LTE FORPUBLIC SAFETY

LTE FORPUBLIC SAFETY

Rainer Liebhart, Devaki Chandramouli, Curt Wong and Jürgen Merkel

Nokia, Networks Division

This edition first published 2015

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Table of Content

Foreword xi

About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction xix

Terminology xxi

1 Introduction to LTE/SAE 11.1 Role of 3GPP 11.2 History of LTE 31.3 Drivers for LTE 51.4 EPS compared to GPRS and UMTS 61.5 Spectrum Considerations 71.6 Network Architecture 9

1.6.1 Radio Access Network and Core Network 91.6.2 Architecture Principles 91.6.3 Non-roaming Architecture 101.6.4 Roaming Architectures 111.6.5 Description of Functional Entities 121.6.6 Session Management 171.6.7 Policy and Charging Control 191.6.8 Interfaces and Protocols in EPS 211.6.9 Mobility Management 261.6.10 Intra E-UTRAN Handover 301.6.11 Security 311.6.12 Charging 34

1.7 IP Multimedia Subsystem 381.7.1 Summary of Reference Points and Protocols 40

vi Table of Content

1.8 Voice and SMS in LTE 411.8.1 Voice 411.8.2 Short Message Service 42

1.9 Interworking with 2G/3G Networks 431.9.1 Overview 431.9.2 Interworking with Legacy Networks 431.9.3 Functional Description 43

1.10 Interworking with Non-3GPP Access Networks 441.10.1 Summary of Reference Points and Protocols 47

1.11 Network Sharing 481.11.1 UE-Based Network Selection 491.11.2 RAN-Based Network Selection 49

1.12 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 501.12.1 Principles 501.12.2 Description of Functional Entities 511.12.3 MBMS Enhancements 521.12.4 MBSFN and MBMS Radio Channels 53

1.13 Terms and Definitions 541.13.1 Roaming 541.13.2 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched Networks 551.13.3 Access Stratum and Non-Access Stratum 55References 56

2 Regulatory Features 592.1 Emergency Calls 59

2.1.1 Overview 592.1.2 Requirements 592.1.3 Emergency Call Architecture 602.1.4 PSAP Callback 682.1.5 Emergency Numbers 682.1.6 Non Voice Emergency Services 692.1.7 Automated Emergency Calls 69

2.2 Public Warning System 712.3 Lawful Interception 72

2.3.1 Principles 722.3.2 Lawful Interception for EPS 74

2.4 Enhanced Multimedia Priority Services 74References 76

3 LTE for Public Safety Networks 773.1 Why LTE for Public Safety Networks? 773.2 What are Public Safety Networks? 783.3 LTE meets Demands of Public Safety Networks 793.4 Wide Range of LTE Devices for Public Safety 803.5 Standalone versus Shared Deployments 81

Table of Content vii

3.6 Interworking 833.6.1 Device Aspects 833.6.2 Network Aspects 83References 83

4 Proximity Services 854.1 Introduction to Proximity Services 85

4.1.1 Proximity Services Overview 854.1.2 ProSe Communication 864.1.3 ProSe Discovery 884.1.4 ProSe for Public Safety 88

4.2 Proximity Services Architectures 904.2.1 Non-roaming Architecture 904.2.2 Inter-PLMN Architecture 914.2.3 Roaming Architecture 914.2.4 Description of Functional Entities 934.2.5 Interfaces and Protocols 97

4.3 Synchronization 1044.3.1 LTE Primary and Secondary Synchronization Signals 1064.3.2 LTE D2D Synchronization 107

4.4 Service Authorization 1084.5 ProSe Direct Discovery 109

4.5.1 ProSe Direct Discovery Models 1104.5.2 ProSe Direct Discovery Modes 1104.5.3 Direct Discovery Procedure for Model A 1114.5.4 Radio Aspects and Physical Layer Design 1124.5.5 Radio Resource Allocation for Direct Discovery 1124.5.6 Inter-frequency ProSe Discovery 1134.5.7 Announce Procedure (non-roaming) 1144.5.8 Announce Procedure (roaming) 1154.5.9 Monitor Procedure (non-roaming) 1174.5.10 Monitor Procedure (roaming) 1184.5.11 Match Procedure (non-roaming) 1204.5.12 Match Procedure (roaming) 1214.5.13 Direct Discovery Procedure for Model B 123

