Paper F

NAME-OF-PERSON HEADING

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INTERNATIONAl.

CONFERENCE ON CATALOGUING, 1961

CATALOGUING PROBLEMS 2

Shows the impracticability of the Internation-al Catalogue Code giving the precise detailedrules for the rendering of name-of-person inheading. Recommends the universal implemen-tation of a standard for the printing of theentry statement in the back of the title pageof a book to take the ~ataloguing professionaway from that of historical bibliography.Recommends the replacement of conjunction andinstrumental preposition in cataloguing en-tries by universaIly used punctuation marks.Recommends the setting up of the study forarriving at a holistic use of the punctuationmarks in headings and title section of cata-logue entries.

CONTRAC TIONS

Ala ;;:;; ALA cataloguing rules forauthor and title entries,ed 2, 1949.

Classified catalogue codewith additional rules forDictionary cataloguecode. ed 4, 1958, byS R Ranganathan.

Library catalogue:Fundamentals and p roce.dur e , 1950, by S RRanganathan.

Heading and Canons:::: Heading and canons. acomparative study of fivecatalogue codes, 1955.

The paper on International catalogue code in A'Jtlals 0/ library

should be taken as ••Catalouging problems 1".

Ccc =

Fundamentals ::::

V 7 N 2 Jun 1960

S R RANGANATHAN

Icc = Inte rnational cataloguecode by S R Ranganathan(Annals of LibraryScience, 6, 1959, 13-20),

Rendering of South Asiannames, 1953 by S RRanganathan - a reportto the International Bib-liographical Committee ofthe Unesco (unpublished)

Une sc o report

o INTRODUCTION

01 Attempt 1

In Icc, I gave the results of my first attemptin isolating the problems arising in a librarycatalogue. These concerned successively

1 Type of catalogue;2 Kind of entry in each type of catalogue;3 Sections of each kind of entry in each

type of catalogue;4 Constituents of each section of each kind

of entry in each type of catalogue;5 Word-blocks in each constituent of each

section of each kind of entry ineach type of catalogue;

6 Sequence of the word-blocks in eachconstituent of each section of eachkind of entry in each type of catalogue;

science 6, 1959, 13 - 20

33

F01 RANGANATHAN

7 Sequence of the words in each word-blockin each constituent of each section ofeach kind of entry in each type ofcatalogue; and

8 Style of writing including factors such ascapitals, smalls, punctuation marks,numerals, and position of commence-ment of each section of each kind ofentry in each type of catalogue.

02 Attempt 2

In this paper, I give the results of a secondattempt in respect of the main entry alone of abook of personal authorship, having the nameof a personal author on the title page.

03 Two Typ~s of Catalogue

This paper is confined to two types of cata-logues now in vogue - tia the Dictionary Cata-logue and the Classified Catalogue. The formeris unipartite; it is alphabetical. The latter isbipartitie; one of its parts is alphabetical,ie its index part; and the other part arrangesIts entries by call numbers (and class numbersin the case of cross reference entries or subjectanalyticals) and it is therefore its numericalpart.

04 Two Varieties ofMain Entry

In the Ic c , I mentioned two varieties of maine nt r ie s t.,

1 Full Main Entry such as the one for acatalogue of a national, near -national, or a statelibrary, intended to se rv e also as a national orstate bibliography; and

2 Brief Main Entry such as the one for thecatalogue of a service library, particularly onegiving open access.

In this paper, I confine myself to Brief MainEntry.

05 Two Sections ofMain Entry

The main entry in each type of catalogueusually mentions the accession number of the

34

book in the last section. It also mentions thecall number of the book. In the DictionaryCatalogue, it is usually made the penultimatesection; and in the Classified Catalogue, it ismade the first section ie the leading section.We shall leave out of this study these two numeri-cal sections. We shall confine ourselves only totwo of the sections in words - ili the HeadingSection and the Title Section. We are omittingthe Series Note as it does not present any specialdifficulty.

06 Potency of Author Heading

According to the Fundamentals (1), the verbalparts of the corresponding kinds of entries canbe made nearly similar in the two types ofcatalogues. In particular, the Author Entry ofa book, or its substitute, in the alphabeticalpart of the Classified Catalogue is essentiallyanswering the same purpose as the AuthorEntry, or its substitute, in the Dictionary Cata-logue. No doubt, it is the Main Entry in theDictionary Catalo gue; but it is only an AddedEntry in the Classified Catalogue. However,according to the !cc\2}, the Author Entry of abook in the alphabetical part will have thesame heading as its Main Entry. No doubt,the heading of a main entry in a ClassifiedCatalogue has no potency whatever in respectof arrangemend3l. But, when used as thehe ad irig of the Author Entry in the alphabeti-cal part, it has a great potency. In fact ithas the same potency as the heading of theMain Entry in Dictionary Catalogue. Therefore,the heading of the Main Entry of a book can begoverned by the same rules in either type ofcatalogue. I assume their being governed bythe same rules.

07 Choice and Rendering

1 Choice of the title page as the source forthe heading of the main entry in the case ofthere being two or more title pages;

2 Distinction between author, collaborator,and sponsor of a book;

3 Resolution of conflict in authorship andthe choice of heading for the main entry;

4 Rendering of the heading, including therecognition of the entry element and the

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NAME-OF-PERSON HEADING

secondary element, and the consequential permu-tation of the words, or the word-blocks, found inthe Author Statement on the title-page of the books- in other words, the choice of the entry elementof the heading; and

5 Choice of the entry word for the headingin the case of the entry element being a word-block, that is, of a multi-worded entry elementinvolving when necessary the permutation ofthe words in the entry element.

