Minna no Nihongo

Trung cap I

Elllt I IIIR ·Jt)i81Jl~~TAIIII Ban djch va Giai thich Ngii' phap

01 H f'.-10\ CJ

~!J-I-*':I~'J-?

Muc Luc . .

LoiNoiaau

NhU'ng Chu Thich GU'i aen Bfitn f>Qc

Cach SU' Dl}ng Hi~u Qua Giao Trinh Nay

cac Thu~t NgU' Dung Trong Giai Thich NgU' Phap

Til' Viet Tat Cua Cac Thu~t NgU' NgU' Phap

Cac Nhan V~t Xuat Hi~n Trong HQi Thofiti

Phin 1 TU' Vlfng Bai 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Bai 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

Bai 3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 9

Bai 4 ·························································································································································· 12

Bai s .......................................................................................................................................................... 16

Bai 6 ·························································································································································· 19

Bai 7 ·········.-·······~········································································································································ 23

Bai s .......................................................................................................................................................... 26

Bai 9 ·························································································································································· 29

Bai 10 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33

Bai 11 ...................................................................................................................................................... 37

Bai 12 ...................................................................................................................................................... 42

Phin 2 Giai Thich NgU' Phap Bai 1 .......................................................................................................................................................... 46

1. ~--c~ GX.'i-ttlviP. ~'"CV'~t.:t!~t'i-ttlviP

~--c ~ G ;t ~v•-c' !..- ~-) iP . ~--cv•t.:t!~t~v•-c' !..- ~-) n" 2 . ~ 0) J: -) t! . ~ 0) J: -) ~ ~ . ~ 0) J: -) ~= ... 3. ~.: t ~±/n~/~

\'

4. ~~~tl§-J

5. ~t v•-) ~

Bai 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 51

1. (1) (2) ~t.: G, ~t.:

2. ~tv•-JO)~;;t~O).:ct.: · ~tv•-JO)~±···tv•-J .:ct.: 3 .... t "'-) ~

Bai 3 ·························································································································································· 54

1. ~ (~) -tt--c~ G.:t'i-ttlvn" · ~ (~) -tt--cv•t.:t.=~t'i-ttlvn"

~ (~) -tt--c~ GX.~v•-c'L-~ -Jn" · ~ (~) -tt--cv•t.:t.=~t~"'-c'l-~ -Jn"

2. (1) ... .: t ~=-t ~

(2) ···.: t ~= !..- '"Cv• ~

3 . (1) ... .: t ~= ~ ~

(2) ···.: t ~=~-::>'"Cv•~

4. ~--cti 1..-v• · ~~v•-c'ti 1..-v•

(2) ~~ ~-'(--)

(3) ~--t--? ~ ~v~

Bai 4 .......................................................................................................................................................... s9

1. ... c \.t ~ -) ~ c t!. 2. ···0) . ···0) ?

3. ~ 1:> "'?-) • ~ c < . ~--c .Q

4. ~ (~)-tt-Gni5·~~ni5

5. ~-c-;:b.Q

6. ~~, ~~, .... ~\~, ~\~,

7. (1) ~ (t.::.) i,)~.Q

(2) ~ (t.::.) i.l~-::> --cv~.Q

aai s .......................................................................................................................................................... 65

1. (1) ;:b~ . --c-~

(2) --c-~

3. ~t.::.c ~0~:/-c-

4. (1) (2) ~ ( J:) -? c T i5 / L ~ v~

5. ···O)f!. 0-) 7,)'>

6. ~c0)/1:0)/~GO)/i-c-0)/~0)~

Bai 6 .......................................................................................................................................................... 11

1. (1) ···l"··· .... ~ "(···

(2) ~~-c···

2. (1) ~-:::> b VJ '±~"'

(2) ~-:::> b VJ t!.~ t::.

