Lec Research د. يوسف
Transcript of Lec Research د. يوسف
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MedicalMedical
ResearchResearch
Dr.Dr.YousifYousifAbdulRaheemAbdulRaheemFICMS/CMFICMS/CM
Department of Community MedicineDepartment of Community MedicineAl Kindy College of MedicineAl Kindy College of Medicine
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&'(ecti!es of this lecture&'(ecti!es of this lecture
At the end of this lecture )e should learnAt the end of this lecture )e should learn
thethe**
+. Definition and concepts of medical
research,. Descri'e the se-uence in the process
of medical research
. Illustrate the re-uired information ineach chapter of the research
. Recogni0e the main pro'lems in
doing the research
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1hy2. Medical1hy2. Medical
research 3333research 3333
All information we had in medicineAll information we had in medicine
are results of researches.are results of researches.
Basic aim *# 4o ad!ance $no)ledge
of human health 5 illness
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Applying the results of researchApplying the results of research
to patients care is the ma(orto patients care is the ma(or
reason for clinicians to read orreason for clinicians to read or)rite medical literature.)rite medical literature.
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4hey )ant to $no) )hich diagnostic4hey )ant to $no) )hich diagnostic
procedures are 'est6 )hich modes ofprocedures are 'est6 )hich modes of
treatment are optimal6 and ho) the treatmenttreatment are optimal6 and ho) the treatmentregimen should 'e design and implementedregimen should 'e design and implemented
of course.of course.
Translate researchTranslate research
results into practiceresults into practice
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They also read the journal to stayThey also read the journal to stayaware and up to date in medicine inaware and up to date in medicine in
general as well as their specific areageneral as well as their specific areaof interest.of interest.
They want to publishThey want to publishtheir researches intheir researches in
77respectedrespected88journals;journals;
77peer reviewpeer review88, a process, a process
in whichin which 77outside expertsoutside experts88review the suitability ofreview the suitability of
manuscripts submitted formanuscripts submitted for
publication.publication.
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Clinicians must e!aluateClinicians must e!aluateand use ne) informationand use ne) information
through out their li!esthrough out their li!es..
4o do so4o do so6 they must6 they must
understand the 'asicunderstand the 'asic
concepts of methodologyconcepts of methodology
to decide )hether theyto decide )hether they
can 'elie!e the results incan 'elie!e the results in
the literatures6the literatures6and ho) to ma$e their results !alid )henand ho) to ma$e their results !alid )hen
the do so.the do so.
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In spite of the system ofIn spite of the system of
chec$s and 'alances6chec$s and 'alances6numerous e9amplesnumerous e9amples
a'ound )ith poora'ound )ith poor
designs6 inappropriatedesigns6 inappropriate
analyses6 andanalyses6 and
unsu'stantiatedunsu'stantiatedconclusions.conclusions.
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..:e) data:e) datashould 'eshould 'e systematicallysystematicallycollectedcollectedand analy0ed to ans)er the original researchand analy0ed to ans)er the original research
o'(ecti!es. o'(ecti!es.
1hat is research31hat is research3
Research is the systematic collection6 analysis andResearch is the systematic collection6 analysis and
interpretation of data to ans)er a certain -uestioninterpretation of data to ans)er a certain -uestion
or sol!e a pro'lem.or sol!e a pro'lem.
Characteristics of research*Characteristics of research*
+.+.It demands aIt demands a clear statementclear statementof the pro'lem.of the pro'lem.
,.,.It re-uiresIt re-uires clear o'(ecti!esclear o'(ecti!esand aand a planplan;it is not;it is not
aimlessly loo$ing for something. aimlessly loo$ing for something...It 'uilds onIt 'uilds on e9isting datae9isting data6 using 'oth6 using 'oth positi!epositi!eandand
negati!enegati!efindings.findings.
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Scientific research plays a !ery importantScientific research plays a !ery important
role in our efforts to maintain health androle in our efforts to maintain health and
com'ating diseases.com'ating diseases."ngaging"ngaging Medical StudentsMedical Students in 1ri1riting research papers.ting research papers.
,.,. IIndependent continued learning.ndependent continued learning.
