Name: ____________________ Teacher: _________________ Period: ____________

Unit 2 Interdependence of Organisms 1. What organism helps to carry out nitrogen fixation? Bacteria 2. How do plants get nitrogen? Explain how a symbiotic relationship allows this to happen. Plants gets nitrogen from soil through its roots (assimilation). Plants have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria in the soil, which provide it with nitrates for growth.

3. Using the diagram above, define succession using the words pioneer species and climax community. Succession is a gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem in which species, the first to colonize being the pioneer species, are replaced over time by others until a climax community remains. 4. Explain the difference between primary and secondary succession. Primary succession is the colonization of living organisms into an area that was not previously colonized by any living things. Secondary succession is the regeneration of the living community after a major disturbance. 5. Define interdependence, and explain how plants and animals are interdependent within an ecosystem. This is how organisms interact with each other in an ecosystem. Example of plants and animals interacting: A bee pollinating a plant and getting nectar at the same time. 6. In the chart below, determine whether each symbiotic relationship benefits, harms, or has no effect on an organism:

Organism 1 Organism 2 Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Parasitism + - Predation + - 7. Define niche, and explain how niches and adaptations related. A niche describes the role or position a species or population occupies in an ecosystem. A niche describes how it responds to the distribution of resources and competitors and how it in turn alters the same factors. Adaptations help organisms survive in their niche. 8. What happens when niches overlap? Why? Competition is the result of niche overlap due to limited resources. If one species can take over a larger

(or majority) share of resources, competing species must move to another area (if possible), adapt through natural selection to alter its niche, or suffer a population decline and possible extinction.

9. Label all the organisms in the above food web. Some organisms may be labeled with more than one trophic level: Producer, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer, Quaternary Consumer Producer: Algae, Phytoplankton Primary Consumers: Zooplankton, fish, mussels, limpets Secondary Consumers: octopus, starfish, fish, seagull, human, shark Tertiary Consumers: shark, seagull, human Quaternary Consumers: Human 10. How would the above food web be affected if disease killed off the starfish? The Limpet population would increase causing the octopus population to increase. Sharks would lose a food source

11. Using the chart below, construct an energy pyramid. (Make your pyramid in the space on the next page.

Animals Diet Snakes Squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, and mice Hawks and owls Rodents and reptiles Rodents (squirrels, chipmunks, gophers, mice) Seeds, nuts, roots, grass, leaves, and flowers

12. If the primary producers, in the pyramid you created, start with 35,000 kJ of energy, how much energy will be available at the top level of the pyramid? 35 Kj 13. In which form is energy lost throughout the energy pyramid? Heat 14. Define the following terms and give an example of each: a. Producer-Organisms that are also known as autotrophs. They make their own food, they get their energy from the sun, and they are found at the beginning of a food chain/web. A tree b. Herbivore: Organism that eats only producers-Deer c. Omnivore: Organism that eats both producers and consumers-Humans d. Carnivore: Organism that eats only consumers-Lions e. Detritivore: Organism that obtains its energy from dead organic matter-Worm f. Detritus: Dead organic matter-Dead leaves g. Decomposer: Organism that eats dead matter and recycles it back into the soil for nutrients-fungus and bacteria

UNIT 3: Taxonomy and Classification:

1. Why is studying Taxonomy important? Regional names of animals can cause confusion amongst people. Taxonomy has helped to avoid this confusion.

2. A multicellular, heterotrophic, motile organism would be classified in which kingdom? Animalia

Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

Sample

Organisms

Mockingbird

Blue jay

Robin

Honey bee

Red Wasp

Hornet

Hamster

Field mouse

White Rat

Raccoon

Possum

Sloth

Traits

Insect-eating

Winged

Two legs Active during day

Nectar-eating

Winged

Six legs Active during day

Insect-eating

No wings

Four legs

Nocturnal

Insect-eating

No wings

Four legs

Nocturnal

3. A scientist discovers a new organism as she is completing fieldwork. She observes the organism is most active during the day. The organism has wings that it uses to fly from flower to flower collecting nectar. Which group would the organism belong to? Group 2

Group Name Organism

Q

R S

T U

Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda

Class Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect

Order Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera

Family Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae

Genus Homo Pan Felis

Felis

Musca

Species sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica

4. Which organisms in the above chart are least related? Most related?

least-U diverges from the rest of the organisms at Class, so this is least related. most-S & T diverge after genus, so these are the most related

5. What is the two word naming system Carl Linnaeus invented? Binomial Nomenclature

6. Define Taxonomy. The science of naming and classifying organisms

7. What is the largest division that a group of organisms can belong to (Remember: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)? Domain

8. List the 6 Kingdoms. Which Kingdoms have eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells? Give an example of an organism from each kingdom.

