Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction in

Sustainable Development

Principles

Strategic Framework

Guidelines

Mainstreaming is not an ad hoc exercise or one time activity of one sector.

‘It requires an integrated systems approach with well laid down Principles, Strategic

Framework and Guidelines across all relevant sectors and within each

development sector’.

Global Assessment Report on DRR,2015

Integrated systems approach

Principles of mainstreaming

Legal and regulatory mechanism

• Mainstreaming DRR in development to be effective should be supported by laws and regulations

• Diverse legal-regulatory mechanism in Asia-Pacific: o Countries with express legal mandates for

mainstreaming, such as Philippines and Vietnam o Countries with dedicated laws on disaster

management, but without such specific mandate o Countries without dedicated laws on disaster

management, but with strong regulatory system of disaster risk reduction

o Countries without legal-regulatory mechanism

Institutional mechanism

• Mainstreaming, to be effective, should be supported by strong institutional mechanisms for framing policies, strategies and guidelines

• Three different models of institutional mechanism in the Asia-Pacific o Nodal responsibility of Ministry/Department

o Specialized national agency or authority

o Inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms

• ‘Whole of government’ and ‘whole of society’ approach and role of National Platform

Policies and planning

• Issues of mainstreaming should be addressed in three levels of national policies and planning

o National Development Plan

o Strategic National Action Plan on disaster management

o Sectoral development plans

• Plans should be practical and implementable within available financial and technical resources

• Plans should have

o Time frame for implementation

o Monitoring and evaluation system

Finance and budget

• Inadequate budgetary support for DM

• Few special funds on DM, but mostly on response

• Strategic interventions for mainstreaming DRR in public finance and budget o Stepping up dedicated investments on DRR

o Recalibrating existing development schemes for optimizing benefits for DRR

• Case studies on public investment tracking on disaster management

Indonesia

• Regulation 21 of 2008 on Disaster Management

Operation structured public investments on DRR into

7 programs and 33 activities that are aligned with HFA

• Based on these classifications 71 projects are

identified and allocations made during 2006-12 in the

annual budget of national government are computed.

• Analysis shows that allocation on disaster

management, as also its share in national budget and

GDP has increased progressively during these years

Trend in DRR investment in

Indonesia

Year DRM Allocation

(IDR billion)

2006 2,548

2007 3,558

2008 4,386

2009 3,807

2010 5,158

2011 8,997

2012 9,876

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

% share of National Budget

% share of Central Budget

% share of GDP

Philippines

• DRR allocations are classified into three major heads: (a) Understanding hazards,

(b) Minimizing exposure and

(c) Lessening vulnerability/ building resilience.

• Further sub-classified into a number of minor heads

• Allocations computed from the GAA 2009 to 2011

• Resultant figures analyzed from various angles: o Trends in allocation over the years

o Percentage allocation in terms of GDP

o Sectoral and regional distribution of allocations

o Source of allocations in terms of domestic resource and

foreign assistance.

Trend in DRR investment in

Philippines • DRR budget allocation expanded by 61.4 % during

2009-11 (mainly post typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng)

• Still it is 2.12% of national budget and 0.28% of GDP

o Minimization exposure (62.3%)

o lessening vulnerability/building resilience (33%)

o understanding hazard’ (3.7%)

• Share of foreign loan to total DRR budget allocation

increased from 7.4% in 2009 to 27.3% in 2011,

• Half of the allocations are spent on region specific

projects

India

• Identification: to identify schemes/programmes/projects

that have relevance for DRM

• Classification: to classify schemes so identified in

terms of budgetary allocations o Dedicated schemes: when hundred per cent of allocations

are on DRM

o Embedded schemes: when less than hundred per cent of

allocations are on DRM

• Analysis: two levels - (a) as per Priorities of Action of

HFA; (b) as percentage of total allocations and GDP

• Tracking: tracking funds to their destinations –

• Impact: what difference such investments are making in

better DRM

Trend of allocations on dedicated schemes

Year Allocations

(Rs. Cr. )

