Medical Terminology Chapter 7
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The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen ChabnerCopyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Chapter 7 Urinary System
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2
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Chapter Goals
• Name essential organs of the urinary system and describe their locations and functions.
• Identify common pathological conditions.• Recognize how urinalysis is used and
interpreted as a diagnostic test.• Define urinary-system-related combining
forms, prefixes, and suffixes.
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Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the urinary system.
• Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
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Chapter 7 Lesson 7.1
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Introduction
• Nitrogenous wastesUrea Creatinine Uric acid
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Introduction (cont’d)• Functions of the kidney
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine
Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium), and acids
Release hormones:• Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure• Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell
production in the bone marrow• Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of
calcium from the intestineDegrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream
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Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the urinary system in a male
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Organs of the urinary system in a male
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
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Anatomy of the Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system
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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?A. Nitrogenous wasteB. UrinationC. Outer section of the kidneyD. Triangular area in the bladder
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How Kidneys Produce Urine
• Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
• Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the blood
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood enters the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries
• Arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the blood
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood passes through the glomeruli
• Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood passes through the glomeruli
• Glomerular (Bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the formation of urine•Glomerular filtration•Tubular reabsorption•Tubular secretion
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the formation of urine•Glomerular filtration•Tubular reabsorption•Tubular secretion
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• The glomerulus and a renal tubule combine to form a unit called a nephron.
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a kidney?A. 100,000,000B. 10,000,000C. 1,000,000D. 100,000
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How Kidneys Produce UrineAll collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cup-like regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
All collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are small, cuplike regions of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
Illustration shows section of kidney
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and expelling urine
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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and expelling urine
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Vocabulary
• arteriole
• calyx or calix
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• arteriole
• calyx or calix
Small artery
Cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvis; the term comes from the Greek, kalux, meaning a cup or case surrounding a flower bud
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• catheter
• cortex
• creatinine
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• catheter
• cortex
• creatinine
Tube for injecting or removing fluids
Outer region of an organ
Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• electrolyte
• erythropoietin (EPO)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• electrolyte
• erythropoietin (EPO)
Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.
Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a substance that forms.
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• filtration
• glomerular capsule
• glomerulus
• hilum
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• filtration
• glomerular capsule
• glomerulus
• hilum
Process whereby some substances pass through a filter
Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
Depression in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes from the Latin meaning a small thing
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• kidney
• meatus
• medulla
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• kidney
• meatus
• medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from the bloodstream to form urine
Opening or canal
Inner region of an organ; the term comes from the Latin, medulla, meaning marrow
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• nephron
• nitrogenous waste
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• nephron
• nitrogenous waste
The functional unit of thekidney where filtration,reabsorption, and secretiontake place
Substance containing nitrogenand excreted in urine;examples are urea, uric acid,and creatinine
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• potassium (K+)
• reabsorption
• renal artery
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• potassium (K+)
• reabsorption
• renal artery
An electrolyte regulated by the kidney
Renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renal pelvis
• renal tubules
• renal vein
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renal pelvis
• renal tubules
• renal vein
Central collection region in the kidney
Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• renin
• sodium (Na+)
• trigone
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Vocabulary (cont’d)• renin
• sodium (Na+)
• trigone
Hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure
An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys; a common form of sodium is sodium chloride (salt)
Triangular area in the urinary bladder
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• urea
• ureter
• urethra
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• urea
• ureter
• urethra
Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
One of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• uric acid
• urinary bladder
• urination (voiding)
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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• uric acid
• urinary bladder
• urination (voiding)
Nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine
Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
Process of expelling urine; also called micturition
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
SymptomsSTRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis ________________
Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladderCombining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often cause acute or chronic cystitis. In acute cystitis, the bladder contains blood as a result of mucosal hemorrhage (see figure, Acute cystitis).
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
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STRUCTURES nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in the figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid
(water) in the kidney
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be caused by renal calculi (stones) as shown in the figure. Notice the buildup of excess fluid in the kidney.
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
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Terminology: Structures, Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
kal/o __________
ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
natr/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o ________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix Meaning MeaningSUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
kal/o potassium
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
natr/o sodium
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
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Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin __________
py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
-uria __________
urin/o __________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin substance that forms
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
-uria urination; urine
condition
urin/o urine
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
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Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1. Color
2. Appearance
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose
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Urinalysis (cont’d)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6. Specific gravity
7. Ketone bodies
8. Sediment
9. Phenylketonuria
10.Bilirubin
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QUICK QUIZ:
3. In a urinalysis, what does the test of specific gravity reflect?A. The chemical nature of urineB. The presence of albuminC. Blood in the urineD. The amount of wastes, minerals, and solids in the urine
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Chapter 7Lesson 7.2
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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
• Glomerulonephritis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Polycystic kidneys (PKD)
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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney• Polycystic kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight.
