NeATA 2012 © Cornerstone Mapping · NeATA 2012 © Cornerstone Mapping 2 Infrared radiation is...
Transcript of NeATA 2012 © Cornerstone Mapping · NeATA 2012 © Cornerstone Mapping 2 Infrared radiation is...
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Infrared radiation is perceived as heat
Heat is a qualitative measure of temperature
Heat is the transfer of energy
Energy can be quantitatively measured with a special camera
What is Thermal Imaging?
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All objects radiate energy (heat) above zero Kelvin
All Objects Radiate Energy
Zero Kelvin = -459 °F
32 °F
>1,000 °F
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What is Thermal Imaging ?
It is a way to look at the heat signature of an object
Detection of thermal infrared energy
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History of Thermal Technology
Military developed thermal imaging in 1960
Thermal cameras were commercialized in 1996
declassified thermal technology in 1992
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Thermal Technology Myths
Thermal is not ‘X-Ray’cannot penetrate walls
Thermal is not ‘Night Vision’magnified visible light
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400 500 600 700 nm 1100
Blue Green Red Near Infrared
3,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 nm
Mid-Wave Thermal(MWIR 3-5μm)
Long-Wave Thermal(LWIR 8-14μm)
Atmospheric Thermal Windows
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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‘Older’ Technology
Based on video camera technology
Analog display of warmer (white)cooler (black)
GPS position and other data overlaid on video frame
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Latest Technology
Digital Acquisition
Radiometrically Calibrated
External GPS/IMU Time Stamp
Post-Process Data and correct for
ambient temperature, relative humidity, emissivity
data is saved in temperature values(not relative scale)
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Medium Format Detectors
320 x 240 Pixels
(76,800 pixels = 0.07-megapixel)
640 x 480 Pixels
(307,200 pixels = 0.3-megapixel)
Thermal Camera Resolution
Large Format Detectors
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Thermal cameras are very expensive
Why isn’t Thermal Imagery Widely Available?
Integrate
analog
GPS/IMU
resolution
software
thermal mosaic
digital
flight navdata storage
Difficult to integrate analogtechnology for mapping
Time consuming to georeferencevery low resolution images
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Technology & Services
• Digital Sensor System– designed for mapping applications
• True Color & CIR Imagery
• Airborne GPS/IMU
• Flight Navigation
• Two Aircraft– Cessna 182– Piper Saratoga
Cornerstone Mapping’s Digital Camera System
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System Components
Azimuth MountFlight Nav
Camera
IMURemovableHard Drive
Camera Controller
IMU Processor
Power Distribution
Current Mapping System
Thermal Camera
‘Sensor Fusion’ to Create aMulti-Sensor Imaging System
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Temperature Range
Thermal Camera Sensitivity
-40 °C (-104 °F)
1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0
300 °C (572 °F)
Sensitive to Temperature Differences
Precision: < 0.1 °C
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Color Image8-inch resolution
Thermal6-ft resolution
6,500-feet
Similar image footprint for each camera.
Different image resolution based on camera specifications.
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Raster Data (Aerial Photography)
PixelSpatial Resolution
Each pixel represents a defined size on the ground
6-inch
1-foot
1-meter
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Image Resolution
Thermal
Color Image
Ratio: 1 thermal pixel = 9 color pixels
Thermal cameras are lower resolution than color cameras
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Remote Sensing in Agriculture
What do I need to Know ?
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When Should you Acquire Imagery ?time-of-year
Depends on Purpose. . .
Natural VariabilitySoil Fertility, landscape position
Man-Made IssuesFarming Practices
Seasonal-Variable IssuesWind & Hail Damage, Insect Pressure, Disease
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Evaporative Cooling (heat transfer)
Remote Sensing in Agriculture
• Water Stress
• Nutrient Stress
• Tissue Damage (insects, disease, wind, hail)
Leaf Structure
Stomata OxygenWater
CO2
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400 500 600 700 nm 1100
Blue Green Red Near Infrared
ChlorophyllAbsorption
ChlorophyllAbsorption
Leaf StructureBiomass Indicator
Ref
lect
ance
3,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 nm
Typical Vegetation Response Curve
Plant Temperature
Rad
ianc
e
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What Kind of Imagery to Use ?
Nutrients
Plant Color
Color Imagery
Cell Structure
Biomass / Nutrients / Water Stress
CIRImagery
Plant Temperature (stresses)
ThermalImagery
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Emergence
Tasseling Silking
Early Dent
Black LayerKnee High
Days After Planting
Dai
ly W
ater
Use
(inc
hes)
Corn Water Use
V-Stage VT R-Stage
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Temperatureand
Water StressCriticalGrowth
Corn Nitrogen Use
High
Low
N Uptake
Planting Silking Harvest
V-Stage VT R-Stage
Crop is too small to detectproblems from the air
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VT
Bare Soil
Weeds
Nitrogen Stress
Water Stress
Summary of Stresses
May June July 4th Aug Sept Oct
HarvestPlanting Irrigation Starts
Thermal
MSI MSI
MSI
MSI
ThermalMSI
When to Acquire Imagery
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Thermal Imagery Applications
Useful for Center-Pivot and Furrow Irrigation
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What Can you ‘see’ Using Thermal Imaging ?
Depends on Purpose. . .
ResearchCompare hybrids
On-FarmEarly detection of irrigation issues
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Mapping Irrigation Issues
Irrigation problems are hard to find on the ground . . .
and, more common than you may realize !
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Thermal ImagingFurrow Irrigation
High Spot
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Thermal ImagingFurrow Irrigation
Insufficient Irrigation
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Thermal ImagingCenter-Pivot Irrigation
Significant Temperature Range
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Thermal ImagingCenter-Pivot Irrigation
Too Much Water
Pivot Point Leak
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Thermal ImagingWind Damage
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Thermal Imagery Applications
Case Study
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Range Land
Cattle Damage
Mapping Crop Damage
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Color-Infrared Thermal-Infrared
Mapping Crop Damage
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Mapping Crop Damage
Thermal-Infrared merged with Near-Infrared
Ground truthed population counts verify damage seen in the aerial photography
Affected Area:44-acres
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Cutting-Edge Technology
Summary
Numerous Applications
Fully Integrated within your Farm GIS
Airborne Thermal Imaging