More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena

8/8/2019 More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena

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PopDev

More than just RH

Nimfa B. Ogena

UP Population Institute


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When you first heard of

PopDev, what was the firstthing that came to your mind?


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Perspectives on Population andEconomic development

Population growth promotes economicdevelopment

(Slow to moderate population growthpromotes economic development)

Population growth impedes economicdevelopment

(Rapid population growth, of already largepopulations, impedes economic development)

Population growth is not related to economicdevelopment.

(Population growth is only one of many factorsthat affect economic development)


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Association Between Average Annual WorldPopulation Growth Rates and GDP per CapitaGrowth Rates, 1975-2004

4

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Growth Rates in Population

Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.

Growth Rate in GDP per Capita


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Association Between Fertility andEducation

5

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Percent of Girls Enrolledin Secondary School

Source: Population Reference Bureau, Population & Economic Development Linkages 2007 Data Sheet.

Total Fertility Rate


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Association Between Fertility and Poverty

6

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Percent of PopulationLiving on


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What is the population of thePhilippines as ofAugust 1, 2007?

88.57 million


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Population Distribution

Population of the Philippines by Regions: 2007

11.6

1.5

4.5

3.1

9.7

11.7

2.6

5.1

6.8 6.4

3.93.2

4 4.2 3.8 4.1

2.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

NCR

CAR

ILOCO

S

CAGAYA

NVALLEY

CENT

RALL

UZON

CALABARZ

ON

MIMA

ROPA

BICOL

W.VISAY

AS

C.VISAYAS

E.VISAY

AS

ZAMB

OPE

NINS

ULA

N.MINDA

NAO

DAVA

O

SOCC

SKSARG

EN

ARMM

CARA

GA

inMillions

Source: NSO. 2007 Census of Population and Housing


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Philippines in Figures

Population (August 2007) 88.57M

Projected Population (2010) 94.01M

Inflation Rate (July 2010) 3.9%

Balance of Trade (June 2010) $389M

Exports (June 2010) $4.545B

Imports (June 2010) $4.166B

Unemployment (April 2010) 8.0%

Underemployment (April 2010) 17.8%

Simple Literacy (2000) 92.3%

Functional Literacy (2003) 84%

Average Family Income (2006) P147,000

GNP (Q4 2009) P2,478.8B

GDP (Q4 2009) P2,205.5B

Source: NSO. Retrieved 8/28/2010 from http://www.census.gov.ph/
http://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datapopproj.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datacpi.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/cp1007tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/2010/tr100601.htmhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/ex1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/tr1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2005/pr0512tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataincome.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/sr09412tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/nationalaccounts/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/sr09412tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataincome.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2005/pr0512tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2003/pr0323tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/dataedlit.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/lf1002tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datalfs.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/tr1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/ex1006tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/2010/tr100601.htmhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datafts.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/pressrelease/2010/cp1007tx.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datacpi.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/popproj_tab1r.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/sectordata/datapopproj.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.htmlhttp://l/Pinky%202010/Extension/probe/data/census2007/index.html


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POPDEV Framework

Macro Level

Population Size

Age-Sex Structure

Spatial Distribution

Fertility

Mortality

Migration

Infrastructure

Social Services

Economic Development

Governance and Development

Administration

Environmental Development

and Preservation

Population Variables Development Factors


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Current Population Issues

Rapid increase in population size withslow decline in fertility


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Philippine population to continue to growthrough the middle of the 21st century

142147

133

27

89

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1903

1918

1939

1948

1960

1970

1975

1980

1990

1995

2000

2007

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

Population(inmillions)

Medium High Low Census Population (in million)

Source: CPH various years and NSO/NSCB Official Population Projections


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Most Populous Countries, 2009 and 2050

Source: PRB. 2009 World Populaion Data Sheet


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Deceleration of total fertility rate (TFR) declinefrom one birth per decade (1970-1991) to abouthalf a birth per decade (1991-2006)

