Midterm Study Guide - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · Name Midterm Study Guide BioSci The...
Transcript of Midterm Study Guide - Caldwell-West Caldwell Public Schools · Name Midterm Study Guide BioSci The...
Name
Midterm Study Guide BioSci
The Basics (Chapter 1)
Biology
1. Biology is the study of _______Living organisms___________________________.
Metric System
2. Fill in the chart to identify the basic units in the metric system
To measure… Use…
Length Meters
Volume Liters
Mass Grams
Scientific Method
3. Complete each step of the Scientific Method below:
a) State __the question_____or make an ____observation_______________
b) Gather__background information___________________________
c) Form _____Hypothesis_____________________________________
d) Test _______Hypothesis_______________________________
e) Collect and analyze ____Data______________________________
f) Draw ______Conclusion______________________________
*Retest the hypothesis*
4. What is a hypothesis? A possible, testable, explanation
5. When is a conclusion made? At the end of your experiment
6. Why do scientists use controlled experiments? So they have something to compare it to
**ONE Variable at a time!!!**
Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the shower. 7. Based on the experiment above, identify:
*Manipulated variable or independent variable -_____Coconut Juice___________________ *Responding variable or dependent variable-______Appearance of Slime____________ *Controlled variables – _________Side sprayed with water____________________________
*Hypothesis-(if, then statement) ___If the shower is sprayed with coconut juice, then
it will get rid of the slime_______
8. There are two types of data to collect: quantitative and qualitative
(numbers/amounts) (descriptions)
Use the graph to the right to answer the next three questions.
9. The manipulated/independent variable:
Month
10. The responding/dependent variable:
Number of critters
11. What can you conclude based on this data?
There is an increase in critters in the spring months
The Microscope
Use the word bank to label the parts of the microscope.
Coarse adjustment Light source Stage clips Fine adjustment Objective lens Eyepiece Arm Base
The Characteristics of Life (Chapter 2)
12. Identify and explain the eight characteristics of life.
a) All living things are made up of cells. Can be unicellular or multicellular
b) All living things reproduce. Can be asexual or sexual reproduction.
c) Cells grow and develop. Growth and development ends when an organism dies.
d) Living things obtain and use energy. Energy is required for growth and development.
Cells require energy.
e) Living things respond to their environment. Stimulus: Signal that an organism
responds to. Yanking your hand away after touching hot stove.
f) Genetic Code. All living things have to have DNA or RNA. This is how we get our
genetics.
g) Maintain a stable internal environment. Homeostasis: Ability to maintain internal
balance. Sweating in heat, shivering in cold.
h) Evolve: Living things change over time.
13. Give two examples of unicellular organisms: Paramecium and Ameoba
14. Give two examples of multicellular organisms: Humans and Birds
15. Autotrophs 16. Heterotrophs
Definition
Make their own food Have to consume their food
Examples
Plants, bacteria Animals
17. Metabolism is the combination of Anabolism and Catabolism
18. Ecology is the study of Ecosystems
19. Describe each of the levels of organization shown in the diagram:
-Individual: a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
-Population: groups of organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area
-Community: different populations that live together in a defined area
-Ecosystem: community of organisms including their non-living physical environment
-Biome: group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities
-Biosphere: Parts of the planet in which all life exists
20. Climate is one example of an abiotic factor (non-living factor). Name at least 3 more.
Soil, Sunlight, Rocks, Wind
21. An abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the number of organisms in an ecosystem is called a
Limiting factor.
22. What is carrying capacity? What happens when a population reaches carrying capacity?
Maximum amount that an ecosystem can sustain. Species start to die until it levels out (Stables)
More Ecology
23. Name and describe the 3 types of symbiosis:
a. Mutualism (Both organisms benefit)
b. Commensalism (One organism benefits, one is not affected)
c. Parasitism (One organism benefits, one is harmed)
24. Why is the number 10% important in this diagram?
25. Food webs are made up of several food chains. Construct a food web using the following animals. This ecosystem represents a farm area. The corn is the main source of food for many of the herbivores in the area. (You do not have to draw pictures, you can just use the animal names and draw arrows between them.)
