Newark Riots and Subversive Influence

8/4/2019 Newark Riots and Subversive Influence

1/24


2/24

HARVARD COLLEGELIBRARY

GIFT OF THE

GOVERNMENTOF THE UNITED STATES


3/24


4/24


5/24


6/24


7/24

SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING,AND BURNING

PART 4(Newark, N.J.)

HEARING >>.EFORE THE f^/)COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN.|CTIYITIES

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATltlSNINETIETH CONGKESS

SECOND SESSION

APRIL 23 AND 24, 1968(INCLUDING INDEX)

Printed for the use of theCommittee on Un-American Activities

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE88-083 WASHINGTON : 1968

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1


8/24

COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIESUnited States House of RepresentativesEDWIN E. WILLIS, Louisiana, Chairman

WILLIAM M. TUCK, Virginia JOHN M. ASHBROOK, OhioJOE R. POOL, Texas DEL CLAWSON, CaliforniaRICHARD H. ICHORD, Missouri RICHARD L. ROUDEBUSH, IndianaJOHN C. CULVER, Iowa ALBERT W. WATSON, South CarolinaFrancis J. McNamara, DirectorChester D. Smith, General CounselAlfred M. Nittle, Counsel

n


9/24

CONTENTSPage

Synopsis 1851April 23, 1968: Testimony of

Charles Kinney 1862Afternoon session:Charles Kinney (resumed) 1883

April 24, 1968: Testimony ofCharles Kinney (resumed) 1910Afternoon session:Charles Kinney (resumed) _' 1956Index i

III


10/24

The House Committee on Un-American Activities is a standingcommittee of the House of Hepresentatives, constituted as such by therules of the House, adopted pursuant to Article I, section 5, of theConstitution of the United States wliich authorizes the House to de-termine the rules of its proceedings.

RULES ADOPTED BY THE 90TH CONGRESSHouse Resolution 7, January 10, 1967

RESOLUTIONResolved, That the Rales of the House of Representatives of the Eighty-ninth

Congress, together with all applicable provisions of the Legislative Reorganiza-tion Act of 1946, as amended, be, and they are hereby, adopted as the Rules ofthe House of Representatives of the Ninetieth Congress * * ********

Rule XSTANDING COMMITTEES

1. There shall be elected by the House, at the commencement of each (Congress,*******r) Committee on Un-American Activities, to consist of nine Members.*******Rule XI

POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMITTEES*******8. Committeeon Un-American Activities.(a) Un-American activities.(b) The Committee on Un-Amerioan Activities, as a whole or by subcommittee,is authorized to make from time to time investigations of (1) the extent, charac-ter, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States, (2)the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propa-ganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and at-tacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution,and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in anynecessary remedial legislation.The Committee on Un-American Activities shall report to the House ( or to theClerk of the House if the House is not in session ) the results of any such investi-gation, together with such recommendations at it deems advisable.For the purpose of any svich investigation, the Committee on Un-AmericanActivities, or any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit and act at such timesand places within the United States, whether or not the House is sitting, hasrecessed, or has adjourned, to hold such hearings, to require the attendance ofsuch witnesses and the production of such books, papers, and documents, andto take such testimony, as it deems necessary. Subpenas may be issued underthe signature of the chairman of the committee or any subcommittee, or by anymember designated by any such chairman, and may be served by any persondesignated by any such chairman or member. ,*******7. To assist the House in appraising the administration of the laws and indeveloping such amendments or related legislation as it may deem necessary,each standing committee of the House shall exorcise continuous watchfulnessof the execution by the administrative agencies concerned of any laws, the sub-ject matter of which is within the jurisdiction of such committee ; and, for thatpurpose, shall study all pertinent reports and data submitted to the House by theagencies in the executive branch of the Government.*******


11/24

SYNOPSISOn April 23 and 24, 1968, a subcommittee of the Committee on Un-American Activities met in Washington, D.C., to continue its hearingson subversive influences in riots, looting, and burning. This hearing,

part 4 of the series, concerns events related to the Newark, N.J., riot ofJuly 1967.The subcommittee was composed of Representatives Edwin E.Willis (D-La.), chairman, William M. Tuck (D-Va.), Richard H.Ichord (D-Mo.), John M. Ashbrook (R-O.), and Albert W. Watson(R-S.C.) ; also Representative John C. Culver (D-Iowa) in absenceof Mr. Willis.

