L9. The Skeleton Student Version
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Transcript of L9. The Skeleton Student Version
BONESH/W = 1)Draw out a long bone, and label the parts
2) What role does this do in the long bone? A) Cartilage b) red marrow c) the periosteum
3) Why do we need calcium in our diet?
4) What is ossification?
Introduction How tall will you be? Will you be petit or will you have
thick, heavy bones? As we have already mentioned in the
previous chapter, bone/body size is an important factor in high-level sports
Bones do not stop growing until you are in your twenties.
The composition of a typical adult long bone
The composition of a typical adult long bone
Cartilage – Compact bone – Marrow cavity – Periosteum – Spongy bone –
Key revision points Epiphysis Diaphysis Cartilage Compact bone Marrow cavity Periosteum Spongy bone
Objectives Name and locate the main bones of
the human body Examine the main functions of the
skeleton Understand the types of bones
located in your skeleton
Introduction Without your skeleton you
would be a shapeless sack of flesh
The skeleton has 206 bones The bones are held together
at joints by ligaments Each arm & leg has three
long bones Male and female skeletons
are slightly different:
The functions of the skeleton
1. Support – frame work to keep body shape
2. Protection – cranium protects the brain, ribs protect your heart & lungs
3. Movement – muscles are attached to bones, when muscles contract the bones move
4. Blood production – some bones have red bone marrow, this makes red cells, white cells & platelets for blood
The four types of bones in your skeleton Long bones –Long bones –
Short bones –Short bones –
Flat bones – Flat bones –
Irregular bones – Irregular bones –
Recap Know and be able
to locate the main bones
Understand the the four functions of the skeleton
Understand the four different shaped bones in relation the their function
The vertebral column
H/W= H/W=
Introduction
How many pieces are there?
Keep saying the numbers to a beat: 7 12 5 5 4
TASK: Create your own rhyme to remember the order.
Cute Cervical Neck 7
Teddies Thoracic
Attached to ribs
12
Love Lumbar Lower back
5
Some Sacrum pelvis 5
Cuddles
Coccyx Tail remains
4
Parts of a vertebra
Atlas and axis
Taska. How do we warm up our neck
joint before physical activity?b. What is the job/function of
each?
Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities
The shape of the spine is fairly thin for the weight it is expected to carry and support.
Additional activity where we have to lift or carry can be dangerous.
If we break our spine we will damage our spinal cord.
This can result in paralysis or death.
Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities
Look at the shape of the neck.
It is particularly vulnerable to injury.
Lower down, the spine is supported by ribs and it becomes thicker.
Task
1. Copy the table below and add 2 neck-related examples of your own.
Sport incident Possible result
Rugby Collapsed scrum
Body weight lands on your neck at a band angle and breaks it
Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities Look at the movement of the back it looks
very flexible
….but in fact it’s not!
Look at the movement of the back it looks very flexible
Between each vertebra you have a disc of cartilage.
When we bend there is a small amount of movement between each one.
Many vertebrae means there is a lot of movement.
Task
1. When we play golf, the spine seems to move a lot. How can this be?
Look at the movement of the back it looks very flexible
If you lift something badly or bend over or twist unexpectedly you can tear or strain the ligaments holding the vertebrae.
This is called a ‘slipped disc’.
Task
1. List four functions of the skeleton.
2. Using these four functions, explain how the vertebrae help fulfil those functions.
Different kinds of jointsHW=HW= Find a picture of Find a picture of a fixed, slightly a fixed, slightly moveable, and freely moveable, and freely moveable joint.moveable joint.
Give a description of Give a description of how they work and how they work and their main function.their main function.
Learning objectives What is a joint and what
function does it perform. Learn about the various
types of joints found in the human body.
Discover the damage that can be caused at joints.
Introduction Your skeleton is made up
of 206 bones. Joints are where two,
or more, bones meet. They are divided up into
three types depending on how freely the bones can move.
If we did not have joints no movement would occur.
Task
1. What is a joint?2. Why do we have joints?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/anatomy
Fixed or immovable joints Bone’s at an immovable joint
can’t move at all. They either interlock or
overlap. A good example is the joints
between the plates of the cranium.
