MotivationMotivation

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THE TIMES 100

What is motivation?What is motivation?

Motivation is concerned with the desire to do something or achieve a particular result.

Motivated employees result in:Greater productivityBetter quality products or serviceLower staff turnoverReduced absenteeism

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Monetary methods of motivationMonetary methods of motivation

Fringe benefits

Examples include company cars and discount vouchers. May not encourage greater productivity but often build company loyalty.

Bonuses A payment usually related to the achievement of a target. Usually easier to apply to sales or production than the provision of a service.

Profit share

Employees are encouraged to work hard to ensure that the business is profitable, however, it is usually spread evenly between both hardworking and less hardworking staff.

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Monetary methods of motivationMonetary methods of motivationCommission Payments are made in relation to the number or

value of sales made. Encourages increased sales but may lead to heavy handed selling techniques.

Piece rate Payments are made per item produced. Encourages productivity but sometimes at the expense of quality.

Overtime Additional payment made for extra hours worked. Can provide greater flexibility to the workforce but may result in low productivity during normal working hours so employees can access overtime payments.

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Non-monetary methods of Non-monetary methods of motivationmotivation

Job rotation Employees move between different jobs e.g. on a production line. Results in flexible, multi-skilled staff but ultimately workers may just be moving from one boring job to another.

Job enlargement

Workers are given a wider variety of different tasks to carry out although there is no increase in the level of responsibility. This is sometimes called horizontal loading.

Job enrichment Giving employees the chance to fully utilise their abilities through, for example, providing a range of challenges, training workers and allowing them to demonstrate their skills.

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Non-monetary methods of Non-monetary methods of motivationmotivationEmpowerment Allowing workers greater autonomy. They have

greater freedom and power to control their own working lives.

Team-working Involves organising workers into groups, setting team goals and awarding team rewards for achieving targets. Team-working fits with Mayo’s findings.

Participation Employees participate in organisational decision making through such things as quality circles and works councils.

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Motivational theoristsMotivational theorists

It is useful to know 2 or 3 motivational theories from the following list:

Maslow’s hierarchy of needsTaylor’s theory of scientific managementMayo’s theory of human relationsHerzberg’s two-factor theory

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MaslowMaslow Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs• The hierarchy starts with our basic physiological needs for survival. •As each need is met, the next need up the hierarchy becomes the motivator.•Workplaces can meet these needs e.g. pay provides the means to satisfy basic needs whereas training can provide for self-actualisation.•One criticism of Maslow’s hierarchy is that workers may not seek to have all their needs met in the workplace.

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MayoMayo

Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations Mayo’s experiments showed that:

◦ Teamwork is an important motivator. ◦ Managers should take an interest in

their workers He suggested that physical conditions

and pay matter less than social interaction when motivating employees

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HerzbergHerzbergHerzberg’s Two-factor Theory•Motivators are factors that can motivate workers by providing job satisfaction.•Motivators are concerned with the job itself and include achievement, recognition and the responsibility•Hygiene factors are external to the job itself and can only cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled.•Hygiene factors include company policy, supervision, pay and working conditions.

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TaylorTaylorTaylor’s Theory of Scientific

Management Taylor suggested that workers are only

motivated by pay. Scientific management also states that

the most efficient way to carry out a task should be identified and then carried out – giving rise to production assembly lines.

Taylor supported close supervision and pay schemes that reward those that produce more.

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Motivation in contextMotivation in context

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Importance of motivationImportance of motivation

Why is a motivated workforce important for organisations like Tesco?

Use the Tesco case study to help you

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Taylor and TescoTaylor and Tesco

Taylor suggested that workers are only motivated by money. Which of the following, provided by Tesco, are considered to be financial rewards?

Christmas vouchersTrainingPension schemeFree shares after one year’s servicePositive feedback

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Maslow and TescoMaslow and Tesco

Use the Tesco case study to give examples of how Tesco can help fulfil the different needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.

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Herzberg and TescoHerzberg and Tesco

Use the Tesco case study to find examples of Herzberg’s ‘motivators’ that are provided by the organisation.

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Useful resourcesUseful resources

Motivation lesson suggestions and activities (The Times 100)

Tesco case study (The Times 100)Tesco website