Masonry.pptx

7/27/2019 Masonry.pptx

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/masonrypptx 1/27

College of EngineeringAngeles University Foundation

Angeles City

MASONRY

by Engr. Ma. Cristina V. David



MASONRY

• A cons truct ion mater ial formed bycombining individual masonry units, such asstone and brick, with a binding material:mortar.• Mainly used to bu i ld wal ls which is avertical structural elements, thin inproportion to their length and height and thatserve to enclose or divide a space and tosupport loads from other elements.•Types of appl icat ions ranging from highrise building to compound walls to water retaining structures.



Historical Landmarks made up of masonry

•Pyramids of Egypt•The Great Wall of China

•The Taj Mahal of India

•Roman and Greek ruins

•The arches and vaults of Syria

•The great cathedrals of Europe

•The Roosevelt Dam



Types o f Masonry Wal l

Based on location• Exterior

• Interior

Based on structural requirements•Load bearing

•Non-load bearing

Based on method of construction•Solid wall or hollow wall

•Framed wall



Masonry Un i ts

• Hol low masonry uni t – defined as having net

cross-sectional area in every plane, parallel to

the bearing surface, less than 75% of the gross

cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex.concrete units)

• Solid masonry uni t – has a net cross-

sectional area in every plane, parallel to thebearing surface, 75% or more of the gross

cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex.

clay units)



Clay Bricks and Structural Clay Tile

• Clay brick – small solid block which is usually

rectangular and manufactured using burned

clay

• Structural clay t i le – a hollow clay unit which

is generally larger than a brick and is

developed for use where lightweight masonry

is required as in filler panels and partitionwalls. They are also described as hollow

burned clay masonry units with parallel cells or

cores.



Three types o f clays u sed in b r ick

manufactur ing • Surface clays

• Shales

• Fire clays

Three method s o f manu factur ing

br ick s and t i les

• Stiff-mud process

• Soft-mud process

• Dry press process



Dif ferent types o f br icks accord ing to

their u ses

• Building or common bricks• Facing bricks

• Floor bricks

• Paving bricks

• Used bricks (a.k.a. salvage bricks)

Bu i ld ing br icks are manufactured in

three grades

• Grade SW

• Grade MW

• Grade NW



Three types of facing bricks based onfactors that affect their appearance

•Types FBS•Types FBX•Types FBA

Properties of bricks and structuralclay tile

• Physical Properties

• Color • Texture• Size• Density



Engineering or mechanical properties

• Compressive strength

• Modulus of rupture

• Modulus of elasticity• Tensile strength

• Absorption

• Thermal conductivity• Fire resistance



Bui ld ing Stones and Ceram ics

Stones are used mainly for the following

purposes:•foundation of walls, arches, abutments,dams, etc.•construction of roads and floors of buildings•coarse aggregate in cement concrete•used as facing in building for improvedappearance

•railing ballast• Marble is used for the construction of beautiful building, temple, mosque•Slate is also used for the construction of roof



Usage:

• Stone dust, stone sand and gravel are

incorporated with the earth, followedby compaction to improve the soil

holding capacity before concreting

works follow, or as a foundation beforeconstruction of columns.

• Reinforced concrete employ gravel to

maximize the strength of cement,

following the standard mixture.

• Road ballast help prevent gradual

erosion and wash out.



Variet ies of Bu i lding Stones

Building stones are natural rocks

used in masonry construction, the most

important and the common building

stones include granite, limestone

(including marble), sandstone andslate.

Some characteristics of Stone and their Tests1.Strength of stone

2.Absorption and Porosity

3.Durability



Factors affecting the durability of stones:

• Chemical Composition

• Physical characteristics/structure• Weathering quality

Tests for the durability of stones:

• Acid test• Smith’s test

• Crystallization test

4. Specific Gravity and Weight of Stone

5. Compactness of Stone

6. Facility of Dressing

7. Fineness of Grains

8. Weathering Resistance



Causes of weathering:

• Alternate heating and cooling

• Alternate wetting and drying• Air

• Rain, surface and ground

water

• Movements of chemicals

• Growth of vegetation

• Position of any stone in

construction work

• Frost



Stone Quarry ing

1. Methods of Quarrying2. Digging

3. Splitting by Temperature4. Splitting by Wedge5. Blasting

Stone Cutt ing Main Aims of Dressing/Cutting Stones1.To increase the beauty of stone2.To make joints between two stones very

thin so that expenditure of mortar isreduced

3.Stone piece may be given required shapeso that it can be used in arch, coping, etc.



Stages of cu t t ing stones

1.Rough shaping

2.Final shaping

Preservat ion of Stones

Merits of Preservatives

1.able to penetrate the stone

2. remain inside the stone after drying

3.not allow moisture to go inside

4.not from a hard surface on the surface stone5.not spoil the natural color of stone

6.preserve stone

7.cheap and can be applied on stone easily



Types of preservatives

1.Coal Tar and Bitumen2.Barium Hydrate

3.Silicon R 220

4.Raw linseed oil5.Boiled linseed oil

6.Solution of soda and potash



Types of Masonry Construc t ion

1.Riprap Masonry2.Rubble Masonry

Types of Rubble Masonry

• Uncoursed RubbleMasonry

• Coursed Rubble Masonry

3. Squared-stone Masonry

4. Cut-stone Masonry



Streng th o f Stone and Stone Masonry

1.The strength per square inch of stones is

very much greater than the square inch of masonry built from that kind of stone, on

account of the presence of masonry of

mortar joints, which are weaker than thestone.

2.Strong stones make stronger masonry

3.The actual strength of stone masonrydepends largely on the strength of the

mortar used and on the closeness of fit

between adjacent stones.



Available Forms of Building Stones

1.Shaped building stones2.Rough building stones

3.Gravels4.Stone sand

5.Stone dust



Br icks - a mold of clay sun-baked or

kiln-burned in various shapes and

sizes and usually about 8 ½’’ x 4’’x 2 ½’’

Brick Making Process1.Soft Mud Process

2.Stiff Mud Process

3.Dry Press Process



Steps in B rick Making

1.Preparation of soil

2.Molding of Bricks3.Drying of Bricks

Two ways of drying Bricks

• Sun drying• Artificial drying

4.Burning

Stages in the Burning Process

• Dehydration

• Oxidation

5. Glazing



Defects in B ricks

1.Over-burning of Bricks2.Under Burning of Bricks

3.Bloating

4.Black Core5.Effluorescene

6.Lamination

7.Lime Nodules8.Chuffs

9.Iron Spots



Dif feren t Types of B ricks

• Reinforced Brickwork

• Tile• Terra Cotta

Types o f Terra Cotta

1. Hard Terra Cotta

2. Porous Terra Cotta

Other Ceram ic Materials

1. Sewer Pipe

2. Drain Pipe

3 Porcelain and Stoneware

Masonry.pptx

Documents

Transcript of Masonry.pptx