Detective Captain Charles Kimiey, the witness, has been employedin the Newark Police Department since 1947, serving for 19 years in thedetective division. For 8 months prior to his appearance before thecommittee, Captain Khmey, under special assignment, has been in-vestigating the possibility of criminal conspiracy in the Newark riot.Captain Kinney testified that there were 23 homicides and 3 related

deaths during the Newark riot which took place from July 12 to July17, 1967. He said that 1,465 arrests were made, including 91 which in-volved the use of deadly weapons and explosives. Also, there were507 cases of breaking and entering.

Property damage was estimated at $15.9 million, of which $4.9 mil-lion was uninsured. Of the 1,108 persons injured during the riot, thewitness testified, 1,001 were civilians, 72 were police officers, and 35were firemen.

PRERIOT PHASECaptain Kinney testified that in 1964 a group of activists of the

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) came to Newark and or-ganized the Newark Community Union Project (NCUP). The leaderof this group was Thomas Hayden, former national president of SDS.The committee's counsel noted for the record that Hayden, who wasborn in Detroit in 1939 and who holds an A.B. degree from the Uni-versity of Michigan, had been a field representative for SDS in 1961-62, a member of the U.S. delegation to the Commmiist-controlledEighth World Youth Festival held in Helsinki, Finland ; had traveledto North Vietnam and Communist China with the U.S. CommunistParty's theoretician, Herbert Aptheker, where he met with Asian revo-lutionary leaders in Hanoi, Peking, and Prague; had also visitedMoscow ; and had written the foreword to Aptheker's book. Missionto Hanoi. He also collaborated with Staughton Lynd in writing TheOther Side, which depicted the Viet Cong as heroes and warmlypraised the North Vietnamese leaders.

Associated with Hayden in NCDP were the following SDS mem-bers : Jesse Allen, a founder and one of the full-time organizers of theNCUP ; Robert Kramer and Norman Fruchter, also full-time organ-

1851


12/24

1852 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IX RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNINGizers for the group; Carol Glassman; Terry Jefferson; ConstanceBrown ; Corinna Fales ; and Derek Winans.

Jesse Allen, the witness said, was both an official of NCUP and anorganizer for Area Board 3 of the United Community Corporation(UCC), the Newark antipoverty agency financed by the" Office of Eco-nomic Opportunity. A delegate to the 1965 SDS convention, Allen hadbeen a speaker at a meeting of the Militant Labor Forum, a frontorganization for the Socialist Workers Party (SWP), a TrotskyistCommunist organization on the Attorney General's subversive list.Carol Glassman, bom in New York on August 10, 1942, was anNCUP organizer who resides at its headquarters in Newark. A grad-uate of Smith College, she and Constance Brown, a 1964 Swarthmoregraduate, had attended public meetings held by the city of Newark forthe purpose of "harassing the power structure." She traveled to Brat-islava, Czechoslovakia, in September 1967 with Thomas Hayden a'nd39 others where they met with representatives from Communistcountries.

Mrs. Dazzare (Terry) Jefferson, Captain Kimiey testified, is thetreasurer of both UCC's Area Board 3, also known as the Peoples'Action Group, and SDS's Newark Community Union Project; theoffice manager of NCUP ; and a community organizer for Area Board3. Her technique as treasurer of these two groups has been to make outchecks to "cash" which are in turn endorsed by her, thus concealing thedistribution of funds. She attended the 1966 national convention ofSDS. According to Neio^ Polities News, Mrs. Jefferson is a member ofthe executive board of the National Conference for New Politics(NCNP).Eobert Kramer, a former organizer for the NCUP, coauthored an-

article for Studies on the Left entitled "An Approach to CommunityOrganizing Projects," which dealt with NCUP's operations in Newark.Norman Fruchter, Kramer's collaborator on the above-mentionedarticle, has 'been New York editor for the magazine, Studies on theLeft, an SDS publication, and also a faculty member of the FreeUniversity [School] of New York.