(3) ~t::.-:::> b VJ • ~-cv,~-:::> b VJ

3. ~-c'J:'ip VJ "'~ • ~'J:'ip VJ ~-cv'~

4. ···en"··· 5. ~-c < ~ 6. ~-c < ~ • ~-cv' <

Bai 7 ·························································································································································· 76

1. (1) ~~ < -c'±~ G ~"'/"'~J~"' · ~~ < -c b iPi b~"'

(2) ~~<-t-?/~~~-? [v'~t~v']

2. ···t!.~tt!. · [t::.t!.J ···t!.~t"Z""'"'

3. ···ip~

4. (1) ~~ lvn"···

(2) ···~/vl"···

5. (1) ~ (~) -tt"~

(2) ~ (~) -tt-Gn~ · ~~n~ 6. ···~G, ···

l:•r::.~~-~.1 ~-c<n

Bai s .......................................................................................................................................................... 82

1. (1) (2) ~~v,t.!., ··· · ~~v,t.!.~:, ···

2. (1) (2) ~i-e, .... ~i-e~:, ...

3. ~t::.~

4. ~~:J::~l"···

5 . ~ t::. i i' . . . . ~ 0) i i' ...

6. ···n" G t!.

Bai g .......................................................................................................................................................... s6

1 . .:B~'#-z"-9

2. ~'"(<bf.Pitd~lt>

3. ···~i e:~~~lt> . ···~i e:~"Z"~J:~It>

4. ~~ie:~~~J:~"'/"'~"'

5. ···t:..66 u:J, .... ···t:..66t!.

6. ~t:.. I?/~';;[', ···t:..

Bai 10 ...................................................................................................................................................... 9o

1. (1) ... ~;tf't!.

(2) · ·· ~±-rn~/ ~± ~ "'

(3) ... ~;tf't!.-:::> t:..

2 . · · · ~ e: n~ / <b a; .:6

t:!

4. (1) ~tB-t ~e a ~~

(2) ~~f366 .:6 • ~*~:b .:6 • ~il;?t~t .:6 :1:>-t ,j; "/)>

(3) ~~n.:6 • ~t:r-J · ~~X..:6

Bai 11 ...................................................................................................................................................... 9s

1. ~'"( < .:6 • ~'"(It><

2 . ~ t:.. I? [ e:~ -) J ?

3 . · · · J: lJ · · · ~ 1 -J n~ · · · 4. ~; Lv•

5. ···t?Lv•

6. ~e: L-c

7. (1) ~-r U:J

(2) ~-r,

Bai 12 .................................................................................................................................................... 101

1. · · · 'b 0) / 'b Ad! "h" G

z. (1) ~ (G) n~

(2) ~ (G) n~

3 . ~ t.: ~ ~ t.: IJ

4. ~.-_::di~L

s. (1) ···.B"h"~r·-c, ··· · ···.B"h"~r't.:

(2) ·· ·-ttv~ -c, · · · · · · ·-ttv~ t.:

l.ift .. :Ji/<1 ···J.;..t.:v~-c-t

\'

c·-t G "h" c ~Lz Lf, ~ ti-? t.: ~i-t/ i -tt !v J: -? ~:

cac NQi Dung Chinh aa HQc ········································································································ 1os

2 --

t" {/) d: -) ~=

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ill

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~

~:;:{fjffi

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t"lv~~=

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xl!,

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-lt lv ~il.t ~

[ -lt \t ~ t~~ < il~------ J

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ri) ~"i""

t::. t::.ch.

nhu th€ nao

l:;tc [duemg]

ti@n b6i, nguai di tru&c

h~t nhu (nhu trong "X h~t nhu Y")

vui ve [ tinh each ~]

, lilis'(O

b6 (cf. £J:*1 : m~)

h6

hu&ng d€n

sinh m~.ng, m~ng s6ng

m6n an truy@n th6ng cua nguai Nh~t trong dip

namm&i

1\IC 1~ tham vi€ng d@n ho~c chua d&u nam m&i d€

c&u mong may m~n, h~nh phuc cho ca nam

chi€u Tatami (lo~i chi€u c6i tim day dung lam

san trong phong Nh~t truy@n th6ng)

mi€ng 16t san hinh vuong dilng d€ ng6i ho~c quy

len

san nha

ki€u ng6i chinh th6ng cua nguai Nh~t v&i tu th€

ng6i d~t mong len hai got chan, ngvc uan

th~ng, va hai tay d~t up len dui

cui d&u (khi chao)

nha van, tac gia

trong khi [ v~ng nha]

d&y,dong

nhu th€ nao di nfra

tuy~t veri, hoanh trang

khi€m khuy€t, khuy€t di€m

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qua~

hqp

vi th~, do d6

cam an, leri cam an

diSm mfiu ch6t

n()idung

nghe hiSu

biSu hi~n

phan van [gifra A va B]

phftn

dan thanh ph6, thi dan

h()iquan

h()i quan cong dan, trung tam sinh ho~t c()ng

d6ng ci:ta ngueri dan trong thanh ph6

mang tinh truySn th6ng

thl,l'C t~

kiSu nhu th~

thong thuerng, binh thuerng

b~ng each nay hay each khac, mQi each, kiSu gi

thi cling

ngfr di~u

hQc bflng

thu ti~n cu .:.?IJ~?

