A & p ch 5 skeleton student version

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Skeletal System

• Parts of the skeletal system• Bones (skeleton)• Joints• Cartilages• Ligaments

• Two subdivisions of the skeleton• Axial skeleton• Appendicular skeleton

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8d-RBe8JBVs





Functions of Bones

• Support the body• Protect soft organs

• Skull and vertebrae for brain and spinal cord• Rib cage for thoracic cavity organs

• Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles• Store minerals and fats

• Calcium and phosphorus• Fat in the internal marrow cavity

• Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)


Bones of the Human Body• The adult skeleton has 206 bones• Two basic types of bone tissue

1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone• Small needle-like pieces of bone

• Many open spaces


Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

• Bones are classified as:• Long• Short• Flat• Irregular


Classification of Bones• Long bones

• Typically longer than they are wide• Shaft with heads situated at both ends• Contain mostly compact bone• All of the bones of the limbs

(except wrist, ankle, and bones)

• Example:• Femur• Humerus


Classification of Bones• Short bones

• Generally cube-shaped• Contain mostly spongy bone• Includes bones of the wrist and ankle• Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone which form within tendons (patella)

• Example:• Carpals• Tarsals


Classification of Bones• Flat bones

• Thin, flattened, and usually curved• Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone

• Example: • Skull• Ribs• Sternum


Classification of Bones• Irregular bones

• Irregular shape• Do not fit into other bone classification categories

• Example:• Vertebrae • Hip bones


Anatomy of a Long Bone• Diaphysis

• Shaft• Composed of compact bone

• Epiphysis • Ends of the bone

• Composed mostly of spongy bone

Figure 5.3a

Distalepiphysis

Diaphysis

Proximalepiphysis

Articularcartilage

Spongy bone

EpiphyseallinePeriosteum

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

(a)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owlpf6zHgyw





Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Periosteum• Outside covering of the diaphysis• Fibrous connective tissue membrane

• Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers• Secure periosteum to underlying bone

• Arteries• Supply bone cells with nutrients

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A0rRIpjutY&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A0rRIpjutY&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A0rRIpjutY&feature=relmfu

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3c

Yellowbone marrow

Compact bone

Perforating(Sharpey’s)fibers

Nutrientarteries

Periosteum

Endosteum

(c)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3b

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Articularcartilage

(b)


• Articular cartilage• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

• Made of cartilage

• Decreases friction at joint surfaces

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.3a

Distalepiphysis

Diaphysis

Proximalepiphysis

Articularcartilage

Spongy bone

EpiphyseallinePeriosteum

Compact boneMedullarycavity (linedby endosteum)

(a)

• Epiphyseal plate• Flat plate of

hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone

• Epiphyseal line• Remnant of

the epiphyseal plate

• Seen in adult bones




•Marrow (medullary) cavity •Cavity inside of the shaft•Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

•Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

• In adults, red marrow is situated in cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones


Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone

•Osteon (Haversian system)•A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

•Central (Haversian) canal•Opening in the center of an osteon•Carries blood vessels and nerves

•Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal•Canal perpendicular to the central canal•Carries blood vessels and nerves


CompactbonePeriostealblood vesselPeriosteum

Perforatingfibers

Central (Haversian) canal

Perforating(Volkmann’s) canalBlood vessel

Spongy bone

Blood vessel continues intomedullary cavity containing marrow

Lamellae

(a)

Osteon(Haversian system)


Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

•Lacunae•Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)•Arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

•Lamellae•Rings around the central canal•Sites of lacunae

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdwwVCpld8&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdwwVCpld8&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNdwwVCpld8&feature=relmfu


Lamella

CanaliculusLacunaCentral (Haversian) canal

(b)

Osteocyte


Osteon

Lacuna

Centralcanal

Interstitiallamellae

(c)


Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

•Canaliculi •Tiny canals•Radiate from the central canal to lacunae•Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQhUINnTdZI&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQhUINnTdZI&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQhUINnTdZI&feature=relmfu


Lamella

CanaliculusLacunaCentral (Haversian) canal

(b)

Osteocyte http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylmanEGjRuY&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylmanEGjRuY&feature=relmfu






Formation of the Human Skeleton

• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage

•During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone – called ossification

