LO1 - The Human Skeleton

8/8/2019 LO1 - The Human Skeleton

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The human SkeletonA skeleton is a framework of

about 206 bones

it protects the body's organssupports the body

provides attachment points for

muscles to enable body movement,

functions as a storage site for

minerals such as calcium andphosphorus and produces blood

cells.

There are two parts to the skeleton

Axial and Appendicular



Axial Skeleton

The Axial skeleton Is made

up of 80 bones

It is composed of five parts;

The human skull

The ossicles of the middle

ear

The hyoid bone of the

throat

The rib cage

The vertebral column



Cranium (the skull) (8)

Facial (14)

Middle Ear (Auditory Ossicles) (6)

Hyoid Bone of the throat (1)

Vertebral Column (26)

Cervical vertebrae (7)

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Sacrum (1)

Coccyx (1)

Thoracic Cage (25)



Function of the Axial Skeleton

Supports the head, neck and trunk

Protects the brain, spinal cord and thoracicorgans

Blood cell formation: hematopoiesis

Mineral homeostasis

Storage: stores fat and minerals.

It's main purposes are to protect your vital

organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs,and to provide an efficient structure toperform a variety of work.



Appendicular Skeleton



Pectoral Girdles (4 bones) - Left and right Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2).

2) Arm and Forearm (6 bones) - Left and right Humerus (Arm), Ulna and

Radius (Fore Arm).

3) Hands (58 bones) Left and right Carpals (16) (wrist), Metacarpal (10),

Proximal phalanges (10), Middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and

sesamoid (4).

4) Pelvis (2 bones) - Left and right os coxae, Ilium, ishchium, pubis.

5) Thigh and leg (8 bones) - Femur (2) (thigh), Tibia (2), Patella (2) (knee),

and Fibula (2) (leg).

6) Feet (56 bones) - Tarsals(14) (ankle), Metatarsals (10), Proximal

phalanges (10), middle phalanges (8), distal phalanges (10), and sesamoid

(4).



Types of Bones

There are 5 types of bone found withinthe human body. These are long

bones, short bones, flat bones,

irregular bones and sesamoid bones.



Long bones are some of the longest bones in

the body, such as the femur, humerus andTibia, Radius, Ulna, clavicle.

Short bones are defined as being

approximately as wide as they are long. Such

as carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, tarsal's,

metatarsals.



Flat bones,strong, flat plates of bone such as,

scapula, cranium.

The classic example of a flat bone is the

Scapula (shoulder blade). The Sternum (breastbone), Cranium (skull), Pelvis and Ribs are also

classified as flat bones.



Irregular bones have an unusual shape. Good

examples of these are the Vertebrae, Sacrum andMandible (lower jaw).

Sesamoid bones are usually short or irregular bones,imbedded in a tendon. The most obvious example of this is the Patella (knee cap) which sits within thePatella or Quadriceps tendon. Other sesamoid bonesare the smallest of the Carpals and the two smallbones at the base of the 1st Metatarsal.



Classifications of joint

There are three main "CATEGORIES" or "CLASSIFICATIONS" of joint:

1) Where the joint can move only partially: slightly moveable (sometimes

called partially moveable)

2) Where the joint can move in many directions: freely moveable.

3) Where the joint cannot move: fixed.



Fibrous joints

These joints are also called fixed or immoveable joints,

because they do not move. The bones of your skull and pelvis

are held together by fibrous joints.



Cartilaginous joints

Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the

bones are attached by cartilage. These

joints allow for only a little movment, such

as in the spine or ribs.



Synovial joint

A Synovial joint, also known as a

diarthrosis, is the most common and

most movable type of joint in the body of a

mammal. As with most other joints,

synovial joints achieve movement at the

point of contact of the articulating bones.

There are six types of synovial joints:



Hinge joint

The elbow is a hinge joint; it can open and

close like a door. The word "extend" is

used to mean straighten the joint and the

word "flex" to mean bend the joint.

A sporting example

would be a bicep curl.



Saddle joint

The only saddle joints in the body are in the

thumbs. The bones in a saddle joint can rock

back and forth and from side to side, but they

have limited rotation. A sporting example would be the W Position in

netball, formed to help receive a pass.



Ball and socket joint

A type of joint that allows one part to rotate at almost any

angle with respect to another. Ball-and-socket joints

occur naturally, as in the human hip and shoulder joints,

Of all diarthrodial (fully moveable) joints in the body, ball-

and-socket joints are the most mobile and allow

movement in three planes.

A sporting example would be a

Football player taking a free-kick.



Ellipsoid joints

Ellipsoid joints are similar to a ball and socket

joint. They allow the same type of movment

to a lesser magnitude. The wrist is an ellipsoid

joint.

A sporting example would be a

Shot in a netball game, where theWrist bends backwards and springs up

In order to perform the shot.



Pivot Joint

Pivot joints allow rotation around an axis.

The neck and forearms have pivot joints.

In the neck the occipital bone spins over

the top of the axis. In the forearms the

radius and ulna twist around each other.

A sporting example would

Be a header in football



Gliding Joint

This type of joint allows bones to glide

past each other. There are gliding joints in

your ankles, wrists and spine.

A sporting example would

be a golf swing.

LO1 - The Human Skeleton

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