; fUj ;j pw ; nfhs ;s KbAk ; . ,q ;F ,y ;yhj xd;iw ,Ug;gjhf vLNfhs; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

juk; 12>13



ntg;g tpupthy; miyTj;jhf;fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk;

1’C l0

2’C l

nky;ypa fk;gp xd;wpd; 10C ,y; Muk;g ePsk; - l0

nky;ypa fk;gp xd;wpd; 20C ,y; ,Wjp ePsk; - l

10C ,y; miyTfhyk; - T0

20C ,y; miyTfhyk; - T g

l02T0 =

T = g

l2

g

l )1(2 0

2

1

0 )1(2 g

l

)2

11(2 0

g

l(2<<<1)

T

T0

g

l

g

l 00 2)2

11(2

g

l02

=

2

1

miyTfhy khw;wk;

Muk;g miyTfhyk;

2

1

,J rhu;e;j fbfhuf; Nfs;tpfspy; fbfhuk; Ke;jp XLkh my;yJ gpe;jp XLkh vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fyhk;.

juk; 12>13



<UNyhff; fPyk; (Bimetallic)

tp;j;jpahrkhd ePstpupTf; Fzfq;fisf; nfhz;l ,U cNyhff; fPyq;fis xd;whf jiwtjd; %yk;

(reverting) $l;Lr; rl;lk; xd;iw Mf;fyhk;. mtw;iw ntg;gepiyapy; NeuhfTs;s ,r;rl;lj;jpd;

ntg;gepiyia $l;bdhy; ,U cNyhfq;fSk; tpuptiltjd; fhuzkhf $l;Lr;rl;lkhdJ tl;l

tpy;yhf tisAk;. mg;NghJ tpuptpf; Fzfk; $ba cNyhfk; tpy;ypd; FtpTg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

,Uk;G

miw

gpj;jis gpj;jis

,Uk;G

ntg;gepiy $Lk; NghJ

gpj;jis

ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJ

------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

-----

,Uk;G

gpj;jis

α1 - gpj;jisapd; ePs tpupTf;Fzfk;.

α2 - ,Uk;gpd; ePs tpupTf;Fzfk;.

α1 > α2

juk; 12>13



miw ntg;gepiyapy; l0 ePsj;ijf; nfhz;l <UNyhfr; rl;lk ; xU cau; ntg;gepiyf;F

ntg;gNkw;wg;gLk; NghJ glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW tisfpd;wJ.

gpj;jisapd; ,Wjp ePsk; = )2

(D

R

,Uk;gpd; ,Wjp ePsk; = )2

(D

R

]1[)2

( 10 lD

R

]1[)2

( 20 lD

R

miw ntg;gepiy 2

DR

2

DR

= ]1[ 1

]1[ 2

)1)(2

( 2 D

R )1)(2

( 1 D

R=

)1(2

)1( 22 D

R = )1(2

)1( 11 D

R

])(2[2

21 D

= ][ 21 R

R = ])(2[

221

D

)( 21

= ])(2[ 21 D

)(2 21

juk; 12>13



gug;gsT tpupT

ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ jfl;bd; ePsk; mjpfupg;gJ Nghy mfyKk; jbg;Gk; mjpfupf;Fk;. gug;G

tpupT epfOk;.

gug;gsT tpupifj; jpwd;

xu; myF ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpw;F xu; myFg; gug;Gj; jpz;kj;jpy; Vw;gLk; gug;G mjpfupg;G

mj;jpz;kj;jpd; gug;G tpupthf;fj;jpwd; vdg;gLk;.

gug;G tpupifj;jpwd; () = Muk;gg;gug;G x ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

gug;G tpupT

Q20C ,y; ,Wjpg;gug;G A

Q10C ,y; Muk;gg;gug;G A

;gug;gsT mjpfupg;G = A2 - A0 = A

A2 = A0 + A

A =

A =

A2 = A0 (1+)

A2 = A0 +

A2 - A0 =

A0 x

,d; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1

juk; 12>13



fdtsT tpupT (Volume Expansion)

ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;Fk;NghJ ePsk;> gug;gsT> mjpfupg;gJ Nghy jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsTk;

mjpfupf;Fk;

= fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;

V - Muk;gf;fdtsT

V - ,Wjpf;;fdtsT

V = v

=

V = v

V = V0 + V

V = V0 + V0

V = V0 [1+ ]

fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; () = fdtsT tpupT

Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

V - V0

V0 X ( =

fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;

xu; myF ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpw;F Xu; myF fdtstw;w jpz;kj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fdtsT tpupT

mj;jpz;kj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; vdg;gLk;.