4.6 ProSe Direct Communication 1234.6.1 Radio Aspects and Physical Layer Design 1244.6.2 Radio Resource Allocation for Direct Communication 1254.6.3 Inter-frequency ProSe Communication 1274.6.4 IP Address Allocation 1284.6.5 One-to-Many Communication (Transmission) 1284.6.6 One-to-Many Communication (Reception) 1304.6.7 Direct Communication via ProSe Relay 130

4.7 EPC-Level ProSe Discovery 1314.7.1 EPC-Level ProSe Discovery Procedure 1324.7.2 User Equipment Registration 133

viii Table of Content

4.7.3 Application Registration 1344.8 Other Essential Functions for Proximity Services 135

4.8.1 Provisioning 1354.8.2 Subscription Data 1364.8.3 Security 1364.8.4 Charging 1384.8.5 ProSe-Related Identifiers 1404.8.6 Illustration for Match Event 144

4.9 Deployment Scenarios 1464.9.1 ProSe Direct Discovery 1464.9.2 ProSe Direct Communication 147

4.10 Public Safety Use Cases 1474.10.1 Use Cases for ProSe Communication 1484.10.2 Use Cases for Network to UE Relay 1494.10.3 Performance Characteristics 149

4.11 Outlook to Enhanced Proximity Services 1504.12 Terms and Definitions 151

4.12.1 Home PLMN 1514.12.2 Equivalent Home PLMN 1514.12.3 Visited PLMN 1514.12.4 Registered (Serving) PLMN 1524.12.5 Local PLMN 1524.12.6 Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and Request 1524.12.7 Radio Link Control 1524.12.8 Logical Channel Prioritization 1534.12.9 System Information 1534.12.10 OFDM Symbol 1544.12.11 Dual-Rx UE 154References 154

5 Group Communication Over LTE 1575.1 Introduction to Group Communication Services 1575.2 Group Communication System Enablers for LTE 1585.3 Principles of Group Communication over LTE 1595.4 Functional Entities 162

5.4.1 User Equipment 1625.4.2 GCS AS 1625.4.3 BM-SC 1635.4.4 eNB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, PCRF 163

5.5 Interfaces and Protocols 1635.5.1 MB2 Interface 1635.5.2 Rx and SGi Interfaces 167

5.6 GCSE Functions 1695.6.1 Unicast Delivery 1695.6.2 MBMS Delivery 1715.6.3 Service Continuity 172

Table of Content ix

5.6.4 Priority and Preemption 1735.6.5 MBMS Delivery Status Notification 175

5.7 Establishment of MBMS Delivery 1755.7.1 Pre-establishment 1755.7.2 Dynamic Establishment 176

5.8 MBMS Delivery Procedures 1795.8.1 MBMS Delivery Modification 1795.8.2 MBMS Delivery Deactivation 1815.8.3 TMGI Management 182

5.9 Access Control 1835.10 Mission Critical Push To Talk 185

5.10.1 MCPTT Service Description 1865.10.2 MCPTT Call Types 1875.10.3 MCPTT Priorities 1875.10.4 Shareable MCPTT Devices 1885.10.5 On and Off Network Mode of Operation 1885.10.6 Interworking with legacy PTT Systems 189References 189

6 Summary and Outlook 1916.1 Role of LTE 1916.2 Public Safety Features 1926.3 LTE for Public Safety 1936.4 Outlook 196

References 196

Appendix A 197A.1 Call Flows 197

A.1.1 Attach 197A.1.2 Detach 200A.1.3 Tracking Area Update 201A.1.4 Paging 202A.1.5 Service Request 203A.1.6 X2-Based Handover 205A.1.7 S1-Based Handover 206A.1.8 MBMS Session Start 210A.1.9 MBMS Session Stop 212A.1.10 MBMS Session Update 213A.1.11 UE-requested PDN Connectivity 214A.1.12 Dedicated Bearer Context Activation 216