giao luu ( cf. 5t VfE J \- 7 1 - : ti~c giao luu)

ngueri dftn chuang trinh ( t~i m()t bufli hQp hay

m()t S\f ki~n xa h()i)

ngueri tren, ngueri 6 vai tren

ill ch6i

nh~n

fin tm;mg

kiSm tra

nai 6

3

4

t:.t:.u

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ifffi:*D

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J:~

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L<

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!Ut.Q [~ill!~~-----J t .Q [ L 0 ~t ~-----J

·I:R:Jr-M [ ~ J iP "~ --c ~ [ ~ J

g~p

chbng len

dan t~m g6 (san, td.n, v. v.)

chan khong, chan tdn

thay d6i, chQn dung cho tung mvc dich, dc3i

tuQllg khac nhau

uu diSm, diSm t6t

dQc hiSu

du khach, khach du lich

ngueri~

nh~t

r~t

d~n nhu v~y, duang ~Y

tieu biSu, d:;ti di~n

toan b<)

16t (chi~u Tatami), trai (chan d~m, tham san)

y nhu (nhu trong 'X y nhu Y')

nhi~u t~m ( cac v~t mong)

d~t [ten]

tir thuftn gc3c Nh~t

dich chuySn

k~thqp

phong khach

phong sinh ho:;tt chung, phong khach

phong lam vi~c

fO'lll

c6i

ho h~p, tha

ho'i Am, d<) Am

hut [hai Am]

sang khmli

ifi~ [~]

*)( -p}!'"(

1}·~1::

B 11t1::115

~< t:.

-ltv) ~t0 [~]

~i/v~/v

v ),.::) ::. t!. '"(

L J: -) iJ{ < -ltv)

~: i:> t J: -) "ltv)ii~-:J

s~ch se

bai van chinh

nha nguyen can, nha rieng

hQc sinh ti~u hQc

cu9c s6ng thuemg nh~t

Xin I8i, anh/ chi c6 th~ giup t6i ~ duqc khong?

Anh/ chi c6 g~ng mQi each giup cho toi duqc

khong? ! -·~~~·i~·~~~-~~:·-• ~ '.: :·~ 0 •• •• ~ •'' • 'A~''. •]\ '., "?",",! 0 •o , ! ~.:.·,- 1'\." •:o~."o•:·.·.:".:,~~:":;:o;o\,"~.~:·",o•.:;·,} .. :~·~ · The hi¥n tang' tn,~c &u•b:tet yea :eau cua b~n: la khOnig ·]),qp ly llilj_upg ;b~l! VlilJJ-:

thve ~;vmudnn6duqe~!J:~E-~!1l; . ······'"·'-'····-····· . . .....• : •.• ,'

.131~ ~: .ll. --r --r J:: ii~ 'C) t.: 1:-t o

NSu anh/ chi cam thfiy nha toi 6n thi xin moi

Th~t t6t khi da c6 th~ giup duqc anh/ chi .

Chung toi xin nh~n. .J;f

.:BtJ'itJ~ ~ L i "to

tr'=dJ'.;s..1±.Q ~

*f J::$tM Haruki Murakami: Nha van, dich gia .. 1949-. tl? r / Jv? .::r:.1 O)~JI RUng Na Uy: m9t trong nhfrng ti~u thuySt n6i tiSng cua Haruki Murakami

7 -Y' 7l:A 7J Jv

?'?'~{!

da duqc dich ra nhieu thu tiSng.

Nam Thai Binh Duong

Vuong qu6c Tonga

Bao bap: m9t lo~i cay c6 ngu6n g6c a chau Phi.

Madagascar

Tatamise( e): M9t tir tiSng Phap chi ngueri thong hiSu I6i s6ng va van h6a

Nh~tBan.

