MODULE-2

Types of computer:

Micro Computer Systems; PC, Network computers, Technical workstations, Personal digital assistance information applications.

Midrange Systems; Network servers, Minicomputers, Web servers, Multi-user systems.

Mainframe Systems; Enterprise systems, Super servers, Transaction processors, Super computers.

Computers is a System of H/W Components & Functions; HARDWARE

Input Devices; Keyboard, Mouse, Touch Screen, Optical Scanner, Voice Recognition, Pens. Function; Input devices enter data & instructions to the CPU. They convert data into electronic form for direct entry (or) through a telecommunication network into a computer system. Output Devices; Video display units, printers, audio response. Function; They convert electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end users.

Input Process Output

keyboardkeyboard

SOFTWARE Software is the general terms for various kinds of programs used to operate & manipulate computers & related devices.

Types of Software;

Computersoftware

Application software

Systemsoftware

General purpose

Application programs

ApplicationSpecific

programs

SystemManagement

programs

SystemDevelopment

programs

MANAGING DATA RESOURCES

Data are a vital organizational resources that needs to be managed like other Import anent business assets. How data are organized in IS. A conceptual framework ofseveral levels of data has been devised that differentiate between different grouping (or) elements, of data.

Examples; Character Field Record File Database

DATABASE; An integrated collection of logically related data elements. A database consolidates many records previously stored in separate files so that a common pool of data serves many applications.

Types of Database; Operational Database Distributed Database External Database Hypermedia Database

Operational Database Store detailed data needed to support the operations of the entire organization.

ex: customer database, personnel database, etc

Distributed Database many organizations replicate and distribute copies or parts of databases to network servers at a variety of sites.

External Database Access to wealth of information from downloading.

Hypermedia Database consists of home page and other hyperlinked pages of multimedia (text, graphics, photos, video clips, audio segments, etc).

DATAWAREHOUSE An integrated collection of data extracted from operational , historical and external DB and cleaned, transformed andcataloged for retrieval and analysis, to provide business intelligence for business DM.

DATAWAREHOUSE

Applications Data marts

ERP

Inventory

Logistics

Shipping

Purchase

CRM

Finance

Marketing

Sales

Accountancy

HRM

Manufacturing

DATA MINING

DM is special purpose S/W to analyze data from a DW to find hidden patterns and trends

It is an information analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of pattern and relationship in a DW

Objectives of the DM is to extract patterns & trends & rules from DW to evaluate proposed business strategies

DM is a major use of data warehouse DB

DM, the data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden patterns & trends in historical business activity.

DM can discover new correlations, patterns & trends in vast amounts of business data, stored in DW.

DM S/W uses advanced Patten recognition algorithms, as well as a of a variety of mathematical & statistical techniques to sift through Mountain of data to extract previously unknown strategic business information.

How DM extracts business knowledge form a DW;

DBTarget

data DW PatternsBusiness

knowledgeselection

Datatransformation DM

Evaluation/interpretation

DBMS; A set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, &utilization of the DB of an organization.

DBMS serves as a S/W interface b/w users & DB. DBMS is the main S/W tool of the DB mgt approach. DBMS controls the creation, maintenance, & use of the DB of an org. &

its end users.

Functions of DBMS;

to Create ----- a new DB & DB applications. to Maintain ----- the quality of the data in an orgs. to Use ----- the DB of an org to provide the information needed by

its end users.Data Resource Mgt; A managerial activity that applies IS technology & mgt tools to the task of managing an org. data resources. Its three major components are DB administration, data administration, & Data planning.

Data resource management

Data administration

Data planning

Databaseadministration

• Database administration:- Includes responsibility for developing and maintaining the

organization’s data dictionary, designing and monitoring the performance of databases and enforcing standards for database use and security.

• Data planning:- Includes the responsibility for developing an overall data

architecture for the firm’s data resources that ties in with the firm’s strategic mission and plans, and the objectives and processes of its business units.

• Data administration:- Administering the collection, storage and dissemination of all

types of data in such a way that data become a standardized resource available to all end users in the organization.

DB approach to Data Management

The file processing approach was replaced by the DB mgt approach as the foundation of modern methods of managing org.al data. The DB mgt approach consolidates data records formally in separate files into DB that can be accessed by many diff. applications programs. In addition, a DBMS serves as a S/W interface b/w users & DB. This helps users easily access the data in a DB.

This approach has three basic activities:

• Updating and maintaining common database to reflect new business transactions and other events requiring changes to an organization.

PayrollData

InventoryData

InvoicingData

Other data

DBMS

Payrollpgm

Invoicingpgm

Mgtinquiries

InventoryControl

pgm

report

report

report

report

DBInterface

Applicationprograms

Users

DB approach to Data Management

• Providing information needed for each end user’s application by using application programs that share the data in common database.

• Providing an inquiry/response and reporting capability through a DBMS package so that end users can easily interrogate databases, generate reports, and receive quick responses.

