MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE CH 3 - CELLULAR ORGANIZATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The smallest living unit within the human body isA) a tissue.B) an organ system.C) the cell.D) a protein.E) an organ.

1)

2) The watery component of the cytoplasm is calledA) cytosol.B) a colloidal gel.C) protoplasm.D) interstitial fluid.E) extracellular fluid.

2)

3) Which of the following terms is not used to define the structure that separates the contents of ahuman cell from its surrounding medium?A) cell membraneB) plasmalemmaC) cell wallD) plasma membraneE) both A and D

3)

4) Functions of the plasmalemma include all of the following, except A) thermal insulation.B) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.C) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment.D) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid.E) structural support.

4)

5) The plasma membrane is composed ofA) carbohydrates and lipids.B) a bilayer of phospholipids.C) a bilayer of proteins.D) carbohydrate molecules.E) carbohydrates and proteins.

5)

6) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins?A) bind to ligandsB) act as carrier molecules for various solutesC) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membraneD) cell nutrientE) regulate the passage of ions

6)

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7) Functions of the glycocalyx includeA) binding extracellular compounds.B) lubricating and protecting the cell membrane.C) identifying the cell for the immune system.D) all of the aboveE) B and C only

7)

8) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle, except A) lysosomes.B) cytoskeleton.C) ribosomes.D) centrioles.E) cilia.

8)

9) Components of the cytoskeleton may include all of the following, except A) intermediate filaments.B) microsomes.C) microtubules.D) microfilaments.E) thick filaments.

9)

10) Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is toA) ribosomes.B) microvilli.C) flagella.D) microfilaments.E) intermediate filaments.

10)

11) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division?A) intermediate filamentsB) microtubulesC) microfilamentsD) thick filamentsE) basal bodies

11)

12) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in theA) nucleus.B) endoplasmic reticulum.C) cilia.D) cytoplasm.E) mitochondria.

12)

13) In the mitochondrion, folds are to cristae as the contained fluid is toA) actin.B) matrix.C) basal body.D) microvilli.E) cytosol.

13)

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14) The components of ribosomes are formed withinA) nucleoli.B) Golgi complexes.C) lysosomes.D) mitochondria.E) the endoplasmic reticulum.

14)

15) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at theA) ribosomes.B) mitochondria.C) smooth ER.D) Golgi apparatus.E) rough ER.

15)

16) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attachedribosomes?A) rough endoplasmic reticulumB) nucleoliC) smooth endoplasmic reticulumD) mitochondriaE) Golgi apparatus

16)

17) Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of theA) mitochondria.B) ribosomes.C) rough endoplasmic reticulum.D) Golgi apparatus.E) microtubules.

17)

18) Organelles that absorb and neutralize drugs and toxins areA) nucleiB) endocytic vesicles.C) toxisomes.D) peroxisomes.E) lysosomes.

18)

19) When activated, lysosomes function inA) formation of new cell membranes.B) digestion of foreign material.C) cell division.D) synthesis of proteins.E) synthesis of lipids.

19)

20) Most of a cell's DNA is located in itsA) nucleolus.B) lysosomes.C) Golgi apparatus.D) nucleus.E) ribosomes.

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21) The control center for cellular operations is theA) ribosome.B) endoplasmic reticulum.C) nucleus.D) Golgi apparatus.E) mitochondria.

21)

22) The complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus areA) nucleases.B) histones.C) mitochondria.D) chromosomes.E) nucleoplasm.

22)

23) mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm.A) proteinsB) lipidsC) phospholipidsD) carbohydratesE) all of the above

23)

24) The triplet codes needed to specify a specific polypeptide chain are found in theA) codon.B) gene.C) cytoplasm.D) anticodon.E) polypeptide itself.

24)

25) As each codon arrives at the active site of a ribosome, it attracts another molecule containing theanticodon. This molecule is calledA) rRNA. B) tRNA. C) RER. D) DNA. E) mRNA.