5

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1. "WT~ 6a~it~1J\ • "WT~ \ftft£t~it~1J\ "W T ~ 6 x~~ '-c: (.; ct? 1J\ • "W T~ 'f.:tt£t~~ '-c: (.; ct? 1J\

{ & 6 a~ it /a,fJ\ / L 't::.tt. 't ~it /a,fJ\

v the "t' + & 6i.tlL \"(:!I, & ?fJ\ /L \f::.tt.,ttlL \"(:!I, & ?fJ\

I-- "'C 'b G ;t i -lt lv iP · -- "'C "' t::. t!. ~t i -lt lv iJ.,. J duqc dung khi lich sv nher ngueri nghe

lam giup di€u gi d6.

Anhl chi c6 th€ lam on cho toi muqn cay but m()t chut duqc khong? >!" "'?il' iJ>t::. sL

@ ~ ~~~O){tv'n~fk;t "'Cv't::.t!.~ti-tt-lviJ.,.o

Anh/ chi c6 th€ lam on chi cho t6i each sir d\lng may photocopy duqc khong?

lrn&~ijji:Dcliitt:l 1-- "t" "' t::. t!. ~ti-lt lviJ.,. (each n6i nher va lich sv) J :

1-- "t" 'b G ;t ~ "' -e L J: -) iJ.,. · -- "t" "' t::. t!. ~t ~ "' -e L J: -) iJ.,.J la each n6i t~o ~n tuqng 46

m€m m~i, lich sv hon each n6i I--"'( b G X. i -lt lv iJ.,. · -- "'( "' t::. t!. ~t i -lt lv iJ.,. J. ~ ~ T~ Lf

® T l7. i -lt lv-. -T c., 'b iJ~$1l"'C "' .Q O)"t"-. 'b -) & LDiJ.,.~: L "t" 'b G ;t ~ v''Z" L J: -) iJ.,.o

Xin 16i, chau nha t6i dang ngu nen anh/ chi lam on yen l~ng hon m()t chut c6 duqc

khong ~? t? :bit ~ il!>fiJ>

@ $ L~~-~"v~ i -lt lviJ~, -T c., b ~ tJi 0 "'Cv't::.t!.~t~v''Z" L J: -) iJ.,.o

Xin 16i, anh/ chi c6 th€ trong chau giup toi duqc khong ~?

2. I "Wq)J:?t.: • "Wq)J:?~"W · "Wq)J:?,:· .. (tf d\1, du'a vi d\1 minh hQa)l

{

ct?tt.

N a)+ ct?tl N

ct?': V /L' A /tl A

IN1 '± N2 0) J: -) t!.J duqc dung trong truerng hqp vi d~c trung cua m()t danh tU (N1) v6i

m()t danh tU khac (N2) (tY d\1). (JIJ;? t>A-

CD cb 0) m ~ '± * T )V 0) J: -) t!. 0 B~nh vi~n d6 gi6ng nhu khach s~n. ~~t

@ ~ O):Jo?~'± :J ::1.. ~.A 0) J:-) t!.o RUQ'U nay nhu nu6c hoa qua.

Cling co the dung hinh thuc IN2 (]) J: ") ~ Nd khi noi b6 ngft cho danh ill. t::. t.tn' rY.t? ,,;, !:19l? ,,;,

® ffi q:, ~ lv ~ ± * 7 Jv (]) J: ") ~ m ~ ~: A ~ L 't" "'\ ib a

Anh Tanaka dang n~m di€u tri 6 m<)t b~nh vi~n gi6ng nhu khach s~m. ~~t (})

@) bt-:: L~± ~ .::z. ~A(]) J: ") ~ .toi~ LiP~ 1 ~v'\o

Toi chi u6ng lo(;li ruqu nhu nu6c hoa qua.

Ngoai ra, cling co the dung hinh thuc IN1 ~± N2 (]) J: ") ~=J tru6c d<)ng ill ho~c tinh ill. t::. t.tn' !:19l? ,,;, rY.t? ,,;,

® ffi q:, ~ /vn{ A~ L 't" v'\ ib m ~~± * 7 Jv(J) J: ") ~: ~ flv'\ t.=a

B~nh vi~n rna anh Tanaka dang n~m di€u tri d~p nhu khach s~m. ~n ~*

@ ~ (J);J3i~~± ~ .::z. ~A(]) J: ") ~:ttv'\o Ruqu nay vi ngQt nhu nu6c hoa qua.