2005-06 5827.7

2006-07 6865.2

2007-08 6273.5

2008-09 7059.4

2009-10 9585.8

2010-11 11417.4

2011-12 11708.5

Distribution of allocations on

dedicated schemes

Decentralization

• Decentralization promotes good governance through efficiency, participation and accountability

• Models of decentralization in Asia-Pacific

o Deconcentration: dispersal of tasks and resources without any devolution of authority (Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar)

o Devolution: dispersal of tasks along with partial dispersal of resources and authority (India, Bangladesh, Vietnam )

o Autonomy: or dispersal of tasks, resources as well as authority (Philippines and Indonesia)

Capacity building

• Mainstreaming to be effective must be supported by a strong system of capacity building

• Capacity building must cover all sectors, at all levels and for all types of hazards

• Capacity building strategies o Sensitization of policy makers o Education, knowledge and research

across all sectors o Skill development for cutting edge

functionaries o Awareness generation for masses

• Capacity Gap Analysis and Capacity Need Analysis necessary for long term capacity development across all relevant sectors

Strategic approach for mainstreaming DRR in sustainable development

Strategic framework of disaster risk

management in national development plan

• An overarching strategic framework of disaster

risk management in national development plan may be laid down for a medium-to-long term planning cycle (5 to 15 years)

• This framework may be laid down by the national planning commission or similar institution depending on the systems and practices followed by the countries

Review of Lessons Learnt

Overview of Risks (HVEC)

Non structural

Strategic Framework on Disaster Risk

Management

+

TOTAL RISKS

Risk Mitigation

ACCEPTABLE RISKS

= = - Disaster Preparedness

Relative to conditions specific to countries

Heavy Engineering Solutions

Education Awareness CBDRM

Training Capacity Building

Regulation Development Governance

Response

Recovery

Analysis of Emerging Risks

+ Risk

Prevention

Absolute prevention

Structural

High Technical Solutions

Legal and Institutional Framework

Reconstruction

Risk Assessment

Relief

+

Risk

Transfer

National guidelines on mainstreaming

• Based on national strategic framework on disaster risk

management broad national guidelines may be laid

down for mainstreaming disaster risk reduction across

every sector of development at all levels

• Such guidelines should be generic, simple and common

for all relevant sectors of development and should

provide a step-by-step approach to be followed by each

sector to develop their sector specific guidelines

• No other institution is more appropriate to develop

such guidelines than the NDMOs/ nodal ministries/

departments

Suggestive Framework for

National Guidelines on Mainstreaming

Sectoral guidelines for mainstreaming

• Issues, approaches and strategies of mainstreaming DRR would vary from one sector to another

• These would also vary in different sub-sectors within same sector

• These would also vary from one country to another. • However, the basic sector-specific components for

mainstreaming may by and large be common to all the countries of the Asia-Pacific.

• These common elements in one specific sub-sector in each of four key sectors of development – social, productive, infrastructure, cross-cutting issues - are highlighted in this chapter.

Key sectors and sub-sectors for mainstreaming

Sectors Sub-sectors

SOCIAL SECTOR

1. Education

Primary/Secondary/ Higher / Tertiary education 2. Health

Health care/Hospital care/ emergency health

3. Social Protection

Child protection, welfare of disabled, aged and other

vulnerable sections (minorities, migrants, refugees)

PRODUCTIVE

SECTOR

1. Agriculture & allied sectors Agriculture/ Horticulture/ Animal Husbandry/Fisheries

2. Industries

Small and Medium/ Large and heavy Industries

3. Services

Financial Services/Transport/Tourism

Sectors Sub-sectors

INFRASTRUCTURE

SECTOR

1. Communication

Highways/ Railways/ Airports/ Seaports

2. Power

Generation/Transmission/Distribution

3. Water supply and sanitation

Water supply/sewage /solid waste management

4. Telecommunication

Landline/mobile/broadband/ emergency

communication network

CROSS-CUTTING

SECTORS

1. Poverty Alleviation

2. Gender issues in development

3. Environment and Climate Change Adaptation

MULTI-SECTORAL

LOCAL

PLANNING

1. Urban Development

2. Rural Development