Fruchter is also coproducer, according to the National Guardian, ofvarious films, including the "Troublemakers," which depicts SDSactivities in organizing the ghettos of Newark. Captain Kinney saidthat Fruchter is an adviser to SDS's Radical Education Project. Healso testified that a letter had been sent to Fruchter, a leading activistin NCUP, by William McAdoo on behalf of CERGE (Committee toDefend Resistance to Ghetto Life) , thanking Fruchter for his financialsupport and his sponsorship. /CERGE, committee counsel pointed out, was a front organizationfor the pro-Peking Communist organization, the Progressive LaborParty (PLP), and McAdoo was identified during this committee'sNew York riot hearings as tlie PLP member who had given instruc-tions on the making of Molotov cocktails at the time of the Harlem riot.Constance Brown, employed by the Welfare Board of Essex County,N.J., has the authority to sign checks for the Newark CommmiitvUnion Project of SDS."Corinna Fales, an organizer for NCUP, had been ]:)reviously asso-ciated with SDS in Baltimore, Md., in 1963, Captain Kinney testified.Derek Winans, born in Orange, N.J., on September 4, 1938, grad-uated from Harvard University in 1962. A journalist, Winans liaswritten articles ior Ramparts and The Nation magazines and has beenactive in numerous civil rights activities such as voter registration


13/24

SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURKING 1853drives in Mississippi. He helped to organize the Fair Housing Councilof South Orange, Maplewood, Millbum, and Short Hills, N.J., whichdonated funds to the Bessie Smith Community Center in Newark, N.J.This center is a project of Area Board 3.His other activities included sponsorship of the Spring MobilizationCommittee To End the War in Vietnam.^ Winans, a former leader of

the Essex County chapter of the Americans for Democratic Action,was expelled in 1964 by the national body of ADA at its convention inWashington.The most important aspect of NCUP's activity, Captain Kinney tes-tified, was its infiltration and actual seizure of control of some portionsof the antipoverty program in Newark, particularly Area Board 3 ofthe United Community Corporation, which is also known as the Peo-ples' Action Group.That Hayden's success in Area Board 3 was to be used as the proto-type for similar efforts elsewhere was made clear by the article in theradical magazine. Studies on the Left (vol. 6, No. 2, 1966), written bySDS members Norman Fruohter and Robert Kramer, entitled "AnApproach to Community Organizing Projects." The contents of thearticle, the witness said, indicated that Hayden's operation was themodel which radicals should emulate in order to capture other anti-poverty programs.Another article written by Hayden himself entitled "CommunityOrganizing and the War on Poverty," was published in the November

1965 issue of Liberation magazine. This was a valuable article, saidCaptain Kinney, because it i*evealed Hayden's and NCUP's position.In it Hayden attacked the official antipoverty program in Newark, theUCC. He wrote that the director's social theories soft-pedaled the ideaof attacking power structures and favored instead the objective ofbringing ghetto residents into the mainstream of competitive societya goal to which Hayden aj)parently objected.After describing how NCUP took over the antipoverty programin Newark's UCC Area Board 3, Hayden wrote that the quest forpower should focus on the antipoverty council as much as on the city

council. Another section of the same issue of Liberation in which thatarticle was published noted that Hayden was becoming one of themagazine's associate editors starting with that issue.On the subject of alleged police brutality, Captain Kinney statedthat during the past 5 years agitators in Newark have tried to exploitevery possible grievance between colored and white people and everypolice arrest.The Newark Police Department obtained a copy of an NCUP docu-ment, dated Summer 1965, concerning field interviews of studentand community associates of NCUP on the subject of NCUP accom-plishments. Asked during one of these interviews what he meant whenhe used the term "radical," Hayden replied :On the basis of issues that you try to link campaigns for domestic-economic,

civil rights and social change to foreign policy and that you have a very clearstand in favor of an end to the war in Vietnam, as well as economic changewithin the country. * * *

Concerning the community action part of the war on poverty,Hayden suggested that the NCUP professional staff might be utilized^ For Information on this group, see HCUA, report. Communist Origin and Manipulationof Vietnam Week, March 31, 1967, House Doc. Ii86, 90th Cong., 1st sess.