Fused joints in the sacrum are another good example.
We have this type of joint in areas requiring great strength.
Task1. What are the four functions of the
skeleton and briefly describe how it does these?
This ensures that our vital organs are kept safe from bumps and knocks
Supports
Produces
This allows us to contract and relax at each joint in the body
Slightly movable joints These bones at a slightly movable joint
can move only a little. They are held together by strong white
cords or straps called ‘ligaments’ and joined by cartilage.
Cartilage is a gristly cushion and stops the bone from knocking together.
Joints between most of your vertebrae are slightly moveable.
The pads of cartilage between them act as a shock absorber so the bones won’t jar when you run or jump.
Task
1. Go to: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton
See if you can place all ten bones in their correct locations. Use the hint button to get a description of where it can be found.
Freely moveable joints Outer sleeve is called the joint capsule.
• It holds bones together & protects joint.• It is an extension of the skin or
periosteum that covers the bone. A synovial membrane.
• Lines the capsule and oozes a slippery liquid called synovial fluid.
A joint cavity.• A small gap between the bones.• Filled with synovial fluid.• Lubricates the joint so the joint moves
more freely. A covering of smooth slippery cartilage at the end
of the bones.• Stops the bones knocking together.
Ligaments which hold the bones together.• Freely moveable joints are also called
synovial joints.
Knee joint from the side
Task1. In your own words, write a description of the following
synovial joints and get one example of each in the body.
• Gliding –
• Hinge –
• Pivot –
• Ball and socket –
• Ellipsoid –
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/anatomy/jointsrev4.shtmlUse slides 44 onwards for help
Joints and injury Impact
Severe contact, e.g. falling from a horse onto your shoulder, could cause dislocation. This is where a bone is pulled out of its normal position. Causing tearing of the ligaments (sprain) and tendons.
Wear and tear Exercise of a joint or unusual
use of it could cause cartilage to be worn away. Joint could swell causing it to stiffen.in older people it could cause arthritis. This makes the joint stiff and swollen.
Task
1. Give your own example of an impact injury
2. And a sporting example of wear and tear
Task
1. What parts make a synovial joint a) strong and stable b) help it move easily.
Synovial joints
Learning objectives Examine four of our major synovial joints
of the body. Appreciate the structure of each of these
synovial joints, both diagrammatically and physiologically.
Learn about the directions of movement. Understand examples of sporting
activities where these joints are used.
Introduction
Most joints are freely moveable. They allow different movement, depending on the
shape of the bones at the joint. The shoulder, hip and ankle are susceptible to injury
due to the amount of movement possible at them
Ball-and-socket joint Most moveable joint in the
body. One bone has a bulge like
a a ball at the end. This fits into a socket in the
other bone. It can turn in many
directions.
Examples• The hip joint• The shoulder joint
task
1. Why do you think it is difficult to dislocate a ball-and socket joint?
2. In what joint do you think a cricket bowler would be want to be very flexible?
The hinge joint This works like a hinge
on a door. The bone can swing
backwards and forward. The end of one bone is
shaped like a cotton reel.
It fits into the hollow of the other.
The joint will open until it is straight and no further.
Examples
• The elbow joint
• The knee joint
The pivot joint One bone has a bit
that juts out, like a peg or ridge.
This fits into a ring or notch on the other bone.
The joint only allows rotation
Examples
• The joint between the atlas and axis.
• The joint between the radius and ulna.
The gliding joint Here the end of the
bones are flat enough to glide over.
There is little movement in all directions.
Of all synovial joints this gives the least movement.
Examples
• Joints between the carpals (hand) and tarsals (foot).
• Joints between most of the vertebrae.
Cartilage
Cartilage stops bones knocking together. It is a gristly cushion between the bones at
slightly moveable joints. It forms a smooth slippery coat on the ends of
bones at synovial joints
Ligaments Ligaments are strong cords and straps that
lash bones together and hold joints in place. They are a bit elastic-enough to let the bones
move.