08 Two Levels of Code

Icc has further sorted out all the problemsin cataloguing into two groups belonging to thetw 0 levels.

1 International Catalogue Code. and

2 National Catalogue Code or LinguisticCatalogue Code as the case may be. In therest of this paper, the term Linguistic Cata-logue Code alone will be used to denote thesecond level, for the sake of brevity.

To the International Catalogue Code areassigned the problems independent of thecountry of the origin of the book or its languageor its period of publication, or the culturalgroup of its author. To a Linguistic CatalogueCode are a s i sgne d the .problems requiring anintimate knowledge of the country of origin ofthe book, or its language, or its period ofpublication, or the cultural group of its author.

1 RENDERING OF NAME OF PERSON

In what follows, name-of-person meansname of the author of the book catalogued orthe name of any collaborator used in the head-ing as the substitute for the name of the author.

According to my considered view, the render-ing of a name of person in the heading cannot beprescribed in detail and with precision by therules of the International Catalogue Code.

11 Attachment Word

111 Removable Attachment

A name -of -p e r so n is usually found on thetitle page in a multi-worded form. Some ofthe words may be removable attachments.These form the first cause of trouble. These

V 7 N 2 Jun 7960

F1B

may denote academic titles of the person,civil and military decorations of the person orany of his ancestors, office held by the person,esteem and affection in popular usage, and anyother similar idea not forming an e s se nt ia lpart of the name-of -person. Examples areEarl, Lord, Sir, Raja, Dewan Bahadur, Dewan,Rai Bahadur, Gate Mudaliar. Mudaliar, Sh r i,Sastri, Vachaspathi, and Professor.

112 Amphibious Attachment -Word

Even an exhaustive enumeration of suchremovable attachments in each cultural groupcannot give substantial help to the cataloguer inunerringly identifying the removable attachment,in the name-of-person. For, some of thesevery words may be removable attachments insome names, irremovable attachments in others,and essential words in some others. For example,Lord is a title in some; and it is the nameproper in some others. So it is with 'Earl'and IRaja'. 'Dew an ' is a removable attach-ment denoting official position in some names;it is the first word of a civil decoration inothers; and it is an essential word in stillother s. IMud aIi a r ' is a title in Ceylon; and itis an irremovable attachment in some namesof South India, having originally denoted theoccupation of an ancestor and now taken todenote a clan. This amphibiousness of attach-ments is one factor of confu sion ,

113 Forced Change of Status ofAttachment- Word

There is another factor likely to cause confu-sion. An occasional author gives on the titlepage only the irremovable attachment to hisname in a fully spelt out form, and he sup-presses all the other words in the name, includ-ing the essential word, by reducing them totheir initials. Thus, an attachment-word israised to the status of an essential word. Thismay be due to a false imitation of an apparentEnglish practice. In such a case, the Canonof Ascertainability (4) makes it obligatory forthe cataloguer to use only that fully sp e It outirremovable attachment as the entryword inthe heading. Normally, it will not be used asthe entry word. To this amphibious categorybelong the words:

3S

F113 RANGANATHAN

AcharyAyyarAyyengarBhattachariChettiarDevaDikshitJosierKamath

Ka r a nt h aMenonMudaliarNadarNaiduPillaiRaoSastriVa jap ey a

and many other s . 'Sa st r i' may be a removableattachment or an irremovable attachment.Partly, by seeing the last word in a name-of-person of the West being used as the entry wordand partly on seeing one of the above wordsalone being fully sp e lt out on the title page, acataloguer not belonging to the cultural group ofthe author may mistake any of the above wordsfor a surname or entry word, in spite of itsbeing only an irremovable attachment to theentry element. In other words, the cataloguerfinds it difficult if not impossible to determinein a particular case whether it is a removableattachment or whether it is an irremovableattachment, or whether it is the essential wordto be used as the entry word.

114 Example of Error

Here is a recent example. BenoyendraSengupta has given an article entitled Indicnames of persons in works in roman alphabets--problems of their standardization (5). Hehas given in it a table entitled "Schedule ofAnglicised Hindu Sur na rrie s V. The use of theword 'Surname', by itself, betrays igno r an ceof the variety in the structure of Hindu names-of-person. Some cultural subgroups amongthe Hindus do not use surnames. Examplesare Tamilians, Malayalees, Kannadigas, andAndhras; even when a surname forms a partof such a name -of c per son , it is not used asthe entry word. Evidently ignorant of this,Sengupta has erred in including in his list ofsurnames the 18 words mentioned in theearlier section, though they are normallyirremovable attachments. Again, Senguptaincludes in his list of s ur narne s the wordsAnnaswami, Dor aisw amy , and Kumaraswami;but these are only individual names. Senguptabelongs to the Bengalee subgroup of Hinduculture. That is why he has fallen into this'error. Quite oblivious of these 21 errors,

36

Sengupta begins his paper with a statementthat the lists of words prepared by me andmy co-workers "are often misleading and notfree from inaccuracies". But he mentions onlyfour words of this kind. IIBakshi and Chauduriused as prefixes may be removable attach-ments". He has taken this from Ccc. Hisonly remarks against this is WFrequentlythese words are used as last words or as sur-names". There is no substance in this cri-ticism, as it is recognised by Ccc itself.Another statement taken by him from mycode is "Biswa and Lata may be starter wordsfor a Bengali two or three worded familyname". His remarks against this is "Wehowever fail to locate any such example inactual practice in Bengali narne s ", These •words Were given to me by my Bengali col-leagues. I am not competent to pick them up t:'l-

erringly. In fact, the words in the table given inCcc were collected by local enquiry in Calcuttafrom librarians and scholars. Moreover,S Mookerjee mentions 'Biswa Ba su ' and'Lata Vaidya' in his Bengalee surnames (6).In reality Sengupta's article amply demons-trates the risk involved in a person of onecultural group determining the entry word ofthe name of an author of another cultural group.