14/24

1854 SUBVERSIVE INFI


15/24

SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 1855mental observation. He has served time in prisons in the District ofColumbia, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.

Osborne, whose headquarters are in Washington, D.C., came toNewark several months prior to the 1967 riots and, said Captain Kin-ney, contributed to the climate that caused the riot.

Osborne's group is called the Blackman's Volunteer Army of Lib-eration. Its so-called regimentthe Black Star Regimentwas locatedin rooms above a store in Washington, D.C. While claiming to havebattalions in major American cities, he has actually fewer than 10 fol-lowers, Osborne's avowed intention is to create a mercenary army ofAmerican Negroes to fight for the independence of central and south-ern Africa.

Willie Wright, also known as William T. Wright, was born in 1928in Albany, Georgia. He currently resides in Newark on the secondfloor of a building above the offices of the United Afro-American Asso-ciation, an organization which lie formed in 1965.By his association with nationally known militants and by hisforeign travel, Wright has placed himself in the forefront of thoseseeking violent answers to the Nation's social problems, said CaptainKinney. He collaborated with Stokely Carmichael when the lattercame to Newark's Central Ward to urge Negroes to take oyer Newark"lock, stock, and barrel." Wright also went to Bratislava in Commu-nist Czechoslovakia with Hayden following the Newark riots.Another active militant in Newark is James Walker, who was bornin New Haven, Conn., in 1918. Now employed bj' the United Com-munity Corporation, OEO, as assistant director for Total Employ-ment and Manpower (TEAM) Center No. 1 in Newark, Walkerhas an arrest record dating back to 1938. Prior to July 1967, Walkertold two Newark Police Department lieutenants that the city "neededan incident" to bring it to the attention of the Federal Government.On the night the Newark riot started Walker was in the area foment-ing trouble. He helped to organize the taxicab caravan to city hall toprotest the arrest of cabdriver John Smith, which had triggered theriot. Many cabdrivers complied because they were afraid to do other-wise. Captain Kinney said.One of the outsiders who came into Newark, in addition to thosebrought in by Hayden, was a Mrs. Audley Moore, who is also knownas the Queen Mother. During the meeting of the planning boardmentioned above, she made inflammatory statements and hurled epi-thets at the policemen present who were there to maintain order. Atthe end of the meeting she took over the chairman's chair.According to this committee's information, Mrs. Moore, from thelate 1930's until the end of the 1940's, was a publicly acknowledgedmember and official of the Communist Party, U.S.A., and served onits national Women's Commission. At one time she had served also asan alternate member of the national committee of the party.Because of her militant and separatist approach in calling for theestablishment of a black republic in America, a position which theCPUSA had rejected in 1959, Mrs. Moore broke with the party line onthe Negro question. In the spring of 1968, she participated in a con-ference of black militants in Detroit to formally adopt their position incallmg for the creation of a separate black republic in five southernStates.


16/24

1856 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNINGRIOT PHASE

The arrest of John Smith, a cabdriver, on the night of July 12, 1967,was the catalyst that set off the Newark riot. Smith, who was born inWarthen, Ga., on January 27, 1927, had had only two previous minorbrushes with the law.While the witness believed that the incident of Smith's arrest had notbeen planned by him, it did provide the occasion which certain in-dividuals and groups were hoping forgroups which were preparedto act decisively when the right time came.

Smith, who had been driving his cab on a revoked license, wasstopped on the night of July 12 by police officers whose patrol car hewas tailgating. He also had been flicking his headlights on and off andalternately braking and accelerating his cab. A^-lien asked to producehis license, he became loud, profane, and abusive. He refused to leavehis cab when so ordered and finally, when he did, attempted to assaultboth policemen. Scores of residents in a housing development near theFourth Precinct station observed Smith's arrival, following his arrest,in the patrol car and his forcible removal from it to the police station.Soon the rumor that "White cops had killed a Negro cab driver,"spread througli the area. Several hundred people gathered around theFourth Precinct chanting for the release of Smith. A fire bomb wasthrown at the precinct station,Robert. Curvin, a former chairman of the Newark chapter of COREand a participant in Newark demonstrations for many years, borroweda bull horn from a civil rights leader who had been attempting toquiet the crowd and made inflammatory remarks to the crowd.

