Matter and Change

• Chapter Nine: Acids, Bases and Solutions

• Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions

• Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things

Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions

• 10.1 Understanding Chemical Reactions

• 10.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions

Investigation 10A

• How do you know when a chemical reaction has occurred?

Chemical Reactions

10.1 Understanding chemical reactions

• Ice melting into water is an example of a physical change.

• During a physical change, a substance changes its form but remains the same substance.

• The water can be refrozen into ice again.

10.1 Understanding chemical reactions

• A chemical change turns one or more substances into different substances that usually have different properties.

10.1 Chemical changes rearrange chemical bonds

• A chemical reaction is a system of chemical changes that involves the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds to create new substances.

10.1 Evidence of chemical change

Four indicators of chemical change are:

1. Formation of new gas

2. Formation of new solid

3. Release of energy (heat or light)

4. Color change

10.1 Products and reactants

• In chemical reactions, you start with reactants that are combined to make products.

– The reactants are the starting substances.– The products are the new substances which

result from the chemical reaction.

10.1 Reactants

• The first step in understanding a reaction is to see what atoms are in the reactants.

• Counting atoms is one way to understand a reaction.

How many hydrogen atoms?

How many sodium ions?

How many oxygen atoms?

How many carbon atoms?

10.1 Products• The chemical reaction rearranges the

same atoms in the reactants to become new compounds in the products.

How many hydrogen atoms?

How many sodium ions?

How many oxygen atoms?

How many carbon atoms?

10.1 Chemical equations

• A chemical equation is an abbreviated way to show the exact numbers of atoms and compounds in a chemical reaction.

• The arrow shows the direction the reaction goes, from reactants to products.

Reactants Product

10.1 Chemical equations

• The reaction combines hydrogen and oxygen molecules.

10.1 Chemical equations• Count the atoms to see if there are the same

number of each type of atom on the reactant and product sides of the equation.

• Since there is one more oxygen atom on the reactant side than there is on the product side, the reaction equation is not balanced.

10.1 Balancing chemical equations

• A balanced chemical equation has the same number of each type of atom on the product side and the reactant side.

• To balance the equation, we add another water molecule to the product side and add another hydrogen molecule to the reactant side.

• We can practice balancing equations using CPO periodic table tiles and pencil and paper.

10.1 Numbers in equations