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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Kidney• Pyelonephritis • Renal cell carcinoma• Renal failure• Renal hypertension• Wilms tumor
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Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)
Kidney• Renal cell
carcinoma
(Hypernephroma) Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Urinary bladder • Bladder cancer
Associated conditions • Diabetes insipidus (DI)• Diabetes mellitus (DM)
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. A term that means frequent (voluntary) urination at night is:A. anuriaB. nocturiaC. diuresisD. hematuria
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)• Creatinine clearance test
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures X-ray Studies
CT urography Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB) Renal angiography Retrograde pyelogram (RP) Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
• CT-Computed tomography The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on the kidney.
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Voiding cystourethrogram• (VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The
bladder is filled with contrast material, followed by x-ray imaging.
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical proceduresUltrasound examinationUltrasonography: imaging urinary
tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Radioactive studiesRadioisotope scan: image of kidney
after injecting a radioisotope into the bloodstream
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Magnetic imaging• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography: A changing magnetic field produces images of
an organ and surrounding structures in three planes of the body
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Other clinical procedures• Cystoscopy• Dialysis• Lithotripsy • Renal angioplasty• Renal biopsy• Renal transplantation• Urinary catheterization
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Hemodialysis (HD)
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Laboratory Tests and Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
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Abbreviations
• ADH _______________• AKI _______________• ARF _______________• BILI _______________• BUN _______________ • Ccr _______________• CAPD _______________• Cath _______________• CCPD _______________• CKD _______________
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• ADH Antidiuretic hormone• ARF Acute renal failure• AKI Acute renal injury• BILI Bilirubin• BUN Blood urea nitrogen• Ccr Creatinine clearance• CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis• Cath Catheter; catheterization• CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis• CKD Chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d)
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• CL- _____________________• CrCl _____________________
• CRF _____________________
• C & S _____________________
• Cysto _____________________
• eGFR _____________________
• ESRD _____________________
• ESWL _____________________
• HCO3- _____________________
• HD _____________________
• IC _____________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)
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• CL- Chloride, a kidney excretion
• CrCl Creatinine clearance
• CRF Chronic renal failure
• C&S Culture and sensitivity testing
• Cysto Cystoscopic examination
• eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
• ESRD End-stage renal disease• ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy• HCO3
- Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
• HD Hemodialysis• IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Abbreviations (cont’d)
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• IVP __________________• K+ __________________• KUB __________________• Na+ __________________• PD __________________• pH __________________• PKU __________________• sp gr __________________• UA __________________• UTI __________________• VCUG __________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)
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• IVP Intravenous pyelogram• K+ Potassium, an electrolyte• KUB Kidney ureter and bladder• Na+ Sodium, an electrolyte• PD Peritoneal dialysis• pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity• PKU Phenylketonuria• sp gr Specific gravity• UA Urinalysis• UTI Urinary tract infection• VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram
Abbreviations (cont’d)
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QUICK QUIZ:5. The abbreviation RP is associated
with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal cavity and then drained out.B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters, and x-rays are taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from the patient’s blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal tubules.
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Review Sheet Combining forms
albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________
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Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
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dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
kal/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
kal/o potassium
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
natr/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o____________
noct/o ____________
ogli/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
natr/o sodium
necr/o death
nephr/okidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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py/o __________
pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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ureter/o ____________
urethr/o ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
Review Sheet (cont’d) Combining forms
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-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
Review Sheet Suffixes
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-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
Review Sheet (cont’d) Suffixes
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-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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-plasty _________________
-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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-tomy _____________
-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
Review Sheet (cont’d)Suffixes
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a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
Review SheetPrefixes
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a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
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en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
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en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
Review Sheet (cont’d)Prefixes
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QUICK QUIZ:
6. The combining form dips/o means:A. stoneB. scantyC. thirstD. water
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
7. Which combining form means pus?A. pyel/oB. lith/oC. ogli/oD. py/o
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QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
8. The combining form isch/o means:A. scantyB. to hold back; backC. nightD. trigon