Cling dung hinh thuc IN2 (}) J: ") ~ NrJ khi dua N2 ra lam vi dv de di6n dl;lt d~c trung cua

N1 (dua vi d1,1 minh hoa). s-:o 1:: n'A-t::.A- I? .1:? I? -:J<

(j) *: ~± .. iJ v~(J)J: ") ~AA!li~ t-fm!Ln~{'FtL1-lf"lvo

Ch6ng toi chi co the nfru duqc mon don gian nhu mon ca ri. iJl\'i?\' :::: 7Jlt,:::.< [;A, tJ'i'iJ'

® 17 ~J (]) J: ") ~j}*~-8-~± .. j}00)d: ~± c 't" b • L v'\o

Nhfrng ill ngo(;li lai nhu "7 ~" r&t kho d6i v6i nguai nu6c ngoai noi ti€ng Nh~t.

ITham chi~ul I··· J: ") t.= (phan doan ill tinh hu6ng) J : 01:: ss-lft'~-:J

An{::k~~ 1-:::> 't"v'\ 1 Ttlo

a. I ~~t:£i/fl'/~ I v the nguyen d~ng + C:l:: + ':/fJ'/'i

Dung I~ ~ c J de chuyen m<)t d<)ng tlr thanh danh tlr. ~HI:{' s ItA-:.?

CD !i!A !f. < ~ ~ ib ~ c ~± ~"* ~= "'\ "'\ 0 D~y s6m bu6i sang t6t cho sue khoe. t::. t.tn' sc· -t

@ ffi q:, ~ lv ~±Rm ib ~ c Jj{~f ~ 1:'T o Anh Tanaka thich khieu vil. $-?l.t? ~ ~

® ~ Jm T ib ~ c ~ § 1§' L 't"v'\ 1 To Toi dang huang den chi€n th~ng.

ITham chieul IV the nguyen d(;lng + ~ c 7){1:' ~ 1 T / ~ c 1:'T J : 0

:b t-:: L ~± ~ 7 / ~~!I! < ~ c 7J{1:' ~ 1 i" a

ll9l 1J. x\' iJl 1J.

bt-:: L(J)Jt!f3~~±~@~ J!ib ~ C 1:'To (" Wc77-!v~0)8*~1t*JJ~ U BailS)

47

48

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Nt ~ N2l::ii?

DUQ'C dung d6 n6i each gQi ten (N2) cua mQt v~t ho~c m9t sv ki~n. \'iO iJ~"'? "'?\'t~"!'> iJ~Ic t-? ,,

CD 1 Ji 1 B ~5GB t §v~i-to

Ngay m6ng 1 thang 1 gQi la "Ganjitsu" (Ngay d~u nam m6i). L J: '? iJ~--:; t lc t ~ -c t:, t' It-?{, '? t'

® lE Jj ~:1$1±-? .13~ ~:fj < ~ t ~ *)]~~1: t § -? 0

Vi~c di 1€ a d€n ther ho~c chua vao dip nam m6i gQi la "Hatsumode".

5. I ~l::L\?~ I

Nt l::C, '? N2

Cach n6i duQ'c dung khi d~n ra trong h9i tho~i ho~c diu van ten (ho~c tieu d€) cua m9t sv

v~t ho~c m9t nhan v~t (Nt) rna c6 th6 ngueri nghe khong bi6t ro. Nt la danh tU rieng nhu

ten ngueri, v.v., trong khi d6 N2 Ia danh tU chung. t:f.--:; I1J "C'?1Hi LJ:'J-1±--:; iJ> L

CD !!§~:;fitv~-? ;J'~*~~O-:>-cv~iTiPo

Anh/ chi c6 bi6t nha van ten la N atsume Soseki khong? >!" (}) "j X.,, iJ~ h-

® a'F B .. I _A :$' ~ • ry :t ~ 7:' J t v ~ -? ~ 00 ~ J! i Lt.: o

Hom qua, toi da xem phim c6 tieu d€ "Star Wars".

s .I"'?/ ~:::c:/.00/t~n/ t:·~t.!,:~-c& I v the -c c,' A -t=\ - < "t'