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1hat le!el of research1hat le!el of research33
laboratorylaboratory bedsidebedside populationpopulation
BiologyBiology ClinicalClinical EpidemiologicalEpidemiological
biomedicinebiomedicine public healthpublic health
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1hat Kind of Research1hat Kind of Research33
Research rele!ant to impro!ing health*Research rele!ant to impro!ing health*
Biomedical and clinical researchBiomedical and clinical research"pidemiological"pidemiological
+#+#
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The starting pointsThe starting points
1e ha!e to thin$ a'out*#1e ha!e to thin$ a'out*#Purpose of the researchPurpose of the research
Benefit of the researchBenefit of the researchApplicability of the researchApplicability of the research
Cost of the researchCost of the research
Ethical issues of researchEthical issues of research
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Selection of Research AreaSelection of Research Area
Selection of this 'road entity ofSelection of this 'road entity of
research is 'ased on theresearch is 'ased on the
follo)ing*follo)ing*
researcher?s*researcher?s* SpecialtySpecialty
InterestInterest
Scientific 'ac$groundScientific 'ac$ground
"9perience"9perience
Actual need for research in this areaActual need for research in this area
A!aila'le resources ;interest of fundingA!aila'le resources ;interest of funding
'ody@'ody@
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Research -uestionResearch -uestion
4he in!estigator must ma$e sure that*4he in!estigator must ma$e sure that*
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Research oal 5 &'(ecti!esResearch oal 5 &'(ecti!es
4he goal ;aim@ and o'(ecti!es must 'e stated at4he goal ;aim@ and o'(ecti!es must 'e stated at
the !ery 'eginning of the study6 since they )illthe !ery 'eginning of the study6 since they )ill
guide the in!estigator during the process ofguide the in!estigator during the process of
formulating research -uestions andformulating research -uestions and
hypothesis.hypothesis.4hey )ill also help in the prioriti0ation process.4hey )ill also help in the prioriti0ation process.
4hey )ill ena'le the reader of the )or$ to (udge4hey )ill ena'le the reader of the )or$ to (udge
)hether the in!estigator had achie!ed these)hether the in!estigator had achie!ed theseo'(ecti!es or not.o'(ecti!es or not.
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oalsoals It descri'es the aim of the )or$It descri'es the aim of the )or$in 'road termsin 'road terms
&'(ecti!es&'(ecti!es 4hese are more specific4hese are more specificand relate directly toand relate directly to
research -uestion. 4heyresearch -uestion. 4heymay 'e di!ided into t)omay 'e di!ided into t)o
types*types*
rimary o'(ecti!esrimary o'(ecti!es ;'ound to;'ound to'e achie!ed@'e achie!ed@
Secondary o'(ecti!esSecondary o'(ecti!es ;'y the;'y the
)ay@)ay@
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teps ofteps ofcientificcientific
!esearch!esearch
election of areaelection of area
election of topicelection of topic
Crude research "uestionCrude research "uestion
no answerno answer
!efined research "uestion!efined research "uestion
!esearch hypothesis, goals and objectives!esearch hypothesis, goals and objectives
tudy designtudy design
#opulation $ sampling#opulation $ sampling
%ariables confounding%ariables confounding
!esearch tools!esearch tools
#ilot study#ilot study
&or' plan&or' plan
Collection of dataCollection of data
(ata management $ analysis(ata management $ analysis
)nterpretation)nterpretation
no need for study
answers found
LiteratureLiterature
reviewreview
EthicalEthicalissuesissues
BiasBias
chancechance
Conclusions&Conclusions&
A d d f i d f i
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A standard format is used for manuscriptA standard format is used for manuscript
preparation*preparation*
4itle4itleA'stract ;summary of the paper@A'stract ;summary of the paper@
Introduction ;iterature Re!ie)@Introduction ;iterature Re!ie)@
MethodsMethods
ResultsResults
DiscussionDiscussion
Conclusions 5 RecommendationsConclusions 5 Recommendations
ReferencesReferences
I 4itl f th R h
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A good title should 'eA good title should 'e accurateaccurate6 and6 and
concise.concise.
It should ma$e the central o'(ecti!es ofIt should ma$e the central o'(ecti!es of
the study clear to the reader.the study clear to the reader.
It is important to specify )hat populationIt is important to specify )hat population
)ill 'e in!estigated.)ill 'e in!estigated.
urpose*urpose*to pro!ide a 'rief6 informati!eto pro!ide a 'rief6 informati!e
summary that )illsummary that )ill attractattractthe target audiencethe target audience
I.I. 4itle of the Research4itle of the Research
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1hat goes into the title31hat goes into the title3
4he 4opic ;4he 4opic ;44@ 'eing studied is al)ays included.@ 'eing studied is al)ays included.
)e can also include*)e can also include*
a#a#study su'(ects and setting*study su'(ects and setting*77)hat)hat66 )ho)ho66 )hen)hen66 )here)here88
b-b-In addition6 choose one or t)o of the follo)ingIn addition6 choose one or t)o of the follo)ing
!! "ethods"ethods ##""$$
!! %esults%esults ##%%$$
!! ConclusionsConclusions ##CC$$
ImportantImportant: Emphasize hat is: Emphasize hat is neneandand
usefuluseful!!
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ongitudinal "!aluation of rostate#ongitudinal "!aluation of rostate#
specific Antigen e!els in Men 1ithspecific Antigen e!els in Men 1ith
and 1ithout rostate Diseaseand 1ithout rostate Disease
4 M R C4 M R C4I4"
Reduction of
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title should include 7the study design iftitle should include 7the study design ifthe paper presents original research.8the paper presents original research.8
"ritish #edical $ournal ("#$)"ritish #edical $ournal ("#$)
A