12 Function - Po sition Relation

Secondly, the functions of the words in thedifferent positions of a name-of-person arenot the same in all the cultural groups. Forexample,

1 In a Chinese, Vietnameese, Malayalam,Dr Telugu name, the first word denotes thefamily name. On the other hand, in a modernEuropean name and the Hindu names of recentyears in North &: West India, the last namedenotes the family name;

2 In a Maharashtrian or Gujarati name thepersonal name of the father succeeds that ofthe son. On the other hand, in a Tamil namethe personal name of the father precedes thatof the son. In Indonesian and Malayan Muslimnames, the personal name of the son precedesthat of the father; and llie two are separatedby a word such as 'bin' or 'ibin';

An lib sc

NAME-OF-PERSON HEADING

3 A Vi et na rne e se na rne cofv pe r son consistsusually of three words. The rriidd.Ie wordoften indicates sex. The current trend is s aidto be to omit the rni.ddIe word in a heading;

4 In an Indonesian na rne the first word isoften a removable att ac hrne nt de noting theisland to which the person belongs;

5 A Bu r rrie s e nal'l1e-of-person does notinclude a family name. It consists only ofthe individual name. It is generally a singleword. But it is occasionally two-worded.Even then, the two words are to be taken inthe sarne sequence as found on the title-page.But the nal'l1e-of -person is usually preceded byan honorific word indicating age group, status,or sex, such as

KoMaungUMaDaw

denoting young age;denoting middle age;denoting senior status;denoting fe ma Ie sex; anddenoting f e rna Ie sex.

Perhaps it is desirable to omit these prefixes inthe heading of an entry as they carry verylittle potency. Their retention merely breaksup the alphabetical sequence into five groups.

13 Splitting the Individual Name

Thirdly, a North Indian n arne not containinga f arni Iy name i s often in two words. It isreally a case of an individual narne consisting ofan original single or coalesced word now beingwritten as if it were two independent words. Itis il'l1proper to pe r mut e these tw 0 words anduse the second word as the entry word in theheading. For example, Nath and Prasad usuallyoccur as the second e le rne nt in such split words.These should not be taken as surnames. ButSengupta mentions t he m in his table of surnames.

14 Irremovable Attachment

Fourthly, there is the p r obIe rn of an entryelement consisting of two or more words,which should be taken as if it were a fusedblock and should not be permuted. The extraword may be an irremovable att ac hme nt tothe entry word. Examples are:

V 7 N 2 Jun 1960

F17

C P Rarna sw amy Ayyar (that is, ChetpetPattabhirama Ayyar Rnrn aawamy Ayyar); and

A Ramaswamy Mudaliar (that is, ArcotRamaswamy Mudaliar).

15 Double_Worded Blockin Name

Fifthly, a rnult i cw or'ded entry elementmay be a case of double or treble familynarne or individual name as the case may be.Further, such a compound name mayor maynot have a conjunction or a hypen connectingthem, as in the case of western names. In thecase of Indian names, the members of a com-pound name may be either coalesced into asingle word or may be as independent words.Examples of compound individual names withsuch variant forms have been given already inthe discussion of North Indian names-of-personnot containing a family name. Examples ofcompound family names are Pethick-Lawrence,Andrew Seth, Pingle-Pattison. Georgio Levidelle Vida, Anant Atmaram, Kankani Th anki ,Farid al c Drn Abu Hamid Mohammad Ibrahim.

16 Irremovable Auxiliary Word

Sixthly, another possible puzzle may becaused by an auxiliary word occurring bet-ween the individual name and the family namein a name -of -pe r so n of the West. The auxi-liary word is not removable. It has to be takenas inseparable from the family name in somecultural groups; that is, it must be taken tobe an irremovable attachment in the entryelement in the name-of-person. In other cul-tu r al groups, it has to be taken along with theindividual name, that is, with the secondaryelement in the name-of-person. Examplesare:

Jan Ten Brink to be rendered asBrink (Jan Ten). (Flemish name);

Magnus Gabriel de la Cardie to be rendered asDe la Ga r d ie (Magnus Gabriel).

(Scandinavian name): andJacob Baart de la Faille to be rendered as

F"Ulc (Jacob Baart de la). (Dutch name).

17 Migration of Name withAuxiliary Word

Seventhly, a person with double familyname separated by an auxiliary word to be

, 37

F17 RANGANATHAN

attached to the family name might belong toa family which had migrated and got absorbedin a cultural group attaching t be auxiliaryword to the individual name. Then his ownpractice may follow that of his original cultu-ral group or his adopted cultural group. Insuch a case it is difficult for the cataloguerto arrive at the rendering of the name accord-ing to the practice of the author, unless helpis given by the author himself.

