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Mycology introduction hpv
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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MYCOLOGY
Hari Pankaj VanamAsst ProfessorBhaskar Medical College
Sri Balaji Dental Collegewww.bhaskarmdicalcollege.edu.in
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Objectives
Able to define terms use in mycology basic characteristic of fungi fungal reproduction mycoses laboratory Dx for fungal infection.
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• Mycologists--scientists who study fungi • Mycology--scientific discipline dealing with
fungi • Mycoses--diseases caused by fungi
Mycology: Myco=Fungus.
Logy=study
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Beneficial Effects of Fungi:1. Decomposition 2. Biosynthetic factories. 3. Sources of antibiotics, ex:Penicillin. 4. Model organisms 5. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms).6. Supplements - vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour cheeses. 9. Ergot -alkaloids that help in inducing
uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine.
10. Fungi -trap mosquito larvae-Malaria control 31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Harmful Effects of Fungi1. Destruction of food, lumber, paper, and cloth. 2. Diseases, including allergies. 3. Toxins produced by poisonous mushrooms and within food (Mycetism and Mycotoxicosis). 4. Plant diseases. 5. Spoilage of agriculture produce.6. Damage the products such as magnetic
tapes and disks, glass lenses, marble statues, bones and wax.
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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General FeaturesI: FUNGI
Diverse group of heterotrophs.-many saprophytes Others are parasites.
Most are multicellular, but yeasts-unicellular. Most are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Rigid Cell walls –chitin ,glucans, mannans Plasma membranes: ergosterol lack of chlorophyll Only about 100 are human or animal pathogen Most human fungal infections are nosocomial
and/or occur in immunocompromised individuals (opportunistic infections).
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Characteristic of fungi
1).Vegetative Hypha:Composed of cells involved in catabolism and growth.
2).Reproductive Hypha (aerial)Composed of cells involved in reproduction (produce spores).
Both sexual and asexual spore may be producedStore their food as glycogen
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Forms of fungi!!1. Yeast : unicellular, 370C, FAN
2. Non-filamentous– Budding Yeast uneven reproduction–
pseudohypa– Fission yeast-even reproduction
3.Mold :Multicellular, hyphae, 250C4. Dimorphic fungi (thermally dimorphic
fungi) : mold phase & yeast phase
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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YEAST
Unicellular Micro.:Oval to round
(Dia: 3-15 µm)
Macro.: Pasty colonies
(resemble bacteria)
MOULDMulticellular Micro.: Hypha(e) (dia: 2-10
µm)Spores / conidia. Macro.: Surface texture:
Cottony/ powdery/ wooly/velvety/granular/glabrous
Pigmentation :obverse & reverse
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Fungal Structure Thallus-”body”
– Molds & fleshy fungi have these structures– Long filaments of cells (hyphae):
Septate hyphae (cross wall) :most fungi Aseptate hyphae (coenocytic ) :nocross
wall, continous mass with many nuclei .
Mycelium – – Abundance growth of aerial hyphae resulting a
mass can be observed with unaided ayes.