Kingdoms

Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic Example

Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic Methanogens

Bacteria

Prokaryotic E.Coli

Fungi

Eukaryotic Yeast

Protista

Eukaryotic Paramecium

Anamalia

Eukaryotic Dog

Plant

Eukaryotic Tree

9. What characteristics do scientists use to differentiate Kingdoms?

Make-up of cell wall, mode of nutrition, ability to move, mode of reproduction, type of cell(= (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)

10. Chitin is found in the cell walls of organisms from which Kingdom? Fungi

11. Describe how scientific names must be written. All names are written in Latin and either underlined or italicized

Genus First- First letter must be capitalized Species second-first letter must be lower cas

Unit 4: Evolution 1. Explain the four types of evidence that support the theory of evolution.

1) Fossil Record – has shown that species have changed over time

2) •Biogeography - Species that evolved from a common ancestor are usually found geographically near each other.

3) •Homologous Structures - Structures that share a common ancestor may have the same anatomical structure but may have adapted in ways that enable the organism to survive in different environments.

4) •Vestigial Structures - Body parts and organs that are reduced (smaller) in size and have no benefit, but are still present in the body.

2. Does evolution occur at the species level or organism level? Explain.

•Species level.

•Evolution in change in a species over time. Individuals of a species can have random mutations (change/mistake in DNA). If that mistake is favorable, the organism will live long enough to reproduce. When the organism reproduces, it passes that trait on to their offspring, who in turn pass it to their offspring. Eventually, this leads to an adaptation in the species.

3. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, which factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase? B

a. How many other alleles are present b. Whether the mutation makes some lizards more fit for their environment c. How many phenotypes the population has d. Whether the mutation was caused by nature or by human intervention

4. What are the 4 principles of natural selection?

-Genetic variation exists in a population and is inherited

•Populations tend to produce more offspring than can survive

•The environment presents challenges to survival (resources are limited, competition for food, mate, territory)

•Individuals that are better able to cope or have advantages over another will leave more offspring.

5. What is biological fitness? •Fitness—an organism’s ability to reproduce and pass their genes on to their next generation

6. How do species become more suitable to their environment?

•Natural Selection

•Successful reproduction of the fittest members of a population eventually leads to an adaptation within that population = ADAPTATION

7. What is speciation?

•Eventually the gene pools of the populations become too different & The populations can no longer interbreed. At this point they are different species.

8. What is genetic drift? How does it affect genetic variation? Give an example.

•A random change in the frequency of a trait that occur in small populations.

•Genetic drift DECREASES genetic variation.

•EXAMPLE:

•STUDY BOTTLE NECK EFFECT & FOUNDER’S EFFECT

9. A random change in allele frequency within a small population is called B.

a. Geographic isolation b. Genetic drift c. Speciation d. GradualisM

Unit 5: Heredity

1. How does meiosis affect the number of chromosomes?

Reduces the total number of chromosomes by half. 46(diploid) → 23(haploid)

2. Is this karyotype normal? If not, what disorder is displayed? Not normal. Trisomy 21 is being displayed (3 chromosomes on 21).

3. A pea plant with the genotype RRyy (round (R), green(y) seeds) is crossed with a pea plant with

the genotype rrYy (wrinkled (r), yellow (Y) seeds). What would be the gamete combinations for each parent? (HINT: do FOIL or the gamete box). Complete a dihybrid cross. What percentage of the offspring will have round seeds?

Gametes for parent one: Ry Ry Ry Ry Gametes for parent two: rY ry rY ry Percentage of offspring with round seeds: 100%

4. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive disorder located on the X chromosome. Why do males have a higher probability than females of being affected by a sex-linked recessive disorder?

A male must express the disorder if he has it due to his single X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, so they can express the non-affected chromosome.

5. If black fur (H) in hamsters is dominant over brown fur (h), cross a homozygous recessive hamster for fur color with a heterozygous hamster. What percentage of the offspring will have brown fur?

There is a 50% chance that the hamster will have brown fur.

6. List an example of co-dominance in genetic traits. Spots on a cow, spots on a flower

7. Where does meiosis occur in males and females? In sex cells, reproductive organs.

8. What is difference between genetics and heredity? genetics is the study of the DNA code, heredity is the study to traits being passed on from parent to offsprings.

9. What is phenotype? Give 2 examples. The physical appearance of a trait. Brown eyes, Blonde Hair

10. If an individual possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait, the individual is said to be _Homozygous recessive__ for the trait.