,jd; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.

juk; 12>13



ePstpupTf;Fzfk;> gug;gsT tpupTf;Fzfk; vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G.

ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

Muk;g ntg;gepiy 1 ,Wjp ntg;gepiy 2

a0

b

a

b0

a,b gf;f ePsq;fisAila nrt;tf tbt jfL xd;W 1 vd;Dk; Muk;g ntg;gepiyapy; ,Ue;J 2

vd;Dk; ,Wjp ntg;gepiyf;F ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gpw;F cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ mjd;

gf;fePsq;fs; KiwNa a> b Mf mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.

a = a0 (1+ α)

b = b0 (1+ α) ,q;F 2 = 1 - 2

Muk;g gug;G = A0

= a0 b0

,Wjpg; gug;G = A

= a b

= a α ) b α

= a b α

= a b α (1+x)n = 1+nx

x < < 1

= A )

A ) = a b α

= 2α

gug;gsT tpupTf; Fzfk; = 2 X ePstpupTf; Fzfk;

juk; 12>13



ePstpupTf; Fzfk;> fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;>

vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G.

a= a0 (1 + α

b= b0 (1 + α

c= c0 (1 + α

a0

b0

c0 a

b

c

ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

a0, b0, c0 vd;gd jpz;kf; fdKfpapd; Muk;g ntg;gepiyahfpa 10C ,y; cs;s gf;f ePsq;fs;

a, b, c vd;gd mjd; ,Wjp ntg;gepiyahfpa 20C ,y; cs;s gf;f ePsq;fs;

xt;ntuU gf;fj;jpw;Fkhd ePs tpupitf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Nthkhapd;

= 3α

10C ,y; Muk;gf; fdtsT = a0 b0 c0 = V0

20C ,y; ,Wjpf; fdtsT = a b c = V

V V

a, b, c a0 [1 + α b0 [1 + α c0 1 + α

= a0 b0 c0 = (1 + α a0 b0 c0 = (1 + α

1 + α α

1 + α α

Note : ePs> gug;G> fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfq;fs; fUjg;gLfpd;w ntg;gepiy tPr;rpw;F khwpypahff;

fUjg ; gLf pd ; w Ng hj pYk ; mtw ; w pd ; ngWkhdq ; fs ; g ue ; j ntg ; g e piy t P r ; r p w ;F

khwpypahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

juk; 12>13



gupNrhjid KbT

cNyhfj; jfL xd;wpy; xU tl;lj;Jthuk; ,Ug;gjhf fUJf. ,jd; ntg;gepiyia mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ

tpl;lj;Jthuj;jpd; msTk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. tpuptile;jpUf;Fk; Jthuj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fz;lwptjw;F

Muk;g ntg;gepiyapy; mj;Jthu mstpy; mNj ,d jfL ,Ug;gjhf fw;gid nra;ag;gl;L ,Wjp

ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s mjd; gug;gsT fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

A0 => Q10C ,y; Jthug;gug;gsT

A0 => Q20C ,y; Jthug;gug;gsT ,Wjpg;gug;gsT

/ A = A0[1 + (2-1)]

,k; KbT jpz;kq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; cl;FopfSf;Fk; ( ) gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ePs tpupTYk;

,J Nghd;w Kbit gad;gLj;jyhk;.

ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

l = l0 (1+ α

l

A

B

---------------------

---------------------

l

A

B

---------------------

---------------------

juk; 12>13



jputq;fspd; tpupT

jputq;fspd; jpl ;lkhd tbtkpy;yhjJ vdNt jputj;jpd; e Ps> gug ;G tpupTfs; toikahf

tiuaWf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt fdtsT tpupT kl;LNk Nehf;fgg;gLk;.

jputq;fspd; fdtsT tpupit Nehf;Fk;

NghJ mit nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk;. nfhs;fyd;fspd; tpupitAk; ftdpg;gpy; vLj;J jpUj;jkhf

fz;lwpagLk; fdtsT tpupT cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupG (nka;tpupT) vd miof;fg;gLk;. Mdhy;

nfhs;fydpd; tpupit fuj;jpy; nfhs;shJ Jzpag;gLk; fdtsT tpupTfs; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT

my;yJ ghj;jpuk; rhu;ghd tpupT vd miof;fg;gLk;.

jputj;jpd; cz;ik tpupT

jputj;jpd; Njhw;w tpupT a

b

c

ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT

10C 2

0C 30C

glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd FLitapy; Kjypy; Muk;g ntg;gepiy 10C ,t; jputk; xd;W

vLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;du; 2 ,w;F ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ cldbahf

jputkl;lk; b ,w;F nrd;W gpd;du; jputkl;lk; C apw;F vOk;.

fdtsT khw;wk; Vab = ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT

fdtsT khw;wk; Vbc = jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT

fdtsT khw;wk; Vac = jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT

juk; 12>13



,q;F jputkl;l a ,ypUe;J c ,w;F mjpfupg;gjhy; jputf;fdtsT tpupT Vac vd;gjw;fj;

Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. cz;ikapy; jputkl;lk; b apypUe;J c apw;Fj;jhd; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

,jpypUe;J

Vbc = Vab + Vac

jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT

ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT

jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT + =

jputj;jpd; cz;ik tpupT

jputnkhd;wpd; cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupT mjd; Muk;gf;fdtstpYk;> ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpYk; jq;fpAs;sJ.

V α v

V α

/ V α V0

V = V0

V = V0

,q;F V0 jputj;jpd; Muk;gf; fdtsT - ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;

- jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;

V - jputj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fdtsT

V V V

V V V0

V V

= V V

V x Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk;

cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupT

Note :

xU myF fdtsT nfhz;l jputnkhd;wpd; ntg;gepiyia 10C ,dhy; cau;j;Jfpd;wNghJ Vw;gLk; cz;ikahd jputj;jpd; fdtsT tpupT mj;jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfj;jpid

jUk;. myF K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.

juk; 12>13



jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT

jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT> tpupTk; mjd; Muk;gf; fdtsitAk;> ntg;gepiy Vw;wj;jpYk;

VA α V0

VA α

/ VA α V0

/ VA = A V0

VA - jputj;jpd; Njhw;wk; fdtsT tpupT

A - jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;.

A= V

V ( Muk;gf;fdtsT X ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT

Defi :

ghj;jpuk; xd;wpy; nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU fd myFj; jputj;jpd; ntg;gepiyia 10C apdhy; cau;j;Jfpd;w NghJ Vw;gLk; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT mj;jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf;fdtst tpupTf; Fzfj;jpid jUk;.

,jd; myFk; K-1 my;yJ oC-1 MFk;.

V V VA vd;Dk; njhlu;G jtwhdJ.

V V

Note :

juk; 12>13



jputnkhd;wpd; Njhw;wf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfj;jpw;Fk; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupTf;

;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;G.

jputj;jpw;F V V

ghj;jpuj;jpw;F V V c

ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

Muk;g ntg;gepiy 1 Muk;g ntg;gepiy 2

V

V

V

V jputj;jpd; Muk;gf;fdtsT - 10C ,y;

V Muk;gf;fdtsT V0 ,w;fhd ghj;jpuk; - 20C ,y; vLf;Fk; fdtsT

/ ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupT = V1 - V0

jputj;jpd; cz;ikf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V0

jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V1

jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupT = V - V1

V V V

V0[1+] - V0[1+C] = AV0

= C + A ,q;F C - ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf;Fzfk;

cz;ik tpupTf; Fzfk; ghj;jpuj;jpd; fdtsT tpupTf;Fzfk;

jputj;jpd; Njhw;wf; fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk; + =

,q;F α - ghj;jpuk; Mf;fg;gl;lgpd; gjhu;j;jj;jpd; Vfgupkhz tpupifj;jpwd;.