Tendons
Tendons are the cords and straps that join muscle to bone.
The best known joins our calf muscle to our heel and is called the Achilles tendon.
Achilles, the Heel
• Achilles was the son of Thetis and Peleus, the bravest hero in the Trojan war, according to Greek mythology.
• When Achilles was born, his mother, Thetis, tried to make him immortal
by dipping him in the river Styx. As she immersed him, she held him by one heel and forgot to dip him a second time so the heel she held could get wet too. Therefore, the place where she held him remained untouched by the magic water of the Styx and that part stayed mortal or vulnerable.
• To this day, any weak point is called an “Achilles’ heel”. We also refer to the strong tendon that connects the muscles of the calf of the leg with the heel bone as the “Achilles’ tendon”.
• Although the above rendition of the Achilles’ story is in current vogue, Michael Macrone, in his It’s Greek to Me, tells us that Achilles didn’t always have a vulnerable heel. Oh yes, he had a weak spot, but according to the original story about Achilles, Homer, in the Iliad, said it was his pride. Later versions indicate his weakness was his love for the Trojan princess Polyxena. In his Metamorphoses, Ovid suggested that
Achilles had a vulnerable spot on his body; but the Roman poet, Statius (c. A.D. 45-96), was the first to imply in a poem that it was his heel.
Joints and movement: a summary
TYPE OF JOINT MOVEMENT ALLOWED
Ball-and-socket Flexion and extensionAbduction and adduction
Hinge Flexion and extension
Pivot Only rotation
gliding A little movement in all directions (no bending or circular motions)
Key revision points You need to know the four different
synovial joints (ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot and gliding joint).
Understand the differences of each and the movements that occur at those joints.
Again, understand the role of cartilage, ligaments and tendons.
Movement
Learning objectives Be able to analyse three different
planes of movement. Give clear examples of each
movement
Flexion and extension Extension means
straightening a part of the body to its normal position.
Flexion means bending it. (Flexion is nearly always Forward.)
When you stand straight like this, your arms, legs, head, hands and
feet are extended to their normal
position.
Here the right arm is bent or flexed at the elbow joint. The left leg is flexed at
the knee joint.
When you run you
repeatedly flex and extend
your hip, knee, ankle,
elbow and shoulder
joints.
Task
1. Sit straight in your chair, elbows by your sides, hands flat on your knees, feet flat on the floor.
a) Which joints are flexed?b) Name two joints that are extended?
More examples
I have found a number of other examples of flexion.
Also, you are able to ‘hyperextend’ joints.
Abduction and adduction
Imagine a line drawn down the centre of your
body. Abduction is a sideways movement of a limb, out from the centre
line.
Adduction is the sideways movement, like this, towards and
even across the centre line. (Adduction is
towards the middle!)
This karate kick is an example of abduction.
Can you think of another example from tennis? Or
gymnastics?
Task
1. Stand up and show me an example of
a) Adductionb) Abduction
2. In swimming front crawl what movements occur at your hips?
3. In breast stroke what movements occur at your hips?
Rotation and circumduction
Rotation is a turning movement around an imaginary line, like a
wheel turning on its axis. Turning your head is an
example.
This backwards walkover is another example. The girls body is rotating like a wheel on an imaginary
axis.
In circumduction, the end of the bone moves
in a circle. Swinging your arms in a circle is an
example. Bowlers do it!
Joints, flexibility & health All movements require a degree of flexibility. Risk of injury is lessened if we make our joints more
flexible and strong. The things you need to increase flexibility are:
• A good diet• Regular exercise• Regular flexibility work
A lack of exercise leads to a decrease in flexibility. This is a big problem for the elderly who find it difficult to
do everyday tasks, e.g. turning a steering wheel & picking up shopping.
Gentle exercise will remedy this.
Key revision points Flexion and extension are the straightening and
bending of a joint respectively. Abduction and adduction are the movement
away and toward the midline of the body. Rotation is a turning movement around an
imaginary line and circumduction is when a bone moves in a circle.
Three things needed for good flexibility are a good diet, regular exercise and regular flexibility work!