18 Wanton Mutilation of Name

Eighthly, apart from such an amplitude ofvariation from the normal structure of anarrre cof c p e r son, an ind ivi dua l occasionallyflouts the convention of his cultural groupwantonly and gives an unusual mutilated struc-ture to his name. For example:

1 He may reduce the essential words inthe name to irut iaLs as in K R Menon forK Ramunni Menon;

2 He may break the real name into twoparts and reduce the first part to initials asin C V Raman for C Venkataraman;

3 He may permute the words in his nameinto an unconventional sequence and reduceall but the last word so got to initials; and theonly word thus retained in full may be the onenormally reduced to initials, as in S R Savurfor S Srinivasa Rao (that is, Savur SrinivasaRao);

4 He may break the normal entry wordin an unnatural place and reduce all but thelast bit to initials, as in H P Warren forH Parameswaran (that is, Hariharan Para-meswaran). The breaking of 'Venkataraman'into the parts 'Venkata' and 'Raman' is con-sistent with the grammar of the language.Each word is semantically warranted. Butaccording to grammar nparameswaran" canonly be broken into "Par arna! and IEswaran'.Here 'Eswaran' is semantically warranted.But the word is actually broken by the authorinto IParamesl and 'Waran'. Both of theseparts are without semantic significance. Ifa person does any such trick with his nameconsistently and leaves one word alone onthe title -page, without being reduced toinitials, there is no problem to the cataloguer,

38

except perhaps in expanding the initials. Butif he plays ducks and drakes with the wordsin his name it is not easy except for him-self to equate all the forms of names used byhim in different books.

19Out of

Recommendation 1Bounds for InternationalCatalogue Code

Thus precise rules for rendering a name-of-person in the heading of a catalogue entryare impracticable in the International Cata-logue Code. Perhaps, an international com-mittee with competent representatives ofeveryone of the numerous cultural groupsand sub-groups of the world may be able toframe precise rules. But it is not practicable.I regard it as 'out of bounds' for the Interna-tional Catalogue Code. I, therefore, make thefollowing recommendations:

Recommendation 1: The 1961 InternationalConference on Cataloguing should recognisethe impracticability and the undesirability ofthe International Catalogue Code prescribingdetailed and precise rules for t he renderingof a name-of-person in the heading of acatalogue entry.

2 SOLUTION 1

Then, what should the International Cata-logue Code do in respect of the rendering of aname-of-person in the heading of main entry?It should state some general principles andleave it to the respective linguistic codes toframe detailed and precise rules consistentlywith those general principles. This is thefir st solution sugge sted.

21 St ati st ic al Basis forSolution

If so, what should be the ·general principle?The basic general principle is a statistical one.It takes account of the relative potency of theessential words in a name-of-person, denotingrespectively family name, individual name,and other names such as place name, or clanname. Formally, a place name, a Clan name,and an individual name of father, son etc, areregarded by the cultural group of the authoras irremovable attachments either to the

An lib sc

NAME-OF-PERSON HEADING

entry element or to the secondary element.So it is with auxiliary words in certain cul-tural groups. In the universe of authors,it has been the practice to consider only twoclasses of words or word-groups for selectionas entry element.

They are

F:: Family name;I = Individual name.

22 Formula for Aid

Let(F) :: Total number of words or word-

groups used as a reservoir bya cultural group, from which Fis drawn; and

(I) :: Total number of words or word-groups used as a reservoir by acultural group, from which I isdrawn.

Let us further have

P = Number of persons in the "author-sub-group" of the cultural group.

We may assume that

(F) > than 1(I) ~ than 1

We shall also have the following definition

(F) -1-P-- =Potency of a familv narn e in the

matter of alphabetical arrangement; andsimilarly

(I) -1 . ..---p-:o Potency of an ind ividu aI name.

Then, potency of F ~ potency of Iaccording as (F) -1 <; (I) -1-p--2:. p-

That is, according asJU;.; J!.LP z. ~

That is, according as (F) Z (I), since P is byassumption possible.

V 7 N 2 Jun 1960

F24

This is the formula derived by me in the UnescoReport (7). The essence of this formula isthat the decision of the choice is made once forall for a specific cultural group taken as a whole.Inother words, the aid of the concept of thefrequency of occurrence and of potency shouldnot be invoked at the stage of dealing with aparticular name-of-person within the cuUuralgroup.

23 Application of Formula toWestern Narn es

In a modern name-of-person of the West,

(I) r-» 2, 000 (;:;(I) is in the neighbourhood of

2, 000),for, the reservoir for I consists mostly ofBiblical names only; and

(F) '7 2,000

for, the reservoir for F consists of any kind ofname Whatever, such as that of any profession,any plaCf' any river, any mo~ntain, any physi-cal feature, or any other att r ibut e SUCh,a!;colour, status, etc.

Thus, (F) > (I)

Therefore, F as an entry element will occurless frequently than I as the entry element.Consequently, F will carry a greater potencyin respect of arrangement than I. In otherwords, the choice of the family name as theentry element satisfies the Canon of Prepo-tence (8) better than the choice of the indivi-dual name as the entry element. This maylook like a truism now. But it was notrealised till 1595. In that year, AndrewMansell, a British bookseller, sensed thisrelative potency. He announced "They (thelearned men) make their Alphabet by theChristian name, I by the Sir name".

24 Application of Formula toBengalee Name

In a modern Bengalee name

(F) .....:.2, 000

this can be seen from S Mukerjee's Bengaleesu r narne s i'I I; and

(I ) ::> 2, 000

39

F24 RANGANATHAN

for, the reservoir of 1 consists of any kindof name whatever, such as that of anyoneof the multitude of names given to each ofseveral god-heads, or that of any river, anymountain-peak, or any other physicalfeature, or any attribute such as colour,status, etc, either by itself or coupled withwords such as Kumar, Prasad, Swar up ,etc.