A.2 3GPP Reference Points 217References 221

Index 223

Foreword

Foreword by Dr. Hossein Moiin

People love Long-Term Evolution (LTE). At 280 million LTE subscribers globally in October2014, LTE has been adopted faster than any previous generation of mobile technology. Thetime to reach one billion subscribers is expected to be 7 years, as compared to 11 years for 3rdGeneration (3G) and 12 years for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). LTEalso has the biggest and fastest growing device ecosystem. With 331 commercially launchedLTE networks in 112 countries today and more than 600 operator commitments, it has becomethe technology of choice for operators. I believe that LTE will outgrow other technologies tobecome the unrivaled fabric of mobile broadband, thanks to its feature richness, wide spectrumavailability, and economy of scale.As a technology, LTE has many unique characteristics that make it suitable for extension to

services beyond basic mobile broadband. LTE is not only built upon improved radio principleswith peak data rates beyond 150Mbps, scalable bandwidth, and low latency but also has amuch simplified Internet Protocol (IP)/Internet-based two-node architecture. As a result, LTEbroadens the reach ofmobile communications in the future by providing a platform for servicessuch as LTE for Public Safety, LTE for TV Broadcast, LTE in Unlicensed and in UHF bands,LTE for M2M, LTE for Device-to-Device communication, and many other applications suchas LTE for Connected Cars and for Airplanes.Public Safety networks in particular benefit tremendously by using LTE as the base technol-

ogy, which not only fulfills the specific communication needs of emergency services such asrobustness and low latency but is also supported widely in commercial cellular systems alreadyin use by people all over the world. Equally important is the fact that LTE for Public Safetystandardization work benefits from the excellence in global standardization processes achievedby 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP), as demonstrated in the superior craftsman-ship of LTE that met user expectation with the first release and had the fastest and most stablestandards.Nokia Networks is actively driving the LTE for Public Safety standardization work in 3GPP

and is the lead rapporteur in 3GPP SA/CTWGs for group communication, an essential featurefor Public Safety. Dedicated efforts led by the authors of this book, Rainer Liebhart, DevakiChandramouli, Curt Wong, and Jürgen Merkel, have been instrumental in elevating LTE forPublic Safety, from a niche topic facing much resistance into the most supported system-levelwork in 3GPP Release 12.

xii Foreword

I believe that LTE is the right technology for evolving Public Safety networks over mobilebroadband, offering totally new and much more efficient ways for Public Safety personnelto communicate in the future. I do like to thank the authors for bringing out this book thatwill definitely help readers gain a detailed understanding of the technology behind LTE forPublic Safety and the related aspects such as spectrum, architecture, features, interworking,and deployment scenarios.

Hossein MoiinEVP, Technology & Innovation Leader

Nokia, Networks Division

Foreword by Mr. Andrew Thiessen

Public Safety’s selection of the 3GPP LTE signals the beginning of a foundational movementby Public Safety away from the niche technology of the past – LandMobile Radio (LMR) – toan advanced technology being embraced by the commercial marketplace. This move will allowPublic Safety to reap the benefits of a market many times the size of the LMR market. Not theleast of these benefits is access to a never-ending stream of technology refresh, something thathas never been available to narrow-band voice systems.The 3GPP community has shown significant support of Public Safety’s decision to move to

LTE. This is evident in the progress being made in closing the gaps between Public Safety’scurrent mission critical voice requirements and the features provided by LTE. Specifically, thecreation of Proximity Services (ProSe) within 3GPP will allow Public Safety user devicesto communicate without infrastructure, which the Public Safety community in the UnitedStates considers fundamental to a mission-critical-capable technology. Similarly, the additionof Group Communications Systems Enablers for LTE (GCSE_LTE) will provide for efficientgroup communications, which is the predominant method by which the first responder com-munity communicates. 3GPPmade an additional commitment to the Public Safety communitywith the creation of a new working group chartered to work on applications and services, firstamong which will be mission critical push to talk (MCPTT).So, for the first time, the global Public Safety community is coming together in a single

standards development organization, around a single technology, to work collaboratively withcommercial mobile network operators and equipment providers to move the world toward acommunications environment that will more effectively support first responders as they carryout their vital mission to protect lives and property.This book provides a detailed synopsis of recent achievements made in 3GPP to advance

this important work; in particular, it describes the Public Safety specific features ProSe andGCSE_LTE. The authors are deeply involved in the work on LTE for Public Safety and are ina position to provide valuable firsthand insights on 3GPP and the relevant technical details.

