Chapter 1 Medical Terminology
-
Upload
stephaniehudon -
Category
Education
-
view
1.641 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 1 Medical Terminology
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
1
The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine1010thth edition edition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Chapter 1Basic Word Structure
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
3
Chapter Goals• Identify basic objectives to guide your
study of the medical language.• Divide medical words into their
component parts.• Learn the meanings of basic combining
forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.
• Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
4
Chapter 1Lesson 1.1
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
5
Objectives in Studying The Medical Language
• Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
• Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body.
• Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
6
QUICK QUIZ:
1. All medical terms have:A. a combining vowelB. two rootsC. a suffixD. a prefix
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
7
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?
A. SuffixB. PrefixC. Combining vowelD. Combining form
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
8
Word Analysis
HEMAT/O/LOGY
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
9
Word Analysis (cont’d)
HEMAT/O/LOGY root suffix combining vowel
hemat means blood-logy means process of study
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
10
Word Analysis (cont’d)
Important elements:Root: foundation of the termSuffix: word endingPrefix: word beginningCombining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links
the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation
Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
11
Word Analysis (cont’d)
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
12
Word Analysis (cont’d)
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM root root suffix combining vowels
electr means electricitycardi means heart-gram means record
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
13
Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/ITIS
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
14
Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/ITIS root suffix gastr means stomach-itis means inflammation
Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix starts with a vowel (as in “itis”)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
15
Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
16
Word Analysis (cont’d)
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY root root suffix combining vowels
gastr means stomachenter means intestines-logy means process of study
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
17
Word Analysis (cont’d)
THREE General Rules:
1. Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across
2. Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”
3. Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not “gastrenterology”
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
18
Word Analysis (cont’d)
HYPO/GASTR/IC
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
19
Word Analysis (cont’d)
HYPO/GASTR/IC prefix root suffix hypo- means belowgastr means stomach-ic means pertaining to
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
20
Word Analysis (cont’d)
EPI/GASTR/IC
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
21
Word Analysis (cont’d)
EPI/GASTR/IC prefix root suffix epi- means abovegastr means stomach-ic means pertaining to
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
22
Combining Forms
aden/o_________
arthr/o_________
bi/o _________
carcin/o _________
cardi/o_________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
23
Combining Forms (cont’d)
aden/o gland
arthr/o joint
bi/o life
carcin/o cancerous, cancer
cardi/o heart
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
24
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means inflammation of the gland?
A. ArthritisB. AdenitisC. AdenomaD. Cephalic
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
25
Combining Forms
cephal/o _________
cerebr/o _________
cis/o _________
crin/o _________
cyst/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
26
Combining Forms (cont’d)
cephal/o head
cerebr/o cerebrum
cis/o to cut
crin/o to secrete
cyst/o urinary bladder
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
27
Combining Forms (cont’d)
cyt/o _________
derm/o or dermat/o _________
electr/o _________
encephal/o _________
enter/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
28
Combining Forms (cont’d)
cyt/o cell
derm/o or dermat/o skin
electr/o electricity
encephal/o brain
enter/o intestines
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
29
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means study of cells?A. CystoscopyB. CystitisC. CytologyD. Hematology
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
30
Combining Forms
erythr/o _________
gastr/o _________
glyc/o _________
gnos/o _________
gynec/o _________
hemat/o or hem/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
31
Combining Forms (cont’d)
erythr/o red
gastr/o stomach
glyc/o sugar
gnos/o knowledge
gynec/o woman, female
hemat/o or hem/o blood
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
32
Combining Forms (cont’d)
hepat/o _________
iatr/o _________
leuk/o _________
log/o _________
nephr/o_________
neur/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
33
Combining Forms (cont’d)
hepat/o liver
iatr/o treatment, physician
leuk/o white
log/o study of
nephr/okidney
neur/o nerve
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
34
Combining Forms (cont’d)
onc/o _________
ophthalm/o _________
oste/o _________
path/o _________
ped/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
35
Combining Forms (cont’d)
onc/o tumor
ophthalm/o eye
oste/o bone
path/o disease
ped/o child
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
36
Combining Forms (cont’d)
psych/o _________
radi/o _________
ren/o _________
rhin/o _________
sarc/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
37
Combining Forms (cont’d)
psych/o mind
radi/o x-rays
ren/o kidney
rhin/o nose
sarc/o flesh
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
38
Combining Forms (cont’d)
sect/o _________
thromb/o _________
ur/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
39
Combining Forms (cont’d)
sect/o to cut
thromb/o clot, clotting
ur/o urinary tract, urine
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
40
Suffixes
-ac _________
-al _________
-algia _________
-cyte _________
-ectomy _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
41
Suffixes (cont’d)
-ac pertaining to
-al pertaining to
-algia pain
-cyte cell
-ectomy excision, removal
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
42
QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove?A.-ectomyB. -scopyC. -itisD.-opsy
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
43
Suffixes
-emia _________
-genic _________
-globin _________
-gram _________
-ic, ical _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
44
Suffixes (cont’d)
-emia blood condition
-genic produced by or in
-globin protein
-gram record
-ic, ical pertaining to
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
45
Suffixes (cont’d)
-ion _________
-ist _________
-itis _________
-logy _________
-oma _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
46
Suffixes (cont’d)
-ion process
-ist specialist
-itis inflammation
-logy process of study
-oma tumor, mass, swelling
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
47
Suffixes (cont’d)
-opsy _________
-osis _________
-pathy _________
-scope _________
-scopy _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
48
Suffixes (cont’d)
-opsy process of viewing
-osis condition, usually abnormal
-pathy disease condition
-scope instrument to visually examine
-scopy process of visually examining
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
49
Suffixes (cont’d)
-sis _________
-tomy _________
-y _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
50
Suffixes (cont’d)
-sis state of; condition
-tomy process of cutting, incision
-y process, condition
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
51
Prefixes
a-, an- _________
aut-, auto _________
dia- _________
end-, endo- _________
epi- _________
ex-, exo- _________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
52
Prefixes (cont’d)
a-, an- no, not, without
aut-, auto- self, own
dia- complete, through
endo- within
epi- above, upon
ex-, exo- out, outside of, outward
Combining Form Combining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
53
Prefixes (cont’d)
hyper- _________
hypo- _________
in- _________
peri- _________
pro- _________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
54
Prefixes (cont’d)
hyper- excessive, above, more than normal
hypo- deficient, below, under, less than normal
in- into, in
peri- surrounding, around
pro- before, forward
Combining Form Combining Form Meaning Meaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
55
Prefixes (cont’d)
re- _________
retro- _________
sub- _________
trans- _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
56
Prefixes (cont’d)
re- back, backward, again
retro- behind
sub- below, under
trans- across, through
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
57
Pronunciation of Terms
• When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example:
ā as in āpe
ō as in ōpen
• When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example:
ă as in ăpple
ŏ as in pŏt
• The capitalized syllable is accented.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
58
Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d)
Examples:
adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs
biology bī-OL-ō-jē
cephalic se-FĂL-ĭk
iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JĔN-ĭk
resection rē-SĔK-shŭn