+~ tl. A }

+~ N

Cach n6i nay bi6u thi r&ng du trong bfit ky hoan dtnh nao thi di€u d6 v~n xay ra. Dung 1-c t:t.!:

'bJsaucacmlv~-:JJ lt'>~J 11PJJ lt!nJ lt'>lv~~:J,v.v. -i±iJ'L'tl9>'? il''f< t>-t

CD i:ftW. rJl t'> ~ ~: v~ -c ~ *n~O) ~ t ~ ~n i-tt- lvo

Du a dau tren th6 gi6i di nfra thi tOi cling khong quen gia dinh minh. t:t.lc c: >!" st:t. sL

® {ilJOCjjfj l.t~ -c ~ 1PJ 1.: ~ c L ip~;Z_ -c < n~ l.t~o Du toi c6 hoi bao nhieu l~n di nfra thi hQ cling chi tra leri m9t cau gi6ng nhau.

Du ai c6 n6i gi di nfra thi tOi cling khong thay d6i suy nghl cua minh.

Du c6 d~t th€ nao di nfra thi toi cling mu6n mua.

Truemg hc;rp la danh rn thi se la I t., 1v ~ N --c- b J I t., (J) N --c- b J I t., lv ~ ~=----- N --c- b J. (}!:: ~~ ;:.;:.,:, f,

® t.,lv~A "'C'b~ Lv) ·G-- ~~"::) 't"v).Q ~ift_:o

T oi tin r~ng bfit cu ai cling d€u c6 tnli tim nhan h~u. L J: "'r!J!-:> t; lv t; ~ (} !::

® iE Ji ~= ~ .Q t, (:.,(J)f$f±"'C' b AiO~v) -J ~fv) t_:o

Cu d€n t€t thi bfit cu d€n tha nao cling dong. [.; J: -J J; l;r.iJI -:>iJ> ;:_ p

0 t .. 1v ~ ~= J: ~~iO~~flv--c- t ~ < 1t.:t ~;f-. :tin --c L 1 ~ 2: t <b a; .Q o

C~p nao cho du c6 b€n d€n dau thi dung lau cling se hong. iJ>JviJI

1Thamchi8ul 1-----'t"b (di€uki~ngiadinhnguqc)J: v)< G ~X. 't"b, biO~IJ 11!-lvo c- r J7.1v~O) a *~.:fJJil& u Bai 2s)

li-r · li< I I~ ~,;•~< "t" ~ ~I Dung each n6i INI t-'? ~ < '"(' N2J d6 phu dinh Nl va dua ra N2 thay th€.

t::.

CD 2:tL~i~/l:-?~<--c, 1-s::Jv~r"'C'To 'lt"'-GtliTlo 49

Day khong phai Ia cay but rna la so co la. C6 th6 an dUQ'C dfiy. ~ J: -5 !:: -c t:, li-

@ J?: t~"'C' ~j:;}3~ ~ J! i L ~ ~ iO~o

Chung ta di tham quan cac chua a Kyoto nhe?

Toi mu6n di d€n nhfrng nai nh<)n nhip rna gi6i tre hay di chu khong phai la chua.

l&t:·i<l l•u(/)ft. • u•(/)"'c:'i~~ \I

v } the thong thu'ang (,\A

« A } the thong thu'ang

N -te- « I··· (J) "'C'T J duqc sir d1.1ng nhu du6i day, khi bi6u thi phan doan dga tren k€t qua phat sinh

tLr m<)t li do nao d6, ho~c dva tren m()t can cu nao d6.

t.; 0 .::. 'i ~ 0) l''C

CD 3 a;r0)~11"~~=* t:J ~ ~ttt~;f~ IJ i -tt"lvo -ttL -e ~ :bt-: L ~if@v)"t"v) ~ O)"t"T o

Toi phai di chuySn bay h!c 3 gia. Vi v~y, toi dang v()i.