COW, MOUSE, CORN, HUMAN, BLACKBIRD, CHIPMUNK, MICROORGANISMS (decomposers), FOX, CHICKEN
10% of the energy is passed on, the rest
is released as heat.
Cow
Mouse Corn
Human
Blackbird
Chipmunk
Microorganisms
Fox
Chicken
Chemistry! (Chapter 3)
26. In a Chemical change, the substance actually changes into a different substance.
However, in a Physical change, the substance’s chemical makeup does not
change.
27. Decide whether the following are a physical change (P) or chemical change (C):
C a. burning paper
P b. writing on a napkin with a pen
C c. eating a bagel
P d. breaking a window
P e. melting an ice cube
28. The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction is called Activation Energy
29. The basic unit of matter is an Atom 30. Inside the nucleus 31. Outside the nucleus --__Protons______(+) -- Electrons (-) --___Neutrons_______ 32. When two or more different atoms combine, a Compound is formed 33. If this were a chemical formula, which parts would be the reactants, and which would be
the products?
Eggs + Oil + Brownie Mix -----> Brownies + Smiles
___Reactants__________ _Products____________
34. What is an enzyme? Speeds up the reaction 35. How can you recognize an enzyme? Ends in “ase”
Water (Chapter 4) ☼☼☼ Water is the Universal Solvent ☼☼☼
37. What does this mean?
36. Draw a water molecule: Just about anything that
is polar will dissolve in water
38. Why are water molecules called “polar”? (HINT: NOT BECAUSE THEY ARE COLD!!)
Uneven distribution of charges. One side is positive, one is negative.
39. What kind of bond holds water molecules together?
a. James Bond
b. Covalent Bond
c. Hydrogen Bond
d. Ionic Bond
e. Junk Bond
40. Why can’t water dissolve oil?
Oil is Non-Polar
Acids and Bases
41. Bases contain Hydroxide OH- ions 42. Acids contain Hydrogen H+ ions
ACID BASE
H+ > OH
- Neutral H
+ < OH
-
pH _0___ to pH_6.9____ pH __7____ pH _7.1____ to pH _14_____
43. What does a buffer do?
Balances out the pH.
H H
O
Organic vs. Inorganic (molecules, not food)
44. Organic molecules/substances contain the element __Carbon___ (SUPER IMPORTANT!)
45. One exception: CO2
46. Organic compounds can form Polymers (like how letters get organized into words)
47. The six most abundant elements found in all living organisms Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfer
48. Fill in the table below with descriptions and examples of the four organic biological
compounds of life: Compound Description/Job Examples
Carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O; end in –ose; necessary for energy; can be used for structure
Breads, Grains, Starch, Fruit, Sugar
Lipids Waxy, oily; store energy, protect
organs, help nervous system Butter, Milk, Oil
Proteins
For structure, storage, transport, enzymes, defense; made of amino acids
Muscle, Enzymes, Hair, Steak
Nucleic Acids Used to transmit genetic information
DNA, RNA
49. What are some differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats come from animals, are solid at room temperature, and are considered “bad fats.” Unsaturated fats
are oils, generally liquid at room temperature, and are considered “good fats.”
**Carbon forms many
covalent bonds that are
strong and stable
50. Make bigger organic molecules through _Dehydration Synthesis _____
--removing _Water______ to join molecules together
51. Make smaller organic molecules through __Hydrolysis ________
--adding _Water______________ to break molecules apart
Cells (Chapter 5)
52. Be able to identify and label the
organelles and structures in a plant cell
53. Which organelles are only found
in plant cells?