Thus, (1) > (F)

Therefore, I as an entry element w ill occurless frequently than F as an entry element.Consequently, I will carry a greater potencyin respect of arrangement than F. Inother words, the choice of the individualname as the entry element satisfies theCanon of Prepotence better than the choiceof the family nam e as the entry element.

241 Scholars' Support

But due to an irrational imitation of Britishpractice, induced by political dependence duringthe last century, the family name is chosen asthe entry element. However, when I met agroup of Bengalee scholars and librarians in aconference convened for the purpose in December1952 in Calcutta, the majority of the scholarsand just a few librarians expressed their prefer-ence of the individual name to the family namefor use as entry element. The use of the indi-vidual name as entry element appeared naturalto them. For, the above-mentioned statisticaltest had not been formulated by me at that time.In fact, it was hit upon only late in 1953, as ar e aukt of the local discussions with different cul-tural groups in different parts of India andCeylon, and of the study made of the structure ofthe name-of-pe~'son in the diverse cultural groupsof the world. But why did only a small minorityof librarians support the opinions of the majorityof scholars at the Calcutta Conference? Per-haps, the minds of the librarians had been inhi-bited by the ruleS' in the catalogue codes, suchas Ala (10), for Western name-of-person,whereas the minds of the scholars reactednaturally to what has greater potency in respectof arr angement. 1 was told that a Bengaleereader usually asks for a Bengalee book, men-tioning only the individual name of the author.

40

25 Application to Other Cultural Groups

It would be worth applying tliis test to names-of-person in other cultural groups.

3 SOLUTION 2The result of the above statistical test will

be normally followed by many an individualauthor. But it may not be followed by all. For,the way in which an author desires to be knownis his own prerogative. Therefore, the wordmarked out by him for use as entry element mayset the test at nought. Therefore, difficultiesin the rendering of a name-of-person in theheading of a catalogue entry will always persistand transcend even the best of rational rulesprescribed even by a Linguistic Catalogue Code.

31 Recommendation to Unesco

This led me to suggest a second solution inmy recommendations to the International Com-mittee on Bibliography of Unesco on 31 October1953, in pursuance of its resolution during itssession 21-25 Apri11952.

32 Indian Standard Based onRecommendation to Unesco

These recommendations, in the latest formtaken by them in my mind and in those of mycolleagues on the Documentation Committee ofthe Indian Standards Institution, are as follow s ,They lead to a Second Solution.

1 It is not possible to make all culturalgroups in the world to conform to a single,efficient standard in the formation of name-of person;

2 But it is possible to agree upon a singleefficient standard for printing a name-of-person in a standard place on the preliminarypages of a book, so as to show forth readily theeru r y element and the secondary element;

3 For example, the standard may lay downthat

31 The first line on the back of the title-page should give the entry statement for theauthor and for collaborators, if any;

32 The entry statement in respect of aperson should contain only the words inherentin his name;

33 These words should be printed in theirnormal sequence of usage; but

34 The word or wor d c gr oup to be used asthe entry element in a hearling in a catalogueentry should be printed in a more dominant type

An lib se

NAME OF PERSON HEADING

than the words constituting the secondary ele-ment' and

35 The year of birth of the author shouldbe added at the end of the name.

33 Practicability of theRecommendation

It will not be difficult for publishers andauthors to get accustomed to the idea of entryelement as the single word or word-groupby which an author will be known or under whichhis name will be looked up in a catalogue. Itwill also be equally easy for them to get accus-tomed to the concept of secondary elementconsisting of the other word or word-group inthe name and the need for adding them afterthe entry element, in order to resolve homo-nyms occurring now or likely to occur in thefuture in a catalogue, and thereby individualiseeach name-of-person. It may not be difficultthen to realise the desirability of adding theyear of birth as an additional individualisingelement in order to minimise the chance forhomonyms to occur in a catalogue even whenthe entry element as well as the secondaryelement is used. If an author has sentimentalobjection to disclose his or her year of birthon the back of the title page, he or she maybe given the freedom t.o give any year of hisor her choice as the individualising elementand keep on to it without changing. With thecooperation of the publisher and the author,this standard can be easily carried out infuture books.

34 Attitude of Urie s co andISO/TC46

For some reason -- it might have beenanything from political to personal, and con-scious to unconscious - this Report of minehas not yet been published. In 1954 therewas evidence of reluctance on the part ofthe Unesco Committee to have it published.I therefore proposed the making of such astandard being put on the programme ofISO/TC46. This proposal received the firstplace among the new proposals for the prog-ramme at the Brussels meeting of the ISO/TC46 in September 1954. But the Office ofthe ISO/TC46 pleaded its hands being toofull to take it up. However, it agreed to

V 7 N 2 Jun J 960

F36

allow the matter to be prusued if India wouldput up a draft standard. Accordingly, theproblem was taken up by the DocumentationCommittee of the Indian Standards Institution.The Indian standard on this problem Wasfinalised and published as standard IS:792-1956. Since 1955 India had been pressing forthe consideartion of this standard by the Inter-national Standards Organisation. The Indianstandard was duly sent to ISO/TC46 for consi-deration at its Stuttgart meeting of 1956 as thebasis for the international standard. But itwas postponed. Since then, Germany andBelgium have sent up their own drafts (based onIndian standard?). But the subject still con-tinues to be under consideration.

35 Implementation by India

In India, several publishers have begun toimplement the standard. The Oxford Univer-sity Press, the Asia Publishing House, andthe Publications Division of the Government ofIndia are among them. In the light of theexperience gained, the standard, which wasmarked 'provisional' is now being revised inIndia. At this stage, the draft of the revisedstandard incorporates also the standard forcopyright statement in conformity with therecommendations of the International Copy-right Convention.