11. What is the law of independent assortment?

allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another.

Unit 6: Biochemistry

1. What is the function of each biomolecule? a. Carbohydrates: Energy b. Lipids: energy storage(long term energy), insulation, protection, c. Proteins: structure and support d. Nucleic Acids: heredity/ genetic information DNA

2. What is the function of a protein primarily determined by? Shape

3. What are the monomers and polymers of the following?

Biomolecule Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Polysaccharide Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA & RNA Proteins Amino Acid Polypeptide Lipids do not follow monomer/ polymer rule

Lipids are comprised of glycerol fatty acids

4. Lipids are made of a glycerol backbone and fatty acid side chains. Which biological membrane that is vital to life is made of lipids? What is the name of this special lipid?

Cell membrane Special lipid is called a Phospholipid

5. What process is being shown in the picture above? dehydration synthesis

6. What type of bond joins amino acids together to form proteins? peptide bond

7. What is a DNA nucleotide made of? Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base

8. What is an RNA nucleotide made of? Phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogen base

9. What does an enzyme do? What type of biomolecule is an enzyme? Regulate Reactions (Catalyze Reactions). Enzymes are Proteins

10. Which elements are common to carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids? Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

11. The mitochondria in our cells break down sugar molecules in order to generate ATP. What

biomolecule do these sugar molecules belong to? Carbohydrates

Unit 7: Cells and Viruses Define the following:

1. Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane: The outer barrier of the cell; protects the inside of the cell from the outside and regulates what goes in and out of the cell.

2. Lysogenic Cycle: Viral reproductive cycle that involves the viral DNA becoming part of the Host Cell DNA and the host cell making new cells with the viral DNA inside each new cell. Delayed cell death.

3. Lytic Cycle: Viral DNA invading a host cell and taking over the host cell to make more viral particles and destroying the host cell.

4. Genetic Material: DNA 5. Capsid: Outer coating of a Viral particle made of proteins. 6. Capsule: outer coating of a bacteria cells typically made of polysaccharides. 7. Pili: Short hair like extensions on the surface of bacteria cells used to help the cell stick to

surfaces; can also be used in conjugation which is when two bacteria cells connect at the pili and exchange genetic material with one another before going through binary fission.

8. Flagella: Long tail like structure found on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells for movement. 9. Cell Wall: thick outer wall of the cell used to help protect the cell and give it structural support;

can be found in both Eukaryotic plant cells and prokaryotic cells 10. Chloroplast: Structure found only in Eukaryotic plant cells used to make food for the cell. 11. Central Vacuole: Large central, membrane bound sack in Eukaryotic plant cells used to store

food, water and waste material. 12. Nucleus: Membrane bound organelle that houses the DNA and nucleolus 13. Prokaryotic Cell: Cell that does not have membrane bound organelles and only a circular piece

of DNA that is floating in the cytoplasm of the cell 14. Eukaryotic Cell: Cells that have membrane bound organelles, linear DNA encased in a nuclear

membrane and physically larger with specialized functions. 15. Lysosome: Small vesicles inside Animal cells that contain digestive enzymes and are responsible

for breaking down excess organic compounds and broken organelles so they can be recycled in the cell.

16. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded membrane structure directly outside the nucleus embedded with Ribosomes and responsible for making and moving proteins in the cell.

17. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Folded membrane structure in the cell that DOES NOT HAVE ribosomes and makes lipid molecules and detoxes the cell.

18. Identify the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells & explain why they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic:

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic No nucleus Nucleus present Nucleus Present No Nucleus

19. Compare/Contrast Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells:

Prokaryotic: Both: Eukaryotic Cells: one circular chromosome DNA/RNA Linear DNA Pili Ribosomes Organelles Ex. Bacteria Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell Wall Ex. Plant & Animal Cells

20.

Bacteria: Both: Viruses: Living Genetic Material Capside Reproduce on their Own Reproduce using a host cell treat with antibiotics Treat with Rest & Fluids Capsule Prevent with vaccines 21. Which organelles are found ONLY in the following types of cells: A. Plant:_chloroplast, central vacuole _________________________________

B. Animal: Lysosomes

C. Bacteria: _pili, capsule, _____________________________________________

22. Which cell structures are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

__cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, Cytoplasm______________

23. Which organelle:

A. Converts solar energy into chemical energy? Chloroplast

B. Controls what enters and leaves the cell? Cell Membrane

C. Produces energy (ATP) for the cell?__Mitochondria ______________

24. Label the organelles in the diagram below.