_Chloroplasts, Cell wall, large vacuole_
54. Know the function of the following
organelles:
o Cell Membrane
Protects and supports cells
Semi-permeable--regulates the flow of substances in/out of cell
Made up of a phospholipid _bilayer (hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic Head )
Proteins and Carbohydrates also play a role
o Cell Wall
Provides structure and protection____ for a PLANT cell
Made up of Cellulose________
Surrounds cell membrane
o Nucleus
Information center of the cell
Contains genetic information (DNA)___
Nucleolus--only function is to make _Ribosomes_________
o Cytoplasm
Jelly like substance that contains the organelles
o Mitochondria
Provides _Energy________ for cells
o Chloroplast
Traps sunlight to make energy (Food) for plants___
Found in __Plants____ ONLY
o Ribosome
Make _Proteins______________
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough--synthesize proteins
Smooth--detoxify cells and makes ____________________
o Golgi Apparatus
Collect, modify, package and distribute Proteins_________
o Lysosomes
Break down things in cell (food, invaders, old organelles)
Movement Through the Cell Membrane
(selectively permeable)
55. Types of Passive transport – does not require energy
a) __Diffusion_______________
b) __Osmosis_______________
c) ___Facilitated Diffusion
56. Types of Active transport – requires energy
a) ___Membrane pumps_
b) __Endocytosis_______
c) __Exocytosis____________________
Know the difference between:
57. Hypertonic: ______Moving out of the cell________
58. Hypotonic: ____Moving into the cell _______
59. Isotonic: ____Equal amount _________
60. Diffusion: molecules move from an area of _High____ concentration to an area of
_Low___ concentration
*NO ENERGY REQUIRED
61. Osmosis: movement of _water____ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
--water moves from an area of High water concentration (low solute
concentration) to an area of Low water concentration (high
solute concentration)
*NO ENERGY
REQUIRED
62. Facilitated Diffusion: use of a helper protein to move _Large_______ molecules across
the membrane
*NO ENERGY NEEDED
High Concentration
Low Concentration
63. Active Transport: allows materials to move from an area of _Low__ concentration to
_High_____concentration
***REQUIRES ENERGY***
GOING IN
Endocytosis
64. _Phagocytosis_____—large particle is engulfed by membrane and brought into cell
65. Pinocytosis--__Smaller particles brought into the cell membrane ____
GOING OUT
Exocytosis
--substances released by the membrane out of the cell
66. Explain what is happening in this diagram:
67. Use the picture below to describe how a cell is like a city. Name at least 6 cell parts in
your description.
Water Tower: Central Vacuole
Post office: Golgi apparatus
Power Plant: Mitochondria
Solar Plant: Chloroplast
Town Hall: Nucleus
Processing and Shipping: Endoplasmic Reticulum
Street Cleaners: Lysosomes
City Boundaries: Cell Membrane
Concrete wall of impenetrability: Cell Wall
Water is moving from an area of low
concentration to an area of high
concentration.
Chapter 6
68. Photosynthesis: ___Using light energy to make glucose and oxygen ______
69. --occurs in the ___Chloroplast_____________________________
KNOW THE FORMULA!!!!!
70. Light Dependent Reaction:
--takes place in the _Thylakoid membrane____
71. Light Independent Reaction:
--takes place in the __Stroma__________
72. A pigment is: Reflects wavelengths of light
73. What are the only three things that are required to complete a light independent reaction?
CO2, ATP, NADPH
74. In the light dependent reaction, how to the electrons travel from photosystem II to
photosystem I?
Electron Transport System
75. What is cellular respiration?
Using glucose (Sugar) to create ATP (Energy)
76. Glycolysis takes place in the Cytoplasm
77. What do NADPH, NADH, and ATP have in common?
Energy Carriers
(reactants) (products)
H2O CO2
Light C6H12O6 O2
78. Use the data table to draw a line graph. Make sure the numbers you use are consistent!! Include all
labels!! Temperature of Syrup
Time
Temperature (
0C)
Title: Temperature of Syrup over an hour