36 Transfer to the sphere of InternationalCatalogue Code

By the universal adoption of the standardfor the entry element of a name-of-person allthe difficulties in the rendering of a name-'of-person, in the heading of a catalogue entry canbe by-passed. The rule on the rendering of aname-of-person can be transferred from thesphere of the Linguistic Catalogue Code tothat of the International Catalogue Code. Asingle rule in the following form can be in-corporated in the International Catalogue Codeitself:

The entry element in a name-of-person isto be the word or wo r d c gr oup printed in adominant type face in the entry ElementStatement found on the back of the titlepage of the book, in conformity to thestandard for the Entry Element Statement;

41

F36 RANGANATHAN

the secondary element is to be the rest ofthe word or word-groups in the EntryElement Statement; and the further ind iv i,dualising element is to be the year mentionedin it (11).

(

37 Recommendation 2Standard for Entry Element

. "I, therefore, make the following r ec orn me n ,

dation:

Recommendation 2: The 1961 rn:te rnationalConference on Cataloguing should promote theadoption of an international standard for theprinting of Entry Statement in,respect of authorsand collaborators in a conventional place in thepreliminary pages of a book, such as near thetop of the back of the title page.

4 INVASION OF HISTORICALBIBLIOGRAPHY

The result of the implementation of thestandard mentioned in Recommen<;lation 2will be that the time of the library professionneed not be spent on the chasing of authorialhomonyms. During the five centuries sinceprinting from movable metallic types wasinvented, cataloguers have had to dissipatetheir time and thought in such a chasing.Many cataloguers have thus turned intohistorical bibliographers. The pr e c oc c upat ionwith historical bibliography has its own charm.Indeed. it has been difficult in the past to dis-tinguish between the distinctive function of theprofession of historical bibliography and thatof the library profession. This merging ofthe functions of the two professions in thepast did not then appear to harm the objectivesof the library profession. The continuationof the invasion of Historical Bibliography wasdue to the delay in the cognition of the Lawsof Library Science and in the making of servicethe dominant function of the library profession,from which every one of its other functionsshould radiate and get irradiated and to whichthey should be severely subordinated. Tworecent ex arnp le s will illustrate the persistenceof a subordination of the service-function ofthe library profession to the function of thehistorical bibliography even down to our owndays.

42

41 Indian Anecdote

About twelve years ago, the post of theLi br ar ian of an important library fell vacant.Persons in high position asked me to give adviceto certain aspirants to the post. They carne tome. I found that none of them had either anylibrary qualification or any idea of the service-function of library. Each emphasized his quali-fication to be his experience in reconstructinga text from manuscripts, in resolving the puz-zles in "authorial homonomy and polyonomy"(12) and in historical bibliography in essence.All of them were college teachers. They allsaid that they preferred the quiet life of alibrarian and the opportunity it would give topursue problems in cataloguing and historicalbibliography with undivided attention. It wasdifficuit for me to convince them that in amodern library the undivided attention of aIib r ar ian should go to service rather than toresearch in the border-land between cata-loguing and .historical bibliography. Someof them insisted that research also should bea pre-occupation, though a secondary one,with a librarian of high calibre. It was thenequally difficult for me to convince them thatthere were inexhaustible problems in thearea of library science itself and that re-search within that area would be necessaryto enrich library service and would also besufficient to engage any high order whateverof research capacity and urge in a member ofthe library profession.

42 British Anecdote

About the same time, I had occasion toaddress the Section of University Librariansof the Library Association of Great Britain.It was in Birmingham. MyoId professor inBibliography - - Andrew Esdaile -- occupiedthe chair. The theme of the address was the"Challenge of the universe of knowledge". Ibased my talk on the Five Laws of Libra.ryScience, which called for pin-pointed, ex-haustive, and expeditious service of re-corded knowledge in spite of the turbulentnature of the univer se of knowledge and ofthe precipitation of new subjects almostfrom week to week. Library Classificationand knowledge clas sification in particularwere first shown to be a necessary aid to

An lib sc

NAME -OF -PERSON HEADING

render library service to the full sat isf ac ,tion of the Laws of Library Science. Ithen marked out the areas for research inclassification. All this was of course basedon the as sumption that arr angement of booksin a library should be a clas sified one. Atthe end of the talk the chairman expressedthe view that the best arrangement of bookson the shelves of the library was the acces-sion ar r ang emenr. The authority of Pollard,one of the predecessors of the chairman inthe British Museum Library, was cited.It is well-known that the chairman as wellas Pollard were eminent historical biblio-graphers.

43 Call Off Historical Bibliography

Today the emphasis on service is increas-ing day by day in the world of libraries. Thisis due to the pressure coming from a. varietyof libraries -- industrial, departmental,commercial, academic, and other researchlibraries in addition to public libraries.This pressure calls for a further division oflabour. This division of labour would sepa-rate out the profession of historical biblio-graphers from that of librarians, includingcataloguers. The social pr e s su r e of todaycalls further for the conservation of as muchresearch potential as Possible for researchin certan areas of more direct utility tothe well-being of humanity, or at least toareas which ultimately contribute to it.There is one implication of this socialpressure.