Andrew ThiessenDeputy Program Manager

U.S. Department of CommercePublic Safety Communications Research Program

About the Authors

Rainer Liebhart has over 20 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. He heldseveral positions within the former Siemens Fixed and Mobile Networks divisions and nowin Nokia Networks division. He started his career as SW Engineer, worked later as standard-ization expert in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and European Telecommunica-tions Standards Institute (ETSI) in the area of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS),took over responsibilities as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)and Mobile Packet Core System Architect and is currently heading the Mobile BroadbandCore Network standardization team in Nokia Networks. He is the Nokia Networks main del-egate in 3GPP SA2 with the focus on Long-Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution(LTE/SAE). He is (co-)author of over 50 patents in the telecommunication area. Rainer Lieb-hart holds an MS in Mathematics from the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, Ger-many.Devaki Chandramouli has over 14 years of experience in the telecommunication industry.

She spent the early part of her career with Nortel Networks and is currently with Nokia, Net-works division. At Nortel, her focus was on design and development of embedded softwaresolutions for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks. Later, she represented Nor-tel in the WiMAX Forum and worked on WiMAX architecture and protocol development.At Nokia, her focus areas include architecture development within 5G research and standardsdevelopment for 3GPP access, LTE/SAE-related topics. She is also an active participant andcontributor to 3GPP standards. She has (co-)authored over 40 patents in wireless communi-cations. She received her BE in Computer Science from Madras University (India) and MS inComputer Science from University of Texas at Arlington (United States).Curt Wong has over 18 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. He started

his career with Nokia Networks since 1995 and held several positions, including the areaof research and development, interoperability testing, product management, and new tech-nologies standardization. In recent years, his primary focus has been in the areas of wirelesssystem-level developments, with emphasis on the infrastructure side of cellular networks.His current activities and involvement are on voice services over LTE, including IMS, emer-gency aspects, group communication over LTE, and interworking with legacy 2G and 3Gnetworks. He is an active participant and contributor to 3GPP standards. He has a BS in elec-trical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and an MS in telecommunicationsfrom Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.

xiv About the Authors

JürgenMerkel has over 20 years of experience in the telecommunication industry. He startedhis career in Alcatel where he held several positions in system design, product management,and business development and strategy – always with a tight linkage to standardization inETSI Special Mobile Group (SMG) and 3GPP. In Nokia, he is a member of the Mobile Broad-band standardization team, focusing on services and service requirements. He heads the NokiaNetworks delegation in 3GPP SA1, and is an active contributor and driver for group com-munication aspects in 3GPP. Jürgen Merkel holds a MS in electronic engineering from theUniversity of Stuttgart, Germany.

Preface

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) has turned out to be a huge success story not only technologywise but also commercially. At the time of writing this book, more than 300 LTE networksare deployed around the world. The number of available LTE user devices is close to 1900(figures are taken from Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA)). LTE technology allowsaddressing a wide market, potentially all Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network operators, and also CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA) operators and even operators providing converged fixedand mobile networks. LTE provides in-built support for interworking with GSM/EDGE RadioAccess Network (GERAN), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), CDMA,Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and fixed broadband access. With 3rd GenerationPartnership Program (3GPP), LTE is backed by a strong standardization organization. Correc-tions and enhancements to the LTE system are provided rapidly and are based on consensusamong all major device and infrastructure vendors. In addition, LTE can operate in a largevariety of frequency bands. In the future even unlicensed bands might be supported. All thistogether provides strong confidence in the LTE technology, in the standardization process,and in a reasonable total cost of ownership for all players (operators as well as vendors). Thus,LTE was a natural choice as the future mobile broadband radio technology for Public Safetynetworks not only in particular markets such as the United States or Europe but around thewhole globe. LTE has the potential to replace existing narrowband Land Mobile Radio (LMR)systems that are currently in use, providing a variety of new and sophisticated services beyondvoice to Public Safety personnel.The main intention of this book is to explain how LTE can be used as technology enabler

for Public Safety networks. For that purpose, we focus on describing the new Public Safetyrelated features that were standardized in 3GPP Release 12 on top of LTE. As we do notrequire that all readers are fully familiar with LTE and its basic concepts, we give an overviewof this technology and some of the most important services available in LTE, providing alsoa justification why LTE was adopted for future Public Safety networks. The reader can find amore detailed description of the book’s content in the introduction section.