Phil Hutchings of SNCC and Betty Moss of NCUP were con-tinually haranguing the crowd with statements such as "The Blackswill kill all you Short Hills cops."

Shortly after midnight a police car was stoned and the looting ofstores began. By 1 a.m. the looting was increasing and spreading toother areas. Fires were set and the firemen aa ho responded to the alarmswere stoned. By 2 a.m. a taxicab caravan, organized by James Walker,had formed and was converging on the city hall.James Kennedy, an official of Area Board No. 2, composed a leafletblaming police brutality for this incident and inflaming the crowd dur-ing the same time that Police Director Spina was attempting to quietit.This leaflet. Captain Kinney said, was a call for a mass meeting the

night following the Smith arrestthe episode which set off the full-scale Newark riot. Leaflets were circulated describing the prep^,rationand the making of Molotov cocktail fire bombs for use against suchtargets as department stores.During the 5-day riot, over 200 cases of sniping were reported. Flyerswere distributed, said Kinney, by the Black liberation Center whichhad a picture of a "very horrible-looking Uncle Sam" Avhich stated, inpart, "Uncle Sam wants YOU^ nigger."LeRoi Jones, playwright, and others were also arrested during theriot for possession of firearms. He and two other men were reported tohave been firing their guns from a moving vehicle during the night ofthe riot.Jones, according to committee counsel, was born in Newark in 1981and was a graduate of Howard University. His plays have revealed an

obsessive hatred for white persons.


17/24

SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 1857In the early 1960's this militant radical was a frequent speaker atmeetings of the Trotskyist Communist Socialist Workers * Party(SWP). In 1964 he told a rally of the Harlem Progressive Labor

Party, a pro-Peking group, that "we're the only people" that canmake America fall.He established the Black Arts Repertory Theater in 1965 and re-ceived $40,000 in Federal antipoverty funds, but these funds were latercut o& when the police discovered that his project was used as a vehicleto propagate hatred. Also, an arms cache was found in the theaterbuilding which Jones owned, noted the counsel.Captain Kimiey infonned the committee that Willie Wright had

told the Governor's Select Commission on Civil Disorder that a care-fully conceived plan to burn much of Newark's main business sectionwas already in execution wlien John Smith's arrest had set off themajor conflagration.

POSTRIOT PHASEFollowing the riot, a controversy developed over the plans of

Newark's antipoverty agency, the United Community Corporation, todo what it had done the past two summersuse Government money tosend children to Camp Abelard, located at Hunter, N.Y. A newspaperhad charged that the camp was being utilized as a training area forleftwing activities.The controversy was settled by an GEO determination that the campwas "unacceptable"despite the fact that the UCC had selectedCorinna Fales to inspect the camp and she had given it a clean bill ofhealth.Committee counsel pointed out that FBI Director J. Edgar Hooverhad testified that this camp had been under the control of the Com-

munist Party since its establishment in 1929.One postriot rally in Newark featured as a speaker Charles Ken-yatta, head of the black militant Mau Mau organization, whose realname is Charles Morris and who was known as Charles 37X when hewas a Muslim.

Willie Wright's United Afro-American Association also producedleaflets, during the postriot period, which made reference to a police-man who had been murdered during the riot as a "racist detective"whose death was "well-earned." Also, after the riot, vicious anti-Semitic and anti-Italian leaflets were circulated.The Reverend Albert Cleage of Detroit, a militant racist with a longrecord of extremist activitie.s, said Captain Kinney, also spoke at ameeting sponsored by the UCC in Newark. Committee counsel notedthat Cleage, associated since the late 1940's Avith numerous CPUSAfronts and enterprises, has been in recent years linked with the Trotsky-ist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) by his support of their electioncandidates and by his speeches at their functions. Cleage has writtenthat he and others had shared with the rioters their "will to violence."In 1967 Cleage was quoted as having said that "G;uerrilla warfare

is the black man's answer to the white man's final solution."Hayden - i his followers have admitted, said Captain Kinney, thatthey want an entirely new society and a different form of governmentand would use any and every means to obtain their ends.Hayden and his group, said Captain Kinney, have exploited contro-

versies in the city of Newark "to turn race against race, class against


18/24

1858 SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNINGclass, creed against creed, thereby contributing to the climate whichcaused the riots in Newark in July 1967, which he views as a means toan end."In his book, Rebellion in Newark^ Hayden wrote a chapter entitled