25)

26) The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is calledA) auscultation.B) replication.C) mitosis.D) transcription.E) translation.

26)

27) The process of forming mRNA is calledA) translation.B) transcription.C) ribolation.D) auscultation.E) replication.

27)

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28) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration isan example ofA) facilitated transport.B) diffusion.C) filtration.D) active transport.E) osmosis.

28)

29) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane is influenced by all of the following, except A) the presence of the membrane channels.B) the charge on the ion.C) hydrolysis of ATP.D) concentration gradient.E) lipid solubility.

29)

30) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell throughA) channels formed by integral proteins.B) peripheral carbohydrates.C) defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.D) peripheral proteins.E) lipid channels.

30)

31) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is calledA) isotonic.B) homotonic.C) hypotonic.D) hypertonic.E) merotonic.

31)

32) "Spikes" form on a blood cell when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution.A) isotonicB) hypertonicC) homotonicD) merotonicE) hypotonic

32)

33) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentrationgradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is calledA) active transport.B) osmosis.C) endocytosis.D) facilitated diffusion.E) exocytosis.

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34) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in thatA) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lowerconcentration.

B) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient.C) the rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of available carrier molecules.D) the rate of molecular movement is not limited by the number of available carriermolecules.

E) facilitated diffusion consumes no ATP.

34)

35) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient iscalledA) active transport.B) facilitated transport.C) osmosis.D) diffusion.E) passive transport.

35)

36) The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is calledA) an ion exchange pump.B) facilitated transport.C) active transport.D) osmosis.E) endocytosis.

36)

37) The principal cations in our body fluids are ________ and ________.A) sodium; calciumB) calcium; magnesiumC) sodium; potassiumD) chloride; bicarbonateE) sodium; chloride

37)

38) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, an exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the celland imports ________ ions.A) calcium; sodiumB) potassium; calciumC) potassium; sodiumD) sodium; calciumE) sodium; potassium

38)

39) Which of the following about a cell's resting transmembrane potential is false?A) inside slightly more positive than outsideB) inside slightly more negative than outsideC) controls muscular contraction and nervous signalingD) represents potential energyE) depends on separation of + and — charges

39)

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40) The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the separation ofA) acids and bases.B) phospholipids and proteins.C) cations and anions.D) water molecules.E) carbohydrate molecules.

40)

41) Changes in the transmembrane potential of a cell are involved inA) glandular secretion.B) thought.C) movement.D) all of the aboveE) A and B only

41)

42) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares fordivision is calledA) anaphase.B) metaphase.C) interphase.D) prophase.E) telophase.

42)

43) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase.A) G2 B) Gm C) Go D) G1 E) S

43)

44) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes duringA) prophase.B) telophase.C) interphase.D) metaphase.E) anaphase.

44)

45) During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, andcytokinesis occurs.A) telophaseB) interphaseC) prophaseD) anaphaseE) metaphase

45)

46) As genes are functionally eliminated, the cell becomes limited in the range of proteins it canmake. This specialization process is termedA) apoptosis.B) cellular activation.C) adaptation.D) differentiation.E) structural integration.

46)

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47) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes, except A) diffusion.B) vesicular transport.C) facilitated diffusion.D) osmosis.E) all of the above

47)

48) The plasmalemma includesA) glycolipids.B) phospholipids.C) integral proteins.D) all of the aboveE) A and C only

48)

49) The genetically programmed death of cells is calledA) apoptosis.B) differentiation.C) replication.D) mitosis.E) metastasis.

49)

50) Osmotic pressureA) can be opposed by hydrostatic pressure.B) forces water to move toward the higher solute concentration.C) forces water to move across a semipermeable membrane.D) all of the aboveE) A and C only

50)

51) Membrane proteins perform which of the following functions?A) anchoringB) enzymesC) receptorsD) recognitionE) all of the above

51)

52) Which of the following about cytoplasm is false?A) semi-rigid textureB) includes cytosolC) the material that fills a cellD) extracellular fluid contains more proteinE) includes cytoskeleton

52)

53) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions.A) messengersB) carbohydratesC) enzymesD) ionsE) lipids

53)

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54) Extracellular fluid serves asA) a storage area.B) a component of the phospholipid bilayer.C) a reserve area.D) a transport medium with large storage capacity.E) a transport medium.