xvi Preface

The book is intended for a variety of readers such as students, network operators offeringtheir LTE network for Public Safety services, or network operators deploying a dedicated LTEnetwork for Public Safety services. This book is also intended for infrastructure and devicevendors who plan to implement Public Safety features in their products and regulators whowant to learn more about LTE and its use in the field of Public Safety. We hope everyoneinterested in the subject of this book benefits from the content provided.

December 2014, the Authors

Acknowledgments

The book has benefited from the extensive review of many subject matter experts and theirproposals for improvements. The authors would like to thank, in particular, the following per-sons for their review and contribution: Gerald Görmer, Vesa Hellgren, Silke Holtmanns, PeterLeis, Zexian Li, Cassio Ribeiro, Mani Thyagarajan, Gabor Ungvari, Gyorgy Wolfner, StevenXu, and Robert Zaus.However, the authors are solely responsible for the content of this book.They would also like to thank Sandra Grayson, Mark Hammond, Clarissa Lim, Liz Wingett,

Lincy Priya & team from Wiley for their continuous support during the editing process.Last but not least, the authors thank their families for their patience and cooperation rendered

for writing the book.The authors appreciate any comments and proposals for enhancements and corrections

in future editions of the book. Feedback can be sent directly to rainer.liebhart@nsn.com,devaki.chandramouli@nsn.com, wong.curt@gmail.com, and juergen.merkel@nsn.com.The authors would like to include additional thanks and full copyright acknowledgements

as requested by the following copyright holders in this book.© 2014, 3GPPTM. TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS CCSA, ETSI, TTA and

TTC who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modifications and aretherefore provided here ‘as is’ for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.Holma H. and Toskala A. (2009), ‘LTE for UMTS OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio

Access’; JohnWiley & Sons, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ,UK.

Introduction

In a nutshell, this book explains how Long-Term Evolution (LTE) can be used as technologyenabler for Public Safety networks, for example, how Public Safety networks can be built ontop of LTE. We use the term LTE as synonym for the overall system that consists of radioand core networks, also known as Evolved Packet System (EPS). As a prerequisite, the bookassumes some familiarity of the reader with basic concepts of mobile networks and especiallywith LTE. In Chapters 1 and 2, the book starts with an overview of LTE, its history, networkarchitecture, and main features. Readers interested in detailed call flows for basic proceduresshould have a look into the Appendix. Chapters 1 and 2 are self-explanatory, but by naturethey are not intending to give a full and complete overview of LTE. Hints for further reading,for example, consulting 3GPP specifications, are provided in the various chapters of the book.After reading Chapter 1, the reader should have a fairly good understanding of and whyLTE was developed, knows the main architectural alternatives and used interfaces, knows thepurpose of mobility management procedures, the LTE QoS concept, the purpose of bearersin LTE, and how they are established and has an understanding of LTE security. In addition,Chapter 1 describes features like Voice/SMS in LTE Multicast Broadcast Multimedia System(MBMS) and Network Sharing that are directly or indirectly of relevance for Public Safety.Focus of Chapter 2 is on regulatory features and priority services available in LTE. These

include support for emergency services, support for public warningmessages, lawful intercept,and enhanced multimedia priority service. As these features are potentially important also incase of Public Safety networks, we provide an overview in this chapter. Chapters 1 and 2should give the reader a good understanding of the feature-richness of the LTE standard.While Chapter 3 explains the special nature of Public Safety networks and why LTE was

chosen as technology for next-generation Public Safety networks, Chapters 4 and 5 are at theheart of this book. Chapter 4 describes so-called Proximity Services and their impacts on LTEradio and system design. This feature enables two LTE devices to discover each other anddirectly communicate, that is, communicate without network coverage. Thus, it introduces afundamentally new form of communication using the standardized LTE technology as up tonow two LTE devices can only communicate using the network.Chapter 5 explains how a group communication service on top of LTE can be implemented.