Inquiry

DBMS

Customer transaction processing

Checka/c prog

Savinga/c prog

InstallmentLoan prog

CustomerDB

Advantages of DBMS• Data independence • Efficient data access• Data integrity & security• Data administration• Concurrent access & crash recovery• Reduced application development time

BUSINESS APPLICATIONS OF TELECOMMUNICATION

Telecommunication is the sending of information in any form from one Place to another using electronic.

Business Telecommunication

Enterprise collaboration

systems

E-commercesystems

InternalBusinesssystems

Telecommunication networks

E-mail Voice Conference Video Conference

Web purchasing E-banking SCM

Internal TP Intranet web publishing Work flow systems

Media; There are several types of comm. media , that is , means through which bits are transmitted. Media can be tangible and intangible.

Tangible --------- Cables [ Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, & optical fibres]

Intangible --------- Radio waves [Microwaves radio technology

Radio & Satellite Transmission Radio Frequency [RF]; RF use radio waves to carry bits. There are several wireless technologies transmitting through air or space e.g Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

Mirowaves; These are high frequency radio waves that carry signals over long distances with high accuracy e.g Antennas

Satellite Links; Signals can also be transmitted using microwaves via satellite links

Telecommunication Network Model

Communication network is any arrangement where a sender transmits a message to a receiver over a channel consisting of some type of medium.

PCs &Terminals

Telecomm.S/W0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Telecomm. Channels

Telecomm.Processor

Tele comm.Processor

Telecomm. Processor; Which supports data transmission & reception b/w terminals &computers.

Examples; Modems, Switches, & Routers

Terminals; Such as NW personal computers, NW computers or information appliances.Telecomm. Channels; Which support data are transmitted & received. Telecomm. Channels may use combination of media, such as tangible or intangible.

Telecomm. Processor; Which support data transmission & reception b/w terminals and computers. These devices, such as modems, switches, and routers, perform a variety of control and support functions in a telecomm. NW.

e.g;convert data from digital to analog and back, control the speed, accuracy and efficiency of the comm. Flow b/w computers & terminals in a NW.

MODEM Modem ----- MOdulator – DEModulator A device which converts the digital signals to analog signals Modem is now used for the devices that connect computers to the internet with these technologies

Cable means -- cable modemDSL means -- DSL modem

Types of Telecommunication Networks

• Local Area Network [LAN]• Wide Area Network [WAN]• Internet• Intranet• Extranet• Client/ Server network

Local Area Network (LAN) A comm. Network that typically connects computers, terminals, & other computerized devices within a limited area such as building, office, mfg plant.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) MAN covers wide area than a local area NW. Usually MAN covers a metropolitan city & is a scaled down version of wide area NW. It operates at high speeds over distances sufficient for a metropolitan area. It links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan region and typically spans a distance of up to 50 km.

Wide Area Network (WAN) A data communication network covering a large geographic area, ranging from several miles to entire continents. 1. Private NW 2. Public NW

Client/Server Network A computer network where end user workstations are connected via telecommunications links to network servers.

Features of LAN• Private ownership by the user• Limited geographic area [5-6KM]• Common comm. Link for sharing

information, S/W & peripherals devices• Link a no. of computers together to allow

many people to use the same data files

Types of LAN; Peer-to-Peer;

• Set up of each computer as an independent computer, but let other computers access specific files on its hard drive or share printer

• A small business might use to share files & H/W devices such as printers

•These type of NW have no server. Instead, each computer is connected to the next machine

• Performance of the computers is slow, s/w cost is minimal faster & easier to use for home based business

Network Topologies

Topology is a physical arrangement of computing and comm. machines, so as to achieve the desired purpose of NW. In other wards, it is a physical implementation of desired NW. There are 3 basic topologies used in wide area & local area NW. Those are;

1. Star NW2. Bus NW3. Ring NW

Star NW;• In this, all computers & other devices are connected to a central host computer• This is most convenient topology, but it posses high risk i.e. NW is highly vulnerable if central computer fails.• The host computer plays the role of controller of the NW• It is a static NW as it provides for direct point-to-point connection with clients & host

Bus NW;

• This is a simple topology to implement a computer NW.• In bus topology a single comm. Lines is shared among all the

computers All intending computer transmit a signal simultaneously i.e.

every signal is transmitted to every other computers A major drawback of this, traffic congestion is more.

Ring NW;

All computers are linked to a closed loop, where in comm. Is allowed only in one direction

A token generated in the circuit moves continuously on the circular path say in clock wise direction

A token passed with each message delivers the message to the right computer. The message along with token travels in the direction

INTERNETDefinition;

“ Internet is an international network of networks, rather than one one big network. It is the largest information superhighway in the world”.

Functions of Internet; Communication Information Retrieval Easy-to-use

Internet Benefits to Organizations;

Reducing comm. Cost Enhancing comm. & co-ordination Accelerating the distribution of knowledge Improving customer service & satisfaction Facilitating marketing & sales

INTRANET

Intranet like network inside the enterprise, these private intranet for organizational communication, collaboration & co-ordination.