54)

55) MicrofilamentsA) control the consistency of cytoplasmB) anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteinsC) with myosin, produce cell movementD) all of the aboveE) B and C only

55)

56) Tubulin isA) a protein that forms the tubular portion of the cytosol.B) a lipid that forms the ER.C) a lipid that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).D) a carbohydrate that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).E) a protein that assembles into filamentous tubes (microtubules).

56)

57) These molecular motors carry materials in opposite directions along microtubules.A) dynein and kinesinB) actin and myosinC) kinesin and myosinD) dynein and actinE) dynein and myosin

57)

58) Endocytosis isA) a method for packaging secretions.B) a method for transporting substances into the cell.C) a method for metabolizing within the cytosol.D) a form of anabolism.E) a viral infection.

58)

59) PeroxisomesA) contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.B) absorb and break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process.C) is another name for lysosomes.D) both A and BE) none of the above

59)

60) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. Thissuggests thatA) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.B) some cells are older than others.C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply.D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived.E) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand.

60)

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61) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus. Thus, itA) is malformed.B) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.C) can only divide once more.D) will be a long-lived cell.E) can repair itself readily.

61)

62) Histones are found inA) vesicles.B) lysosomes.C) proteasomes.D) nucleosomes.E) endosomes.

62)

63) Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.A) DNA; lipidsB) RNA; carbohydratesC) RNA; proteinsD) DNA; proteinsE) water; RNA

63)

64) Which organelle is most prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein?A) proteasomeB) nucleolusC) nucleusD) mitochondriaE) chromosome

64)

65) Messenger RNA is vital to the cell becauseA) mRNA can leave the nucleus.B) mRNA cannot leave the nucleus.C) DNA can leave the nucleus.D) DNA cannot leave the nucleus.E) both A and D

65)

66) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins areA) ribosomes.B) codons.C) chromosomes.D) RNA.E) genes.

66)

67) Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ________ and ________.A) multiple carbohydrates; three types of DNAB) multiple enzymes; three types of DNAC) multiple enzymes; two types of RNAD) multiple proteins; three types of DNAE) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA

67)

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68) Which of these transport processes always requires metabolic energy?A) impermeableB) diffusionC) vesicular transportD) carrier-mediated transportE) freely permeable

68)

69) The skin swells and puckers during a long bath. This suggests that bath water is a(n) ________fluid.A) toxicB) isotonicC) diffusionD) hypertonicE) hypotonic

69)

70) Red blood cell shrinkage is to ________ as cell bursting is to ________.A) crenation; hemolysisB) hypotonic; isotonicC) isotonic; hypertonicD) lysis; crenationE) isotonic; hypotonic

70)

71) Two types of vesicular transport includeA) endocytosis and retrocytosis.B) exocytosis and retrocytosis.C) endocytosis and exocytosis.D) pinocytosis and active transport.E) passive diffusion and active diffusion.

71)

72) A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustratesA) pinocytosis.B) receptor-mediated endocytosis.C) endocytosis.D) phagocytosis.E) exocytosis.

72)

73) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which hasA) half as many chromosomes as the original cell.B) a different number of chromosomes than the original cell.C) a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell.D) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.E) twice as many chromosomes as the original cell.

73)

74) A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n)A) codon.B) anticodon.C) amino acid.D) tRNA.E) gene.

74)

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75) An impermeable carbohydrate that is often administered to patients suffering blood loss isA) salt solution.B) dextran.C) saline solution.D) isotonic saline.E) glucose.