Efficient communication within a group of devices is, apart from device-to-device commu-nication, the second important service in a Public Safety network. Group communicationin this respect deals with all aspects of providing the same content to many LTE devices atthe same time. This service is mainly used by “Push to Talk (PTT)” applications where onegroup member talks at a certain time and the content is distributed to all other group members.

xx Introduction

Chapter 5 requires some knowledge about MBMS that is provided in Chapter 1. The applica-tion using such capabilities is up to now not specified in 3GPP or other organizations. However,3GPP has started working on a so-called Mission Critical Push to Talk (MCPTT) applicationin its Release 13.In Chapter 6, we give some hints about our expectations of this recently started activity on

MCPTT. In addition, Chapter 6 explains why we think LTE was the right choice as technologyfor future Public Safety networks and gives an outlook to upcoming work in 3GPP.Finally, the Appendix provides details for the most important call flows regarding mobility

management, session management, MBMS procedures, and an overview of 3GPP referencepoints used throughout the book.

Terminology

2G 2nd Generation3G 3rd Generation3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership ProgramAAA Authentication, Authorization, and AccountingACB Access Class BarringACBL Access Class Barring ListACBT Access Class Barring TimeACMA Australian Communications and Media AuthorityADMF Administration FunctionAF Application FunctionAKA Authentication and Key AgreementALUID Application Layer User IDAM Acknowledged ModeAMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit RateAN Access NetworkANDSF Access Network Discovery and Selection FunctionAP Application Protocol, Access ProviderAPCO Association of Public Safety Communications OfficialsAPF Access Probability FactorAPI Application Programming InterfaceAPN Access Point NameAPN-AMBR APN Aggregate Maximum Bit RateApps ApplicationsARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessesARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessesARP Address Resolution Protocol, Allocation and Retention PriorityAS Access Stratum, Application ServerATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry SolutionsAuC Authentication CenterAVP Attribute Value PairBCH Broadcast ChannelBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBD Billing DomainBM-SC Broadcast Multicast Service Center

xxii Terminology

BSC Base Station ControllerBSR Buffer Status ReportsBSS Base Station SystemBTS Base Transceiver StationCAPEX Capital ExpenditureCBC Cell Broadcast CenterCBE Cell Broadcast EntityCBS Cell Broadcast ServiceCC Content of CommunicationCCSA China Communication Standards AssociationCDF Charging Data FunctionCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCDR Charging Data RecordCGF Charging Gateway FunctionCI Cell IdentityCMAS Commercial Mobile Alert SystemCN Core NetworkCP Control PlaneCS Circuit SwitchedCSFB Circuit Switched Fall BackCTF Charging Trigger FunctionD2D Device-to-DeviceDF Delivery FunctionDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDIAMETER Pun on the name RADIUS (diameter is twice the circle radius)DL DownlinkDM Device ManagementDNS Domain Name SystemDPI Deep Packet InspectionDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDSCP DiffServ Code PointDSMIP Dual Stack Mobile IPDTLS Datagram Transport Layer SecurityE2E End-to-EndECRIT Emergency Context Resolution with Internet TechnologiesEDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM EvolutioneHRPD Evolved High Rate Packet DataEIR Equipment Identity RegisterEEA EPS Encryption AlgorithmEHPLMN Equivalent Home PLMNeMBMS Evolved MBMSeNB, eNodeB E-UTRAN NodeB, also referred to as Evolved NodeBePDG Evolved Packet Data GatewayECM EPS Connection ManagementEPS Evolved Packet SystemEMM EPS Mobility Management

Terminology xxiii

EPUID EPC-level User IDETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteETSI TCCE ETSI Technical Committee TETRA and Critical Communications

EvolutionETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning SystemE-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkEU-ALERT European Public Warning SystemFBC Flow-Based ChargingFCC Federal Communications CommissionFDD Frequency Division DuplexGBA Generic Bootstrapping ArchitectureGBR Guaranteed Bit RateGCS AS Group Call System Application ServerGCSE Group Call System EnablersGERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access NetworkGGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodeGMK Group Master KeyGO Group OwnerGPRS General Packet Radio ServiceGPS Global Positioning SystemGSA Global Mobile Suppliers AssociationGSK Group Session KeyGSM Global System for Mobile CommunicationsGSMA GSM AssociationGSM-R GSM for RailwaysGTP GPRS Tunneling ProtocolGUTI Globally Unique Temporary IdentityGUMMEI Globally Unique Mobile Management Entity IdentifierGW GatewayHARQ Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and RequestHI Handover InterfaceHLR Home Location RegisterHPLMN Home Public Land Mobile NetworkHSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet AccessHSPA High-Speed Packet Access (HSDPA+HSUPA)HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet AccessHSS Home Subscriber ServerHTTP Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolIC Incident CommanderI-CSCF Interrogating Call Session Control FunctionIEC Immediate Event ChargingIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIMEI International Mobile Equipment IdentityIMS IP Multimedia SubsystemIMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

xxiv Terminology

IOPS Isolated E-UTRAN Operation for Public SafetyIP Internet ProtocolIP-CAN IP Connectivity Access NetworkIPSec IP SecurityIRI Intercept-Related InformationKMS Key Management SystemKPAS Korean Public Alert SystemL1 Layer 1L2 Layer 2L3 Layer 3LA Location AreaLAI Location Area IdentityLBI Linked EPS Bearer IdentityLEA Law Enforcement AgencyLEMF Law Enforcement Monitoring FacilityLIF Location Interoperability ForumLIPA Local IP AccessLMA Local Mobility AnchorLMR Land Mobile RadioLTE Long-Term EvolutionM2M Machine-to-MachineMAC Medium Access ControlMAG Mobile Access GatewayMBMS Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast ServiceMBR Maximum Bit RateMBSFN MBMS Single Frequency NetworkMCH Multicast ChannelMCCH Multicast Control ChannelMCE Multi-cell Coordination EntityMCPTT Mission Critical Push To TalkME Mobile EquipmentMGCF Media Gateway Control FunctionMIB Master Information BlockMIC Message Integrity CheckMIP Mobile IPMLP Mobile Location ProtocolMME Mobility Management EntityMO Mobile-Originated, Management ObjectMSC Mobile Switching CenterMSI MCH Scheduling InformationMSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN NumberMSP MCH Scheduling PeriodMT Mobile TerminatedMTCH Multicast Traffic ChannelNAS Network Access Server (DIAMETER application)NAS Non Access Stratum

Terminology xxv

NB NodeBNPSBN National Public Safety Broadband NetworkNPSBN-U NPSBN UserOA&M Operation, Administration, and MaintenanceOCS Online Charging SystemOFCS Offline Charging SystemOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOMA Open Mobile AllianceOMA DM OMA Device ManagementOPEX Operational ExpenditureOTA Over-the-AirOTT Over-the-TopP.25 Project 25P2P Peer-to-PeerPAM Priority Alarm MessagePCC Policy and Charging ControlPCEF Policy Charging Enforcement FunctionPCI Physical Cell IDPCRF Policy and Charging Rules FunctionP-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control FunctionPD2DSS Primary D2D Synchronization SignalPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDN Packet Data NetworkPDP Packet Data ProtocolPDU Protocol Data UnitPEK ProSe Encryption KeyPFID ProSe Function IDP-GW Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW)PGK ProSe Group KeyPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPMCH Physical Multicast ChannelPMIP Proxy Mobile IPPMK Pairwise Master KeyPoA Point of AttachmentPoC Push To Talk over CellularProSe Proximity ServicesPS Packet Switched, Public SafetyPSAP Public Safety Answering PointPSS Primary Synchronization SignalPSSID Physical Layer IdentityPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPSCH ProSe Communication Shared ChannelPTCH ProSe Communication Traffic ChannelPTK ProSe Traffic KeyPubS Public SafetyPWS Public Warning System