6

5.2 5.1

4.44.1

3.73.5

3.3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1970 1975 1980 1984 1991 1996 2001 2006

Source: NSO and ICF Macro (2009). 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey


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Fertility is affected by the state ofreproductive health (RH)

Within the framework of WHO's definition ofhealth as a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being, and notmerely the absence of disease or infirmity,

Reproductive Health addresses thereproductive processes, functions andsystem at all stages of life. Reproductivehealth, therefore, implies that people areable to have a responsible, satisfying and

safe sex life and that they have thecapability to reproduce and the freedom todecide if, when and how often to do so.


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RH elements

1. Family planning.2. Prevention and management of reproductive tract

infections (RIH) including STIs and HIV/AIDS.3. Maternal and child health nutrition (MSC & N).

4. Adolescent reproductive health (ARH).5. Prevention and management of abortion and itscomplications (PMAC).

6. Education and counseling on sexuality and sexualhealth, mens reproductive health (MRH) andinvolvement.

7. Prevention and management of breast andreproductive tract cancers and other gynecologicalconditions.

8. Violence against women and children (VAW).9. Prevention and management of infertility and sexual

dysfunction.


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Age structural Shift: The Philippinesstill has a relatively young populationbut with rapid population ageing andgrowing singlehood


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The large youth population is expected to continueto 2040, but the working-age population and thenumber ofsenior citizens would increase muchfaster

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

195

0

196

0

197

0

198

0

199

0

200

0

201

0

aged 0-14 aged 15-59 aged 60 or over

Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database


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Actual and Projected Ageing Index and Potential Support Ratio:Philippines, 1970-2004

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

ActualAgeing

Index

Projected

Ageing

Index

Potential

Support

Ratio

The nearly fourfold increase of the ageing index bythe end of the projection period means that by2040 there will be almost two persons age 60 or

over for every three children under 15 years in thePhilippines.

Source: Ogena (2006) Whither The Philippines In The 21st Century? A Conference On The Philippines, 13-14 July 2006, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore


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Age structural Shift: Still a relativelyyoung population but with rapidpopulation ageing and growingsinglehood

Massive flow of Filipinos to foreigncountries


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High and increasing labor mobility

Source: POEA. 2009 Overseas Employment Statistics.

Number of Deployed Overseas Filipino Workers

by Deployment Type: 2003 - 2009

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Deployed Landbased Deployed Seabased


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And negative net migration rate

Source: UN. 2009. World Population Prospects. The 2008 Revision. Population Database

Net migration rate (per 1,000 population)

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

1950-

1955

1955-

1960

1960-

1965

1965-

1970

1970-

1975

1975-

1980

1980-

1985

1985-

1990

1990-

1995

1995-

2000

2000-

2005

2005-

2010

2010-

2015


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Current Development Issues

Poor education access and quality


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Declining primary education accessindicators, 2000-2005

-

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Percentage

GER NER GIR NIR

Indicators

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Source: DepEd BEIS as cited inPhilippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2


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Fluctuating CSR and CR and worseningrepetition and drop-out situation

SchoolYear

CohortSurvival

Rate

CompletionRate

Drop-outRate

RepetitionRate

2001-

2002 75.90 74.94 5.75 1.952002-

2003 72.44 71.55 6.69 2.08

2003-2004 71.84 70.24 6.89 2.18

2004-2005 71.32 69.06 6.98 2.24

2005-2006 69.90 67.99 7.36 2.89

Source: DepED Basic Education Information System (BEIS) as cited in Philippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of

MDG2


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Typical Progression of a Sample Cohort ofPupil

6658

4323

14

100

Grade 1 Grade 6

Grad.

1st Year 4th Year

Grad.

College 1st

Year

College

Degree

Grad.