CorporateIntranet

Finance & A/C General ledger reporting Project costing Annual reports Budgeting

Mfg & Production Quality measurement Maintenance schedule Machine O/P Order tracking

HR Corporate policies E’ yees savings plan Benefits enrollment Online Training

Sales & Materials Corporate Analysis Price updates Promotional campaigns Sales promotion & Controls

Business Value of Intranet:

Publication cost savings Training &Development Measuring cost & benefits

Limitations of Intranet:

New evolving technology Lack of security features May require network upgrades Lack of performance Mgt

EXTRANET

Private intranet extended to authorized users outside the org. are called Extranets.

Business value of Extranet

Web browser technology of extranets makes customers & suppliers access of intranet resources a lot easier & faster than previous business methods.

Extranets enables a company to offers new kinds of interactive web enables services to their business partners.

Extranet helps business to build & strengthen strategic relationships with its customers & suppliers.

It facilitate an online, interactive product development, marketing, &customer-focused process that can bring better designed products to market faster.

Ethernet

In Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineering [IEEE] sets standards for comm. Protocols.

IEEE 802.3 known as Ethernet, is a highly popular LAN protocol Ethernet uses either coaxial cables or fiber optical cables.

Ethernet support from 10-100Mbps.

Wireless Protocols All wireless devices use radio transceivers. The radio waves carry the digital signal, the bits. Depending on the protocol followed the devices use different radio frequencies for their work.

Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 is a family of wireless protocols, collectively

known as Wi-Fi [Wireless Fidelity]. It can transmit up to 11 Mbps within a 100 meter of a wireless router at a maximum speed of 11Mbps providing low cost flexible technology for connecting work groups & providing mobile internet access. Wi-Fi can also provide high speed internet access to specially outfitted PCs within a Wi-Fi access point. Wi-Fi hotspot are springing up in hotels, libraries and college etc Business are using Wi-Fi NW to create low cost wireless LAN & to provide internet access from conference rooms.

Bluetooth• Bluetooth standard was developed for devices that comm.

With each other within a short range of up to 10 meters in the office, at home & in motor vehicles

• It transmits voice & data• Bluetooth was later adopted by IEEE as its 802.15

standard, which is compatible with the earlier version of Bluetooth

• Typical Bluetooth include wireless keyboard & wireless micro phones for cellular phones, then digital entertainment devices

e.g wrist-worn MP3 players to headphone • Bluetooth consider a PAN technology

WiMAX WiMAX, worldwide interoperability for microwave access increases the range & speed of wireless comm. It is a telecomm technology that provides for the wireless transmission of data in a variety of ways, ranging from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It might potentially reach up to 110km with a speed of 100Mbps The WiMAX as a standards – based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broad band access as an alternative to cable & DSL The technology provides broadband speed without the need of cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard (wireless MAN) Providing a wireless alternative to cable & DSL for last mile broadband access

Relationship of a Company’s Intranet, Extranet, & the Internet

CorporateIntranet

MarketingEngg

FinanceHRM

SupplierCustomer

Internet

extranet extranet

COBOL [common business oriented language

• COBOL as a extensive file handling facilities like movement & processing of files, records, fields etc

• It as close resemblance to English like sentence forms• COBOL was designed with business administration in

mind for processing large data files with alphanumeric & performing repetitive tasks like payroll

• COBOL is early learned by business analysts & most widely used language

• It is supported by external groups & there is an abundance of productivity

• Weaknesses of COBOL;• It is poor at complex mathematical calculations• COBOL programs are lengthy

“C” Language

• Mid-level structured language developed as part of the UNIX operating system

• It resembles a machine -independent assembler language • The structured definition & additional operators were added &

the new language become known as “C”• C closely associated with system programming activities• C modules consists of global declarations & a sequence of

functions• In “C” structure, data storage is very simple• In this multiple modules are loaded together to form one

executable program• “C” has a full set of control structures with rise to very

efficient & flexible semantics • “C” always closely tied with operating system functionality

JAVA Java is an object – oriented language created by sun Microsystems that is revolutionizing the programming of application for the WWW & corporate intranet & extranet. Java is related to the C++ & objective programming language, but it is much simpler & is computing platform independent.

Java specifically designed for real-time, interactive & web-based network applications

Java app.. Consisting of small programs called as applets Applet can execute by any computer & any operating systems Java applets distributing term from network servers to client PCs

& network computers It is small special purpose app. programs or small modules of large

app.. programs Applet can reside at web sites on a network server until needed by

client systems It can run on windows, OS/2, & Macintosh systems W/O modification Java is a tool for building multimedia web pages, websites, & web –

enabled app. Objected oriented languages are easier to use & more efficient for programming the graphics – oriented user interfaces & it is reusability of objects