75)

76) An alternate term for tumor isA) benign malignancy.B) cytoplasm.C) primary metastasis.D) neoplasm.E) nucleoplasm.

76)

77) What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes?A) the cytosolB) nucleolusC) cytoskeletonD) plasmalemmaE) nucleus

77)

78) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins?A) ribosomal endoplasmic reticulumB) raised endoplasmic reticulumC) smooth endoplasmic reticulumD) proteosomes reticulumE) rough endoplasmic reticulum

78)

79) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false?A) supplies new membrane componentsB) sends transport vesicles to the RERC) produces secretory vesiclesD) receives transport vesicles from the RERE) produces lysosomes

79)

80) Which phase of the cell cycle has the most variable duration?A) G0 phaseB) V phaseC) G2 phaseD) G1 phaseE) S phase

80)

81) Microtubules have which of the following functions?A) Molecular motors move along them.B) They move chromosomes during cell division.C) They provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape.D) They form structural components of organelles.E) all of the above

81)

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82) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible forA) drug and toxin neutralization.B) protein synthesis.C) lipid synthesis.D) all of the aboveE) both A and C

82)

83) A substance containing atoms of different elements that are bonded together is called a(n)A) compound.B) molecule.C) mixture.D) solution.E) isotope.

83)

84) Special catalytic molecules called ________ control chemical reactions in the human body.A) cytochromesB) enzymesC) ribosomesD) cytozymesE) DNA

84)

85) All organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following elements, except A) carbon.B) calcium.C) hydrogen.D) oxygen.E) both A and D

85)

86) Which of the following is not a function of protein?A) supportB) storage of genetic informationC) movementD) transportE) metabolic regulation

86)

87) Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is false?A) supports organellesB) controls cell shapeC) provides cell strengthD) moves organellesE) made of cytobones

87)

88) Which of following properties of microtubules is true?A) another term for microfilamentsB) found only in the terminal webC) made of myosinD) interact with dynein and kinesinE) made of actin

88)

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89) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed intoA) isotonic solution.B) merotonic solution.C) hypotonic solution.D) hypertonic solution.E) homotonic solution.

89)

90) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could notA) form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.B) form protein.C) form complementary sequences of DNA.D) form spindle fibers.E) link segments of DNA together.

90)

91) Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol containsA) a higher concentration of amino acids.B) almost no glycogen.C) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins.D) almost no lipids.E) a higher concentration of potassium ions.

91)

92) MicrofilamentsA) are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.B) are usually composed of myosin.C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane.D) are hollow, filamentous structures.E) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions.

92)

93) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able toA) metabolize sugars.B) produce DNA.C) move.D) synthesize proteins.E) form the mitotic spindle.

93)

94) Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true, except one. Identify theexception.A) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.B) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle.C) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production.D) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae.E) The mitochondria contain no DNA.

94)

95) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, except A) storage and release of calcium ions.B) synthesis of triglycerides.C) modification of protein.D) detoxification of drugs.E) synthesis of steroid hormones.

95)

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96) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus.1. Material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles.2. Exocytosis.3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles.4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face.5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face.6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.

The proper order for these isA) 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4.B) 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2.C) 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5.D) 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3.E) 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2.

96)

97) Imagine two rigid chambers separated by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water butimpermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains purewater. At equilibrium, what will be the situation?A) Water will continue to move from side 2 to side 1.B) Water will continue to move from side 1 to side 2.C) No way to tell what the situation will be.D) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 1.E) The hydrostatic pressure will be higher in side 2.

97)

98) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initiallyoccur?A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase.B) The blood hydrostatic pressure will increase.C) The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same.D) The blood osmotic pressure will decrease.E) The blood hydrostatic pressure will decrease.

98)

99) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases andthe concentration of other solutes remains constant,A) the cells will shrink.B) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic.C) the cells will not change.D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic.E) the cells will swell.