(lido/ din cu) (t!.iP t:J/ :e-n -e) (kst qua/ phan doan) i.P:h (: (!A- I) 19J 'ji.Jl( (: (!A- :::- X.fo'f! J: 'j

@ 1l~iB::!iq: {g ~LiTo -ftt"t"B*~ft~® ~.i L'"Cv)~O)"t"To

Anh fty se di du h9c a Nh~t Ban. Vi v~y, anh fty dang hQc tiSng Nh~t

I···O)"t"~i~v)J duqc dung d€ phu dinh tfit ca trir phfin cu6i cau. Vi d\l, a vi d\l ® phfin OciJ

I-A -e J hi phu dinh. 0 c I) i.l'

® ~ 0) v ~- r ~i-A "t"i!fv)f-:O)"t"~icb IJ i -tt"lvo

Toi da khong viSt bao cao nay m9t minh. 0 c I) i.l'

cf X~ 0) v ~- r ~i-A "t"i!r ~ i -tt"/v"t" Lt-:o

t:J. A- t.; J: -t 'i L (:A- i.l' l' t c' Cach n6i 11PJ + llJJ~~P] (A~ lm~ tt· · ·) + <b J bi€u thi s6luQ'llg nhiSu.

t X. t:J.A-t!l' c CD 7:,.; Y' a :,.; O)"JW ~=r' r n -7J~1PJa <t 11:1 0 --c ") 1 -to

d tru&c khu chung cu co rfit nhiSu xe canh sat dang d6.

50

1. <1 > <2> I "'t-::6 .. "'t-= I V t::. G.. {V • A} t::.

Bai2

( 1) Mfiu IX t::. G " Y t::. J bi~u thi r&ng Y la k~t qua cua hanh d(>ng X. < Tl? 0) (f/v >!-

CD ~ ~ iklv t!. G" j{;~ ~= ~ lJ i L t::. o Sau khi u6ng thu6c, toi thfty khoe han. n' "' -Y> aon'

® ~-~~~~~~G .. $~~~~<~~~0

Sau khi tOi thay rem ctra, din phong tn1 nen sang han.

(2) Mfiu cau nay cfing bi€u thi y nghia Y duqc phat hi~n nhu la k~t qua cua hanh d(>ng X. ~~ ~~ ~=

® ~n::1i~ t::. G-. 311iiJ{v~~iP~ t::.o

Khi v~ d~n nha, toi da phat hi~n con meo khong a d6. Jb ~ ,, .b

G) iJ~~;f'lv~mHtt::. G-. M$iJ{~ < ~~ -cv~t::.o

Khi rna c~p ra, toi phat hi~n cai vi da bi mftt. ~A,"'~ .b-'5 ~ (t 0)

® 50 ~ 1W 0) it v ~ ;f3 i~ ~ ik lv --c- JJ.. t::. G " ;f3 v ~ L iJ~ ~ t::. o

Khi u6ng thu lo~i ruqu c6 tir 50 nam tru&c, toi th~y n6 r~t ngon.

Mfiu IX t " Y t::. J cfing c6 th~ bi~u thi y nghia nhu a ( 1) (2) . < Tl? 0) (f/v >!-

@ ~ ~ ik u t " j{;~ ~= ~ lJ i L t::. o Sau khi u6ng thu6c, tOi thfty khoe han. ,,~ n'~ ~=

(j) * ~=1w ~ t" 11liiJ{v~ ~ iJ~ ~ t::.o

Khi v~ d~n nha, tOi da phat hi~n con meo khong a d6. ~~ '?~=~

ITham chieul I~ t::. G (gia dinh) J : ;f3 ~iJ{ cb ~ t::. G" :1*11" LiTo t l'

l~t::.G (hm1nthanh)J: 10a~~=~~t::.G-. l:BiJ~~ti LJ: -?o clf'F rll-lvfd:'O)B*~*JJii&I.I Bai25)

N ~C,\?O)'i { N 0) } + ~~ft. cau (the thong thu'ong) ~ c, \?

IX tv~-? 0) ~J:~O) ~ t t!.J va IX tv~-? 0) ~i··· tv~-? ~ t t!.J la nhfrng mfiu cau duqc

sl:r dl;Lng khi giai thich y nghia cua m(>t tir (X). >!-t~t.t >!- 't"' l :-:c.

CD 3K tv~-? 0) ~i 115 v~.. ~ --:J v~ .. fe:~~~fr*O) ~ t t!.o

"3K" c6 nghia la m(>t cong vi~c bfin thiu, v~t va, va nguy hi~m.

® PC tv~-? 0) tJ:;'\ '/ :1 ~ 0) ~ t ""C'T o "PC" c6 nghia 1:\ "may tinh ca nhan".

,2

51