= C + α

juk; 12>13



ntg;gepiyAld; jput mlu;j;jp khwy;

ntg;gepiy Vw;wk;

10C ,y; 2

0C ,y;

jputj;jpd; 10C ,y; cs;s mlu;j;jp

jputj;jpd; 20C ,y; cs;s mlu;j;jp

V jputj;jpd; 10C ,y; cs;s fdtsT

V jputj;jpd; 20C ,y; cs;s fdtsT

,q;F jputj;jpzpT khwpypahf ,Ug;gjhy;

m = V0T0

m = VT

= 2 - 1

VT V x T

VT V0 [1 + ] x T

1 + T

T ,r;rkd;ghL ntg;gepiyAld; rPuhd tpupitf; nfhz;Ls;s

jputq;fSf;Nf nghUj;jkhdJ.

V V

- jputj;jpd; cz;ikf;fdtsT tpupTf; Fzfk;

Note :

jput mlu;j;jp ntg;gepiyAld; nfhz;Ls;s khwYf;fhd rkd;ghL jpz;kq;fSf;Fk; nghUe;Jk;

juk; 12>13



ePupd; xOq;fw;w tpupT

nghJthf ntg;gepiy mjpfupf;fpd;w NghJ gjhu;j;jq;fspd; fdtsTfs; mjpfupf;fpd;wd mtw;wpd;

mlu;j;jpfs; Fiwfpd;wd. Mdhy; ePu; 00-40C tiu NtWgl;l ,ay;ig ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

,t;NtWgl;l ,ay;Ng ,g;gpugQ;rj;jpy; capupdq;fspd; ,Uf;ifia cWjpnra;fpd;wJ.

epak mOj;jj;jpy; ePupd; fdtsT ntg;gepiyAldhd khwy;.

0 100 -10 4 (oC)

gdpf;fl;b

ePu;

ePuhtp

,t;tiugpypUe;J ngwg;gbf;$ba KbTfs;

1. Fwpj;j jpzpTs;s ePu; 40C ,NyNa mjpFiwe;j fdtsit vLf;Fk;.

3. 00C ,ypUe;J 40C tiu ntg;gepiyAld; ePupd; fdtsT FiwAk;.

2. Fwpj;j jpzpTs;s ePu; 00C ,NyNa gdpf;fl;bahf cs;sNghJ mjp$ba fdtsitf;

4. xU Fwpj;j jpzpT nfhz;l ve;jnthU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s jputepiy ePupd; fdtsT

ve;jnthU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s jpz;kepiy / gzpf;fl;b ePupd; fdtsit tpl FiwthFk;.

juk; 12>13



epak mKf;fj;jpy; ePupd; mlu;j;jp ntg;gepiyAldhd khwy;

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

-100 40C (0C)

mlu;j;jp

,t;tiugpypUe;J ngwf;$ba KbTfs;

1. ePupdJ mlu;j;jp 40C ,NyNa cau;thFk;.

2. ePu; 00C ,y; gdpf;fl;bahf cs;sNghNj ,opG mlu;j;jpia vLf;Fk;.

3. 00C ,ypUe;J 40C tiu ntg;gepiyAld; ePupd; mlu;j;jp mjpfupf;Fk;

4. ve;j xU ntg;gepiyapYk; cs;s gdpf;fl;bapd; mlu;j;jpiatpl ve;j xU ntg;gepiyapYk;

cs;s ePupd; mlu;j;jp (jputepiyapy;) cau;TwhJ.

Fspu;tyaehLfspy; ePu; tho; capupdq;fspd; ,Uf;if

40C

30C 20C 10C

00C

ICE

juk; 12>13



Fspu ;tyaehLfspy; (irgPu pah> Nehu ;Nt) fLq;Fspu ; epyTk; fhyg;gFjpapy; epyj ;ijtpl

tspkz;lyNk mjpf Fspuhdjhf fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ePu; epiyfspy;

gdp ciwe;J fhzg;gLk;.