44 Eliminate the Problemin Future

We should not create areas for research,which are avoidable. Letting the creation ofproblems in "authorial homonomy and po Ivo ,no my " to get created in our own times amountsto creating an avoidable area f~r research inthe future. We cannot afford to give away ourresearch personnel for such problems here-after. The inherited problems in historicalbibliography should no doubt be disposed of.But no new problems s hon ld be created alongthese lines. If the standard in Recommendation2 is carried out, their creation will be: eli-minated. After all, the author is the bestauthority to furnish all the Info r rnat ion needed

V 7 N 2 Jun 1960

F51

for establishing author headings. If we donot get it out of him even when the book isprinted -- still worse, if we wait to facethese problems till after his disappearancewe are surely doing something wrong. Indeedthe enormous increase in the library person-nel needed for the ever -Inc r e as ing number ofour service-libraries calls for the withdrawalof library cataloguers from research in histo-rical bibliography. It calls also for with-drawing quite a large number of librariansirom repetitive cataloguing work in each ofthe libraries in the country. Here too thereis urgent need for the conservation of libraryman-power for service proper. One of themeans of doing it is centralised cataloguing.I have shown in my Heading and canons (13)that 79 per cent of the cataloguing personnelof a country can be released for the service-function of a library if such a centralisedcataloguing is brought into vogue. Thistrend emphasizes further that the timerequired even by the central cataloguers inestablishing author headings should be mini-mised as much as possible. In fact, it canbe nearly eliminated by carrying our Recom-mendation 2 in respect of future books. Inci-dentall y the carrying out of this recommen-dation will transfer the rules for author ·head-ings from the diverse Linguistic CatalogueCodes to the International Catalogue Code.

5 PROBLEM IN STYLE OF WRITINGENTRY

51 Expe;rienc e from Cataloguingin Tamil

Another group of cataloguing problems,definitely assigned in my Ice to the severalLinguistic Catalogue Codes, concern the styleof writing the entries. Some 01 the elementsinvolved in the style of writing are conjunc-tions and other auxiliary words, and punctua-tion marks. Here also, my experience duringthe last few months indicates the possibilityof transfering some of these cataloguingproblems also from the Linguistic CatalogueCode s to the International Catalogue Code.This recent experience has be en gained whileworking on the Commemoration Bibliography ofSouth India Saiva Siddhanta Publishing Society,being published on the occasion of the releaseof their 1, 008th publication. All their publica-

t.<

43

F51 RANGANATHAN

tions are in Tamil. Their consumers aremostly those knowing only Tamil. Naturally,therefore, the catalogue of the 1,008 bookshad to be produced in Tamil. Till now in thelibraries where I had worked all cataloguingwas done in English ir r e spe ct ive of thelanguage of the book. I had therefore noopportunity to experience the problemsarising in the adaptation of my Classu;iedCatalogue Code to catalogues in other langua-ges. The experience gained in constructingthis Commemoration Bibliography has there-fore been the first of its kind. It is w hiIesolving some of the difficulties arising inthis work that the desirability of transfer-ring some of the problems in the style ofwriting to the International Catalogue Codeoccurred to me.

6 JOINT AUTHOR HEADING

The Indian languages are inflexional. MyCI a s sified Catalogue Code is geared to theneeds of the English language which is hardlyinflexional. The other catalogue codes in theEnglish language are also similar. I mayillustrate the difficulties in relation to theconjunction 'and'. The rule of the Ccc on therendering of a joint author heading reads asfollows (14):

If the title -page contains the names oftwo and only two joint authors, boththe names are to be used as the headingwith the conjunction 'and' connecting them.

This rule is inoperative in Tamil. Forthe effect produced in English language bythe use of a separate auxiliary word as a con-junction has to be produced in Tamil by theinflexion of the names of both the authors.As a result of this, in a Tamil catalogue,the author entries of books of the sameperson as single author will gel separatedfrom the author entries of the books ofwhich he is the first joint author by theinterpolation of other author entries bet-ween these two blocks. There are two waysof meeting the situation:-

i Either, the rule on jo int authors shouldbe different in the English catalogue code andthe Tamil catalogue code;

44-

2 Or, the auxiliary word 'and' arid itscorresponding inflexional substitute shouldbe eliminated.

61 Replace Conjunction by Comma

There is no doubt that the latter alternativewill be preferable if it is possible. This ispossible. We can indicate the idea of conjunc-tion by inserting a universal symbol between thenames of the two authors. I have found thatthis alternative does work. I have used thepunctuation rriar k " , " (comma) as the connect-ing symbol to indicate the idea of conjunction.There is no reason why the same practiceshould not be followed also in English andother essentially non-inflexional languages.

7 JOINT COLLABORATORSTATEMENT IN TITLE SECTION

We shall next take the incidence of anauxiliary word in the title section of an entry.According to Ccc the first 'sentence' (sentenceaccording to the artificial language which cata-logue entries imply) is to consist of the twoparts (15):

1 title; and2 information regarding collaborators.

Further, the Cc c gives the follOWing rule re-garding the writing of the second part (16):

The second part of the first sentence is tobe a transcription or transliteration, asthe case may be, of that part of the titlepage which gives the information mentionedin category 2 above.

While working on the Commemor ation Biblio-graphy' it has been found that transliterationis not desirable in this case. For, the headingfor the collaborator added entry has to bederived from the collaborator part of the titlesection. According to Ccc a name in theheading should be in nominative case (17). Itis a convenience therefore to use the nomina-tive case in the collaborator part of the titlesection also, if it is practicable. I find thatit is practicable. In languages such as Englishwhich are essentially non-inflexional and usean aux i.Ii.a r y word such as 'by' to denote the

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NAME_OF _PERSON HEADING F9

instrumental case, the name of the collabora-tor taken by itself is the same as in thenominative case. But in an inflextionallanguage it is not so.

