Physics A Midterm Study Guide - Weebly

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1. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basis for understanding this concept: A. Students know how to solve problems that involve constant speed and average speed. Motion Graphs: B. Students know that when forces are balanced, no acceleration occurs; thus an object continues to move at a constant speed or stays at rest (Newton's first law). Distance Formula: Use this formula to relate distance, speed, and time for an object that is moving at constant speed or at an average speed. = distance velocity time [m] [ m/s ] [s] A really easy way to visual velocity is by creating a position vs. time graph. The motion will be represented by a line on the graph, with the slope of the line being equal to the velocity. = = = ! ! steady speeding up fast, steady rest backwards Distance (m) Time (s) acceleration () unit: meter per second per second (m/s²) a measure of the rate of change of velocity. force () unit: newton (N) a push or a pull. part of an interaction between two objects. position () unit: meter(m) a measure of the location of an object. velocity () unit: meter per second (m/s) a measure of the rate of change of position. velocity is an object’s speed and its direction. time () unit: second (s) a measure of how much time has passed. Change of Speed Formula Use this formula to find the change of speed due to an acceleration. = velocity change acceleration time [ m/s ] [ m/s² ] [s] The Law of Inertia: An object at rest will tend to stay at rest. An object in motion will tend to stay in motion. In other words… Forces cause acceleration! If there is no force on an object, its velocity cannot change. It will have to be at rest or moving in a straight line path at constant speed. Physics A Midterm Exam – Study Guide Net force is the sum of all the forces. 4N net = (4) + (6) 6N 4N 6N net = 2N net = (4) + (6) net = 2N

Transcript of Physics A Midterm Study Guide - Weebly

Page 1: Physics A Midterm Study Guide - Weebly

 

   1.  NEWTON’S  LAWS  OF  MOTION  Newton's  laws  predict  the  motion  of  most  objects.  As  a  basis  for  understanding  this  concept:    A.  Students  know  how  to  solve  problems  that  involve  constant  speed  and  average  speed.  

                   Motion  Graphs:                          B.  Students  know  that  when  forces  are  balanced,  no  acceleration  occurs;  thus  an  object  continues  to  move  at  a  constant  speed  or  stays  at  rest  (Newton's  first  law).  

                               

Distance  Formula:  Use  this  formula  to  relate  distance,  speed,  and  time  for  an  object  that  is  moving  at  constant  speed  or  at  an  average  speed.  

𝑥         =        𝑣                      𝑡  distance   velocity   time  [  m  ]   [  m/s  ]   [  s  ]  

A  really  easy  way  to  visual  velocity  is  by  creating  a  position  vs.  time  graph.    The  motion  will  be  represented  by  a  line  on  the  graph,  with  the  slope  of  the  line  being  equal  to  the  velocity.    

𝑣 =∆𝑥∆𝑡

=𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑛

=  𝑥 − 𝑥!𝑡 − 𝑡!

 

                   

                   

                   

                   

                   

                   

 

steady    

speeding  up  

fast,  steady    

rest  

backwards  

Distan

ce  (m

)  

Time  (s)  

acceleration  (𝑎)   unit:  meter  per  second  per  second  (m/s²)  

a  measure  of  the  rate  of  change  of  velocity.  

 force  (𝐹)   unit:  newton  (N)  a  push  or  a  pull.  part  of  an  interaction  between  two  objects.    

position  (𝑥)   unit:  meter(m)  a  measure  of  the  location  of  an  object.  

 velocity  (𝑣)   unit:  meter  per  second  (m/s)  a  measure  of  the  rate  of  change  of  position.  velocity  is  an  object’s  speed  and  its  direction.    time  (𝑡)   unit:  second  (s)  a  measure  of  how  much  time  has  passed.  

 

Change  of  Speed  Formula  Use  this  formula  to  find  the  change  of  speed  

due  to  an  acceleration.  

∆𝑣             =            𝑎                      𝑡  velocity  change   acceleration   time  

[  m/s  ]   [  m/s²  ]   [  s  ]  

The  Law  of  Inertia:  An  object  at  rest  will  tend  to  stay  at  rest.  An  object  in  motion  will  tend  to  stay  in  motion.  In  other  words…  

Forces  cause  acceleration!  If  there  is  no  force  on  an  object,  its  velocity  cannot  change.  It  will  have  to  be  at  rest  or  moving  in  a  straight  line  path  at  constant  speed.  

Physics  A  Midterm  Exam  –  Study  Guide    

Net  force  is  the  sum  of  all  the  forces.    −4N  

net  𝐹 = (−4) + (6)  

6N   4N   −6N  

net  𝐹 = 2N  

net  𝐹 = (4) + (−6)  

net  𝐹 = −2N  

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C.  Students  know  how  to  apply  the  law  𝑭 =𝒎𝒂  to  solve  one-­‐dimensional  motion  problems  that  involve  constant  forces  (Newton's  second  law).                                    D.  Students  know  that  when  one  object  exerts  a  force  on  a  second  object,  the  second  object  always  exerts  a  force  of  equal  magnitude  and  in  the  opposite  direction  (Newton's  third  law).                Ex  1.  A  baseball  player  hits  a  baseball.    ACTION:  the  bat  pushes  the  baseball  forward.    REACTION:  the  baseball  pushes  the  bat  backward.        Ex  2.  A  cannonball  is  fired  out  of  a  cannon.    ACTION:  the  cannon  pushes  the  ball  forward.      REACTION:  the  ball  pushes  the  cannon  backward.        

mass  (𝑚)   unit:  kilogram(kg)  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  material  in  an  object.  

 weight  (𝑤)   unit:  newton(N)  a  measure  of  the  gravitational  force  acting  between  two  objects.    

𝐹   =   𝑚   𝑎  force   mass   acceleration  [N]   [kg]   [m/s²]  

Newton’s  2nd  Law  Acceleration  is  directly  proportional  to  force  

and  inversely  proportional  to  mass.  

Mass  vs.  Weight:  Weight  is  directly  proportional  to  mass,  but  it  is  not  equal  to  mass.  Mass  is  a  measure  of  the  amount  of  material  in  an  object,  whereas  weight  is  a  measure  of  the  gravitational  force  on  an  object.  In  places  with  less  gravity,  the  weight  of  an  object  will  decrease,  but  its  mass  will  still  be  the  same.  

Weight  Formula  Use  this  formula  to  calculate  the  weight  of  an  object,  remember  on  Earth  𝑔 = 10m/s².  

𝑤   =   𝑚   𝑔  

weight   mass   acceleration  of  gravity  

[N]   [kg]   [m/s²]  

“The  force  on  object  B  from  object  A  is  equal  to  the  force  on  object  A  from  object  B,  but  in  the  opposite  direction.”  

𝐹!" = −𝐹!"  Since  a  force  is  part  of  an  interaction  between  two  objects,  forces  always  come  in  pairs!  

ACTION  and  REACTION  

Since  the  two  forces  are  equal,  the  object  with  less  mass  will  

experience  a  greater  acceleration.    

This  is  the  reason  why  the  baseball  goes  flying,  but  the  bat  

appears  to  be  unaffected.  

action reaction

action

reaction

Since  the  two  forces  are  equal,  the  object  with  less  mass  will  

experience  a  greater  acceleration.  

 This  is  the  reason  why  the  

cannonball  goes  flying,  but  the  cannon  barely  moves  at  all.