MdhYk; gdpf;fl;bapd; mlu;j;jp ePupd; mlu;j;jpiatpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; ePu; epiyfspd;

Nkw;gug;gpNyNa gdpf;fl;bfs; glykhf cUthfpd;wd. mj;Jld; #oYf;fhd ntg;g ,og;G

fhuzkhf ntt;NtW ntg;gepiyfspy; ePuhdJ mLf;Ffshf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

mtw;wpd; mlu;j;jp NkypUe;J fPohf mjpfupf;Fk; xOq;fpy; fhzg;gLk; ,J ePu; epiyfspd; mbapy;

njhlu;e;Jk; 40C ,y; ePiu Ngz cjTfpd;wJ. #oypd; ntg;gepiy vt;tsTjhd; Fiwe;jhYk; ePupd;

ePu; epiyfspd; mbapy; ntg;gepiy 40C ,Yk; Fiwakhl;lhJ. ,jdhy; ePu;tho; capupdq;fspd;

,Uf;if njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

ePupd; Neupy; tpupit guPl;rpj;jy;

(N`hg;gpd; Ma;fUtp)

Nky; ntg;gkhdp

ciw fyit

cNyhf ghj;jpuk; fPo; ntg;gkhdp

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juk; 12>13



,t;tha;fUtp cau;e;j cNyhf cUis xd;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,t;TUisiar; Rw;wp Vwj;jho

eLg;gFjpapy; tl;lj;jhop xd;W cs;sJ. mbf;Fk; Ezpf;Fk; mz;ikahf ntg;gkhdpfs;

nrYj;jf;$ba ,U Jthuq;fs; cs;sd. cUisapy; ePiu epiwj;J jhopapy; gdpf;fl;b

cg;Gf;fyit ,Lf. Neuj;Jld; ntg;gkhdpfs; fhl;Lk; thrpg;igf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.

T1 ntg;gkhdpapd; thrpg;G khwhky; fhzg;gl T2 ntg;gkhdpapd; thrpg;G gbg;gbahf FiwtilAk;.

T2 ,d; thrpg;G 40C I mile;J rw;W Neuj;jpy; T1 ,d; thrpg;G Ntfkhff; FiwtilAk;.

T2 ntg;gkhdp 40C ,NyNa njhlu;e;J khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.

T1 ,d; ntg;gepiy njhlu;e;J 40C IAk; fle;J 00C tiu FiwtilAk; mj;Jld; ePupd;

Nkw;gug;gpy; gdpf;fl;b gdpf;fl;bfs; Njhd;WtJk; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.

ntg;gepiy

Neuk;

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R T1

T2

,g;gupNrhjidapd; KbTfs;

1. ePu; xu; rpwe;j ntg;g mupjpw;flj;jp

vdNtjhd; T2 ,d; ntg;gepiy njhlu;r;rpahff; Fiwtile;j NghJk; T1 ,d; ntg;ggepiy

khwhky; fhzg;gl;lJ. ePupd; Nkw;gFjpapypUe;J kj;jpa gFjpf;F ntg;gk; ePupD}lhf flj;jg;glhik

my;yJ Fiwthd flj;Jif fhuzkhfNt T1 njhlu;e;J khwhky; fhzg;gl;ljhf nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

2. ePupdJ mlu;j;jp 40C ,NyNa cau;thFk;.

,t;Tgfuzj;jpd; fPo; gFjpapypUe;J kj;jpa gFjptiu Nkw;fhTif fhuzkhf ntg;gk; flj;jg;gl;L

fPNoAs;s ntg;gepiy 4 0C tiuapNyNa Fiwtila fhzg;gl;lJ. mjw;Fkg;ghy; cs;s

Nkw;fhTif jilg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzkhf mbapYs;s ePu ; cau; mlu;j;jpia mile;jik

nfhs;sg;glyhk;.

juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;

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Transcript of juk; 12>13 ngsjpftpay;