MO I Strategi Lokasi
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MANAJEMEN OPERASIONAL I
FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS NUSANTARA PGRI KEDIRI
2012
LILIA PASCA RIANI, SE., ST., M.Sc.
PERTEMUAN IVSTRATEGI PENENTUAN LOKASI
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PILIHAN LOKASI PABRIK ???• Pendidiran pabrik baru• Perluasan (Expansion) pabrik & fasilitas• Pindah ke lokasi yang baru• Membangun lokasi yang baru untuk beberapa
aktifitas/proses
BIG PROBLEM
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PENYEBAB PERUSAHAAN PERLU PERLUASAN USAHA
• Fasilitas produksi dirasa sudah ketinggalan• Permintaan pasar melebihi jangkauan
kapasitas produksi yang ada• Fasilitas pendukung tidak lagi mencukupi
EFISIENSI MAKSIMUM
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PENENTUAN LOKASI PABRIK
1. Menentukan daerah
2. Menentukan kondisi lingkungan masyarakat
3. Memilih lokasi yang terbaika) Lokasi di kota besar
b) Lokasi di pinggir kota
c) Lokasi jauh diluar kota
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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG PERLU DIPERTIMBANGKAN
Lokasi Pasar
Sumber bahan baku
Transportasi
Sumber energi atau listrik
Iklim
Buruh dan tingkat upahUndang-undang dan sistem
perpajakanSikap masyarakat
Air dan limbah industri
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LOKASI VS BIAYA
* •Lokasi yang strategis menurunkan biaya,
** •Biaya penyimpanan gudang, biaya transportasi bahan baku (barang jadi), upah tenaga kerja,
*** •Pemanfaatan fasilitas lokasi yang optimal merupakan investasi yang baik
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LOKASI VS INOVASI
Lokasi dengan biaya rendah belum tentu berbanding lurus dengan inovasi dan daya saing
Toyota dengan pabrik di Amerika, pasar di Amerika lebih menjanjikan daripada di negaranya sendiri dan di Negara yang lain, karena pendapatan masyarakat yang tinggi, juga akses yang optimal.
Misal Motorola dan Inter mementingkan inovasi dengan keberadaan tenaga kerja skill tinggi dari pada upah (skill) yang rendah di negara tujuan pasarnya.
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BEBERAPA MODEL PENENTUAN LOKASI PABRIK
1. Model bobot skor2. Model transportasi
a) Metode biaya minimumb) Metode North West Cornerc) Metode Stepping stone (batu loncatan)d) Metode Vogel’s Approximization Models
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MODEL BEBAN SKOR
• Penentuan lokasi pabrik secara kualitatif• Sangat mudah tetapi jarang digunakan karena
penilaiannya subyektif• Metode ini dilakukan dengan memberikan skor untuk
setiap faktor yang dinilai terhadap alternatif lokasi pabrik.• Dari berbagai macam faktor yang dinilai diberikan bobot
berdasarkan tingkat kepentingan masing-masing faktor• Kemudian dikalikan antara skor dan bobot faktor
tersebut. Nilai yang tertinggi adalah yang terbaik.
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Contoh 1 : pendirian klinik
• Terdapat empat faktor yang dinilai terhadap pemilihan tiga lokasi pabrik yang sangat potensial, seperti ditunjukkan pada tabel berikut :
Faktor yang dinilaiLokasi potensial
A B C
1. Biaya Sewa 1 3 4
2. Mudah Dijangkau 3 3 1
3. Keamanan 2 3 3
4. Mudah dicapai pegawai 4 1 2
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Bersadarkan data diatas dapat diperoleh beban skor setiap lokasi sebagai berikut :
Bobot faktor yang dinilai :1. Biaya sewa =
302. Mudah dijangkau =
403. Keamanan =
214. Mudah dicapai pegawai
=10
Keterangan skor :1 = jelek2 = sedang3 = baik4 = sangat baik
Faktor yang dinilai Bobot Skor Bobot skor
A B C A B C
1. Biaya sewa 30 1 3 4 30 90 120
2. Mudah dijangkau 40 3 3 1 120 120 40
3. Keamanan 20 2 3 3 40 60 60
4. Mudah dicapai pegawai 10 4 1 3 40 10 30
Jumlah beban skor 230 280 240
Kesimpulan : Lokasi B adalah alternatif terbaik untuk mendirikan klinik yang memiliki bobot skor tertinggi
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MODEL TRANSPORTASI
• Merupakan cara terbaik untuk menganalisis penentuan lokasi pabrik dengan pertimbangan biaya perunit dan kapasitas
• Faktor-faktor yang harus diperhatikan dalam menggunakan metode ini :1. Kapasitas pabrik sebagai sumber
2. Kapasitas permintaan di wilayah pemasaran atau gudang sebagai tempat tujuan
3. Biaya produksi masing-masing pabrik
4. Biaya distribusi dari tempat asal ke tempat tujuan
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TABULASI DARI BEBERAPA SOURCES KE BEBERAPA DESTINATION
• 2 • 2
• n
• Supply Quantity • Source
• Quantity Shipped
• Destination• ai • i • x• mn • j • bj
• a1 • 1 • b1• x11
• a2 • x22• b2
• : • :• x• 2n • : • :• am • xmn
• bn
• x1n• x12
• x21
• Demand Quantity
• m • xm2
• 1
• xm1
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• Develop initial solution– Northwest corner rule
• Find optimal solution– Stepping stone method
Transportation ProblemSolution Steps
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Transportation Table
DestinationSource Supply
Demand
1
2
:
m
a 1
a 2
:
a m
1 2 . . n
b 1 b 2 b n
Quantity demanded or required
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Transportation Table