Source: Department of Education as cited inPhilippine Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) An Independent Appraisal of MDG2


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Low education and health budget and

expenditures Poverty and Malnutrition


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Trends in GNP

and GDP

-15.0

-10.0

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

GNP GDP

Source: Templo 2003

Trends in Poverty

incidence

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1988 1991 1994 1997 2000

%

Rural

Philippines

Source: Reyes 2003

28.4%

Urban

From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine

Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City


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Per Capita Income and Nutrition, 2003

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

NCR

S.Luzon

C.Luzon

Ilocos

Caga

yanV

alley

W.Visa

yas

C.Visa

yas

E.Visa

yas

W.Mind

ano

Caraga

Bicol

ARMM

in

peso

s

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

in

percent

Per capita income

% Underweight Children (0 - 5 years old)

Balisacan, A (2005) as cited in Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 Q

2 Q

3 Q

4 Q

5 Q

%

Incomequintile

0

5 y 6

10 yUnderweight

Malnutrition among children by

household income, 2003

Mean per capitaincome: P22,277

1Q = P5,973.55

5Q = P57,573.83

From Barba (2007) Dual

Malnutrition: the

Philippine Case.

Philippine Population

Association National

Conference, July 28,

2007, Cebu City


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 Q

2 Q

3 Q

4 Q

5 Q

%Incomequintile

0

5 y 6

10 yUnderweight

Malnutrition among children by

household income, 2003

0.4

0.7

1.8

0.7

6.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Overweight-for-height (0 - 5y)

Mean per capita

income: P22,277

1Q = P5,973.55

5Q = P57,573.83From Barba (2007) Dual

Malnutrition: the

Philippine Case.




2007, Cebu City


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Double burden of malnutrition

undernutrition in children and overweight among adults

0

10

20

30

40

Stunting Overweight males Overweight females

From Barba (2007) Dual

Malnutrition: thePhilippine Case.




2007, Cebu City


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Double burden

Persistent undernutritionand micronutrient

deficiencies among

children and vulnerable

groups,

along with rising overweight,

obesity and diet- and

lifestyle-related NCDs in

adults.

From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City


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Coexistence of underweight child and

overweight adult in same household

20.9 %

From Barba (2007) Dual Malnutrition: the Philippine Case. Philippine

Population Association National Conference, July 28, 2007, Cebu City


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Low education and health budget andexpenditures

Poverty and Malnutrition

Peace and Human Security


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human security

is the externalprecondition for

human

development

(Philippine HumanDevelopment Report

2005, p. 2)


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Human Insecurity Indicators

Source: Philippine Human Development Report 2005, p. 60


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Low education and health budget andexpenditures

Poverty and Malnutrition

Peace and Human Security

Environmental degradation andresource depletion


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Diminishing forest cover along with

wood scarcity

water scarcity

food scarcity

livelihood scarcity

health scarcity

climate in crisis


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How is this related to YOU?


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Population = people


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POPDEV Framework

Micro Level

Population Variables Development Factors

Manageable Family Size

Delay Entry to Marital Union

Better Maternal andChild Health

Protection and Safety

of Migrants

Quality Basic Education for All

Expanded Productive Capacity

Gender Equity and Women

Empowerment

Increased Labor ForceParticipation

Increased Income

Environmental Development

and Preservation


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Policy on Population

Couples have the responsibility todecide how many children to have inaccordance with their religious beliefsand the demands of responsibleparenthood for sustainabledevelopment

(Article XV Section 3.1 and Article II, Declaration of Principles and

State Policies, Sections 9, 12, 14, 15 and 16 of the 1987 Constitutionof the 1987 Constitution as cited in the PPMP Directional Plan 2001-2004)


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Principle of Human Agency

Individualsconstruct their ownlife course through

the choices andactions they takewithin theopportunities andconstraints of

history and socialcircumstances.


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Therefore

We need to

EMPOWER

people to enable them to

help themselves achieve what they want


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Our Challenge

How do we ensure thatFilipinos are empowered to

make the right decisionstoward their desired goals?

More Than Just Reproductive Health - Dr. Nimfa Ogena

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