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Fungal Taxonomical Classification
Four groups of true fungi1-3 reproduce sexually
1).Zygomycetes (bread mold—Rhizopus)
zygospore- sexual spore class
2).Basidiomycetes (puffballs & mushrooms)
Basidiospore- sexual spore class
3). Ascomycetes (Dutch elm disease/rye smut)
Ascospore- sexual spore class
4).Deuteromycetes (fungi imperfection)
have NO sexual reproduction
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Life Cycle Fungal reproduce by 2 way
– Asexual– Sexual– Parasexual –gen.exchange
Asexual– Hyphae fragmentation– Asexual spores
Conidiosphore-Asperigillus Arthroconidia- Coccidioido immitis Blastoconidia- Candida albicans sporangiospore- Rhizopus
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Life cycle
Conidiosphore-AsperigillusArthroconidia- Coccidioido immitis Blastoconidia- Candida albi-canssporangiospore- Rhizopus
asex
ual
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31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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SEXUAL Spores
1. Zygospore2. Ascospore3. Basidiospore4. Oospore
• Have three stages– Plasmogamy- a haploid nucleus of donor cells– Karyogamy- the (+) and (-) nuclei fuse to form a
diploid zygote– Meiosis – the diploid nucleus give rise to haploid
nuclei (sexual spores) genetic recombinant .31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Conidiosphore-AsperigillusArthroconidia- Coccidioido immitis Blastoconidia- Candida albi-canssporangiospore- Rhizopus
1. Zygospore2. Ascospore3. Basidiospore4. Oospore
PlasmogamyKaryogamyMeiosis 31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Mycoses-PathogenesisMost fungi are saprophytic or parasitic Risk factors: Conditions are favourable. True pathogens: dimorphic fungi -systemic
mycoses and dermatophytes, which are Primary pathogens,
the rest are only opportunistic. Ex: Candida and Malasezzia have adapted to
human environment and exist as commensals. The complex interplay between fungal virulence
factors and host defence factors will determine if a fungal infection will cause a disease.
Infection depends on inoculum size and the general immunity of the host.
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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• Ability to adhere to host cells. • Production capsules allowing them to resist phagocytosis • Production of a cytokine -suppress the production of complement.• Ability to acquire iron from red blood cells as in Candida albicans • Ability to damage host by secreting enzymes such as keratinase, elastase, collagenase • Ability to resist killing by phagocytes as in dimorphic fungi • Ability to secrete mycotoxins • Exhibiting thermal dimorphism • Ability to block the cell-mediated immune defences of the host. • Surface hydrophobicity
Fungal Pathogenicity (virulence factors):
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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• Prolonged antibiotic therapy • Underlying disease (HIV infection,cancer,
diabetes,) • Age • Surgical procedures • Immunosuppressive drugs • Irradiation therapy • Indwelling catheters • Obesity • Drug addiction • Transplants • Occupation
Factors predisposing to fungal infections:
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1. Superficial mycoses (Tinea versicolor,piedra etc.,) 2. Cutaneous mycoses
I. Dermatophytosis/& II. Dermatomycosis 3. Subcutaneous mycoses
I. Chromoblastomycosis, rhinosporidiasis III. Sporotrichosis etc.,
4. Systemic (deep) mycoses I. Blastomycosis, II. Histoplasmosis III. Coccid-
ioidomycosis IV. Paracoccidioidomycosis
5. Opportunistic mycoses I. Candidiasis, II. Cryptococcosis III. As-
pergillosis 7. Fungal allergies 8. Mycetism and mycotoxicosis
Fungal diseases (Mycoses):
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF MYCOSES
Direct microscopic examination KOH mount Calcofluor white India ink Culture SDA,PDA, Corn Starch Ag The tease mount Scotch tape preparation The microslide culture technique( slide culture) Serology
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Initial observations in the study of fungus isolates
1.Appearance of the growth-Subverse/reverse2. Rate of growth (3-5d),(10d),and (14d)3. Colony pigmentation4. Growth on media containing antifungal agents5.Dimorphic fungi (22-25 OC) & (30-35 OC)
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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Serology in Diagnosis of MycosesDx Relavence:
only dx sub-cutaneous and systemic mycoses, prognosis and response to anti-fungal drugs. Tests: Immunodiffusion, CIE CFT, IF,RIA and
ELISAAntigen detection:
Dx of cryptococcal meningitis from CSF speci-mens. The Latex Agglutination or immunodiffusion tests.
Detection of Aspergillus and Candida antigens in sys-temic infSkin tests: Demo of DTH reactions to fungal antigens A positive skin does not necessarily indicate an active infection; it only indicates sensitization of the individual. value is in epidemiological These tests may be performed in Histoplasmosis, Can-didiasis. Sporotrichosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and derma-tophytosis. Molecular techniques: DNA hybridization, PCR
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC
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THANK YOUPurely for teaching UG and PG’s.
31/3/16 #HariPanVan@Asst Prof@BMC