99)

100) Assume that the transport of a particular amino acid across the plasmalemma is observed (1) tooccur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a similar amino acid is addedto the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likelybyA) osmosis.B) pinocytosis.C) active transport.D) facilitated diffusion.E) diffusion.

100)

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101) Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phaseA) have brief life spans.B) do not exhibit cytokinesis.C) lack the enzyme DNA polymerase.D) are reproductive cells.E) are stem cells.

101)

102) There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and itsability toA) bind to DNA.B) dissolve in water.C) bind to proteins.D) interact with carbohydrates.E) dissolve in lipids.

102)

103) Cancer cellsA) do not form neoplasms.B) are indistinguishable from normal body cells.C) generally form benign tumors.D) have a slow mitotic rate.E) may exhibit metastasis.

103)

104) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA isA) UAG. B) ATC. C) AUC. D) AUG. E) TAG.

104)

105) The anticodon for the triplet UCA isA) TCA. B) TGT. C) AGC. D) AGU. E) AGT.

105)

106) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must beA) edited to remove introns.B) edited to remove exons.C) transported into the cytoplasm.D) both A and CE) both B and C

106)

107) Microscopic analysis of a tissue sample indicates that it contains abundant myosin and actinfilaments. This tissue is probably formed fromA) nerve cells.B) bone cells.C) reproductive cells.D) liver cells.E) muscle cells.

107)

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108) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmicreticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells?A) protein hormonesB) transport proteinsC) digestive enzymesD) antibodiesE) steroid hormones

108)

109) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normalbreathing. Under these circumstancesA) the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged.B) less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.C) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.D) less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.E) more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.

109)

110) A membrane transport process is found experimentally to have a saturation limit. Which of thefollowing is a possible property of the process?A) active transportB) carrier-mediatedC) cotransportD) energy-dependentE) all of the above

110)

111) In a series of measurements of resting transmembrane potentials, the following values wererecorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error?A) —10 mV B) +100 mV C) —20 mV D) —40 mV E) —70 mV

111)

112) Mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is toA) visceral cells.B) sensory cells.C) reproductive cells.D) stem cells.E) plant cells.

112)

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Figure 3-1 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell

Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question(s):

113) Which structure organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6

113)

114) Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids occurs in the structure labeledA) 4. B) 5. C) 6. D) 7. E) 8.

114)

115) Which structure produces ATP for the cell?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6

115)

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116) Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion?A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8

116)

117) The structure labeled "1" permits the cell toA) produce more cells.B) attach to neighboring cells.C) trap bacteria.D) increase surface area for increased membrane transport.E) swim in extracellular fluid.

117)

Figure 3-2 The Plasmalemma

Use Figure 3-2 to answer the following question(s):

118) Which structure is water most likely to pass through?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8

118)

119) Which structure has a "gate" to control transport?A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 7 E) 8

119)

120) Microfilaments are labeledA) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6.

120)

121) Lipid molecules pass into the cell through the structure labeledA) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 5. E) 6.

121)

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122) What part of the plasmalemma is hydrophobic?A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

122)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

123) When a person receives intravenous fluids to help build up blood volume, why is it important for the fluid tobe isotonic?

124) Intravenous injection of KCl could be fatal. Why?

125) How would an inhibitor of the sodium-potassium exchange pump affect the resting potential?

126) Define osmosis.

127) A) What are the similarities between facilitated diffusion and active transport? B) What are the differences?

128) What role does the sodium-potassium exchange pump play in stabilizing the resting membrane potential?

129) Differentiate between transcription and translation.

130) During kidney dialysis, a person's blood is passed through a bath that contains several ions and molecules.The blood is separated from the dialysis fluid by a membrane that allows water, small ions, and smallmolecules to pass, but does not allow large proteins or blood cells to pass. What should the composition ofdialysis fluid be for it to remove urea (a small molecule) without changing the blood volume (removingwater from the blood)?

131) Which organelles are involved in membrane flow? Trace the route of a single integral membrane proteinfrom formation to incorporation into the plasma membrane.

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