71 Replace Prepositionby Semicolon

If we decide to replace the instrumentalform by the nominative form in an inflexionallanguage, we should abandon the auxiliaryword such as 'by' in an essentially non-inflexional language. Thus, not only trans-literation but also transcription should beruled out in respect of the collaborator partof the title section. In its turn this will callfor a proper way of linking up the name ofthe collaborator with the descriptive elementsuch as 'ed', 'tr', 'comm' describing therole of the collabor ator , Here again, we geta clue from how this is done in the headingsection. The rule on this is as follow s r.,

i The de scriptive element is to be addedafter the name of the collaborator (i8);

2 The fir st letter of the de scriptive ele-ment is to be in capital (19); and

3 A comma is to separate a descriptiveelement, in a b Iock in a heading fromwhat it describes (20).

It is desirable to make the collaborator partin the title section also to conform to thisstyle. This makes it necessary to connectthe title and the collaborator part of thetitle section by a suitable punctuation mark.I have found that the mark n ; " (semicolon)suits this purpose well. Thus, the auxiliaryword denoting instrumental case can be re-placed by a univer sal symbol even in the titlesection of an entry.

8 RECOMMBNDATIONS 3 AND 4

FOR REPLACING AUXILIARIES BYUNIVERSAL SYMBOLS

I therefore make the following recommenda-tions for consideration by the InternationalConference on Cataloguing:

Recommendation 3: In a joint author head-ing' the universally used symbol t1 , " (comma)

V 7 N 2 Jun 1960

is to be used between consecutive names ofauthors, ins t ead of a conjunction.

Recommendation 4: In case the title sectionof an entry has to include information aboutcollabor ator s,

1 the part denoting the title and the partdenoting the collaborator are to be con-nected by a universally used symbol" ; " (semicolon), instead of an instru-mental preposition such as "by";

2 the name(s) of the co ll abo r at or Is )should come thereafter;

3 after the name (s ) of the col.Iabor at or Is ),a " , •• (comma) should be In eer te d ;after the comma, the descriptive ele-ment is to be inserted; and

4 if there be two or more collaboratorswith the same role, their names shouldbe separated by a comma.

9 RECOMMENDATION 5

HOLISTIC ORGANISATION OF THE USEOF PUNCTUATION MARKS

I had always been feeling that the use ofpunctuation marks should be carefullyorganised in any catalogue code. My Cccincludes rules on punctuation. During thelast thirty years, I have been making severalexperiments in respect of punctuation marks inin catalogue entries. My recent experiencein the cataloguing of Tamil books in Tamilhas brought home to my mind that a cataloguecode should exploit the punctuation marks asmuch as possible, as they are universal.This way of lifting as many elements as pos-sible of a widely used tool as a catalogue entryfrom the grip of words in individual languages tothat of internationally used symbols was firsthighlighted in the meeting of the DocumentationSection of theIndian Standards Convention heldin Madras in 1957. It happened while establish-ing a standard for symbols to be used in proofcorrection entirely in universal symbols (21).I make the fo Ilowi ng recommendation to theInternational Conference on Cataloguing:

Recommendation 5: Arrangements shouldbe made for a comprehensive study of the

45

F9 RANGANATHAN

holistic use of punctuation marks in catalogueentries so as to get the maximum use of them,and so as to bring the problems of style ofwriting entries as much as possible from thesphere of the several Linguistic CatalogueCodes to that of the International CatalogueCode.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The number of the section given afterthe serial number of each item is that of thesection of this paper, in which the referenceoccurs.

1 See 06 Ranganathan (S R). Library cata-logue: Fundamentals and procedure,1950, see 8242 to 8245

2 See 0 Ranganathan (S R). Classified cata-logue code with additional rtlesfor Dictionary Catalogue Code,ed 4, 1958, See 531

3 See 06 Ibid, sec 0224

4 See 113 Ibid, see 021

5 See 114 Iaslic bulletin, 4, 1959, 127 -154

6 See 114 Mukerjee (S). Bengalee surnames.(Annals of libr ary science, 6,1959, 81-91)

7 See 22 Ranganathan (S R). Rendering ofSouth Asian names, 1953, sec 08(Report to Unesco but not yetpublished)

8 See 23 Ranganathan (S R). Classified cata-logue code with additional rulesfor Dictionary Catalogue Code,ed 4, 1958, see 022

9 Sec 24 Mukerjee (S). Bengalee surnames(Annals of library science, 6,1959, 81-91)

10 See 241 ALA cataloguing rules for authorand title entries, ed 2, 1949.Rule 37

11 See 36 Ranganathan (S R). Classifiedcatalogue code with additionalrules for Dictionary CatalogueCode, ed 4, 1958, sec 211

12 See 41 Kuppuswamy Sastri (S). Authorialpolyonomy and homonomy inSanskrit literature. (Classifiedcatalogue code, ed 3, by S R Rang a-nathan, Rule 1252)

13 See 44 Ranganathan (S R). Heading andcanons: Comparative study offive catalogue codes, 1955, see932

14 See 6 R anganathan (S R). Classifiedcatalogue code with additionalrules for Dictionary cataloguecode, ed 4, 1958, see 51242

15 See 7 Ibid, see 5130.

16 Sec 7 Ibid, sec 5132

17 Sec 7 Ibid, see 216

18 See 71 Ibid, see 5126

19 Sec 71 Ibid, see 0743

20 Sec 71 Ibid, see 0772

21 Sec 8 Indian Standards Institution,Documentation SectionalCommittee. Proof correctionfor printers and authors, 1959.(Indian Standard, IS:1259 -195 8).

46 An lib sc