DestinationSource 1 2 . . n Supply
1 x 11 c 11 x 12 c 12 . . x 1n c 1n a1
2 x 21 c 21 x 22 c 22 . . x 2n c 2n a2
: : : : : : : : : :
m x m1 c m1 x m2 c m2 . . x mn c mn am
Demand b 1 b 2 . . b n
Cost of supplying 1 unit from sources to destinations
Cost of supplying 1 unit from sources to destinations
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Transportation Table
DestinationSource Supply
Demand
1
2
:
m
a 1
a 2
:
a m
1 2 . . n
b 1 b 2 b n
x 11 x 12 . . x 1n
x 21 x 22 . . 2n
: : : : : : :
x m1 x m2 . . x mn
:
xQuantity supplied from sources to destinations
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Transportation Problem
[D] DesMoines(100 unit capacity)
[F] Fort Lauderdale(300 units capacity)
Cleveland(200 units required)
[E] Evansville(300 units capacity)
Albuquerque(300 units required)
Boston(200 units required)
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Transportation Costs
FromTo
(Destination)(Sources) Albuquerque Boston Cleveland
Des Moines $5 $4 $3
Evansville $8 $4 $3
FortLauderdale
$9 $7 $5
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Transportation Table
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 100
Evansville(E) 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 300
WarehouseRequirements 300 200 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
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Initial Solution Using the Northwest Corner Rule
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 100 100
Evansville(E) 200 100 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 100 200 300
WarehouseRequirements 300 200 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
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The Stepping Stone MethodSelect any unused square to evaluateBegin at this square. Trace a closed path back
to the original square via squares that are currently being used (only horizontal or vertical moves allowed)
Place + in unused square; alternate - and + on each corner square of the closed path
Calculate improvement index: add together the unit cost figures found in each square containing a +; subtract the unit cost figure in each square containing a -.
Repeat steps 1-4 for each unused square
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Stepping-Stone Method: Tracing a Closed Path - Des Moines to Cleveland
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 100 100
Evansville(E) 200 100 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 100 200 300
WarehouseRequirements 300 200 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
Start
+
+
+ -
-
-
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The Intuitive Lowest Cost MethodIdentify the cell with the lowest cost.
Arbitrarily break any ties for the lowest cost.Allocate as many units as possible to that cell
without exceeding the supply or demand. Then cross out that row or column (or both) that is exhausted by this assignment.
Find the cell with the lowest cost from the remaining cells.
Repeat steps 2 & 3 until all units have been allocated.
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ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D)
100 100
Evansville(E) 200 100 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 300 300
WarehouseRequirements
300 200 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
First, cross out top row
Second, cross out column C
Third, cross out row E
Initial Solution Using the Intuitive Lowest-Cost Method
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• Linear programming model is difficult to formulate & solve
• Special purpose methods– Are easier to formulate– Are faster to compute– Give integer solutions
• Methods– Stepping-stone– MODI
© 1995 Corel Corp.
Specialized Methods
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• Demand not equal to supply– Called ‘unbalanced’ problem– Add dummy source if demand > supply– Add dummy destination if supply > demand
• Degeneracy in Stepping Stone Method– Too few shipping routes (cells) used
• Number of occupied cells should be: m + n - 1
– Create artificially occupied cell (0 value)• Represents fake shipment
Special Issues in the Transportation Model
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Transportation TableDemand Not Equal Supply
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 250
Evansville(E) 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 300
WarehouseRequirements 300 200 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
0
0
0
Dummy
150
New Des Moines capacity
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Degeneracy
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 100 100
Evansville(E) 200 100 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 200 200
WarehouseRequirements 300 100 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
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Degeneracy - Continued
ToFrom
Albuquerque(A)
Boston(B)
Cleveland(C)
FactoryCapacity
Des Moines(D) 100 100
Evansville(E) 200 100 300
Fort Lauderdale(F) 200 200
WarehouseRequirements
300 100 200 700
5
8
9 7
4
4 3
3
5
0