"From Riot to Revolution," in which he said

:

The role of organized violence is now being carefully considered. During a riot,for instance, a conscious guerrilla can participate in pulling police away from thepath of people engaged in attacking stores. He can create disorder in new areasthe ix)lice think are secure. He can carry the torch, if not all the people, to whiteneighborhoods and downtown business districts. If necessary, he can successfullyshoot to kill.

Willie Wright's postriot activities, said Captain Kinney, as de-scribed by Louis Lomax during August 1967 in the Newark Star-Ledger^ included an admission by Wright that he was proud to be anout-and-out revolutionary.After the July riot, when addressing a group of 200 persons attend-

ing a meeting of the board of trustees. Area 2, of UCC, Wright saidthat:I say we should arm ourselves with cannons, machine guns, bazookas, anythingwe can get our hands on ; and if you don't know how to get some heavy weapons,call my oflSce and I will tell you where to go and how to get them.Following this speech, which was cheered by the audience, the

board voted unanimously to keep Wright as a member.Also on September 5, 1967, Wright applied for a passport to go toParis ostensibly for a visit. Instead, he went to Bratislava, Czechoslo-vakia, to attend a conference of North Vietnamese and Viet Congrepresentatives. This week-long session was arranged by David Del-linger, editor of Liberation magazine, Wright, who had appeared"quite broke" before his trip, began to spend money more freely uponhis return to America.Alvin Oliver, a coordinator for eight antipoverty programs at UCC

headquarters, was also active following the riot. He was in contactwith Maxwell Curtis Stanford, Jr., alias Allah Mahammad, one ofthe leaders of the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), RAM,a pro-Peking guerrilla warfare organization which has been linkedto Castro's regime, is "dedicated to the overthrow of the capitalistsystem in the United States," by force if necessary, according toJ. Edgar Hoover.Captain Kinney concluded his testimony by stating that the day

after Dr. Martin Luther King's assassination about 175 fires were setoff in Newark, the worst day of fires that the city had ever had.Captain Kinney, in reference to the publicity that there had been nolocal conspiracies involved in the riot, testified that:

In Newark, certain individuals conspired, and are conspiring, to replace theleadership of the Newark Police Department. Other individual- '^onspired. and areconspiring, to turn out of office the present city administration before its lawfulterm expires.

Still other individuals conspired, and are conspiring, as part of the movementto replace the system of government under which we live in the United Statesof America, using any means to do so, including the use of force and violence.To these conspirators, the insurrection that occurred in Newark in lOfiT wasa means to an end which they welcomed and exploit(Hl to serve their plot.To these conspirators, the accomplishment of any or all of the aforementionedgoals was paramount * *.Many Newark and New Jersey residents, said Captain Kinney, hadasked the question, Why weren't these consjurators prosecuted ?


19/24

SUBVERSIVE INFLUENCES IN RIOTS, LOOTING, AND BURNING 1859Mr. Tuck, the subcommittee cliairman, thanked Captain Kinney

for his detailed presentation and added the following remarks

:

We all know that police departments and policemen have come in for an awfullot of abuse in the last few years. As these hearings have revealed, Communistshave played a very large role in provoking much of this criticism which has beenoverwhelmingly unjustified.Numerous unfounded and inflammatory charges have been made againstpolice everywhere, and everywhere we hear the cry "police brutality"which,incidentally, I believe is a Communist expressionwhen the brutality andviolence involved have actually been used not by the police but against thepolice and by violators of the law they were taking into custody.During these hearings we have received the testimony of a number of policeofficers, both Negro and white, from other cities. All of them have shownthemselves to be a credit to the profession to which they belong.****** ItThese riots must be stopped. They will destroy everything that is fine andgood in America unless they are stopped and stopped now.


20/24


21/24


22/24

BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 9999 05706 3016


23/24


24/24

Newark Riots and Subversive Influence

Documents

Transcript of Newark Riots and Subversive Influence