•Cartilage remains in isolated areas•Bridge of the nose•Parts of ribs•Joints


Bone Growth (Ossification)

•Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood•New cartilage is continuously formed•Older cartilage becomes ossified

•Cartilage is broken down•Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity

•Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts


Bone Growth (Ossification)

•Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops•Bones are remodeled in response to two factors•Blood calcium levels•Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

•Bones grow in width (called appositional growth)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.5

In a fetusIn an embryo

Bone collar

Hyalinecartilagemodel

Bone startingto replacecartilage

In a child

Medullarycavity

New center ofbone growth

Hyalinecartilage

Epiphysealplate cartilage

Growthin bonelength

New boneforming

Invadingbloodvessels

Epiphysealplatecartilage

Articularcartilage

Spongybone

New boneforming

Growthin bonewidth

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5_3sNLtfxQ





Types of Bone Cells

•Osteocytes—mature bone cells•Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells•Osteoclasts—giant bone-destroying cells

•Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to parathyroid hormone

•Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts


Bone Fractures

•Fracture—break in a bone•Types of bone fractures

•Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin

•Compound fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin

•Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization


Common Types of Fractures

•Comminuted—bone breaks into many fragments

•Compression—bone is crushed•Depressed—broken bone portion is pressed inward

• Impacted—broken bone ends are forced into each other

•Spiral—ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

•Greenstick—bone breaks incompletely

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5Q5GPwAS4k

Setting a bone: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQVihuOUQkU&feature=related



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQVihuOUQkU&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nQVihuOUQkU&feature=related


Comminuted fracture

Compression fracture


Depressed fracture

Impacted fracture


Spiral fracture

Greenstick fracture


Logan’s leg – spiral, comminuted (he had fragments) & impacted


Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)

Hematomaforms.

Fibrocartilage callus forms.

Bony callus forms.

Bone remodeling occurs.

1 2 3 4

Hematoma

Bonycallus ofspongybone

Spongybonetrabecula

Newbloodvessels

Externalcallus

Healedfracture

Healing of bone fractures


Joints

•Articulations of bones•Functions of joints

•Hold bones together•Allow for mobility

•Two ways joints are classified•Functionally•Structurally


Features of Synovial Joints

•Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones

•Articular capsule encloses joint surfaces and lined with synovial membrane

•Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid•Reinforcing ligaments


Acromion of scapula

Ligament

Bursa

Ligament

Tendon sheath

Tendon of biceps muscle

Humerus

Fibrous layer of the articular capsule

Synovial membrane

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid


NonaxialUniaxialBiaxialMultiaxial

(a) Plane joint

(a)

Flat articular surfaces, slipping or gliding movements, intercarpal joints of wrist is best example



(b)

HumerusUlna

(b) Hinge joint

One cylindrical surface & one trough-shaped surface, angular movement in one plane, elbow, ankle, phalanges



(c)

(c) Pivot joint

UlnaRadius

Rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another, pivoting movement, proximal radioulnar joint

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32e


(e)

Carpal

(e) Saddle joint

Metacarpal #1

Saddle like surfaces that fit together, side to side & back & forth movements, carpometacarpal joints of thumb (twiddle thumbs to see movements)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.32f


(f)

Head of humerus

Scapula

(f) Ball-and-socket joint

One spherical head fits into round socket of other, rotational movement (multiaxial), intercarpal joints of shoulder & hip


Knee Replacement

• Basic knee anatomy• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxyww3qAt0o• • Knee replacement surgery explained with diagram• • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWQTm6qAPss• • Knee replacement surgery video - graphic but wonderfully explained & only 10 minutes. Let kids who don't want to see this go to either another room or to the lab area of the room.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJGJJOA1Me0

https://mail.nbsd.k12.pa.us/owa/redir.aspx?C=c0b440eacc8746e389da75383ad2a916&URL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxyww3qAt0o

https://mail.nbsd.k12.pa.us/owa/redir.aspx?C=c0b440eacc8746e389da75383ad2a916&URL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWQTm6qAPss

https://mail.nbsd.k12.pa.us/owa/redir.aspx?C=c0b440eacc8746e389da75383ad2a916&URL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJGJJOA1Me0


Skeletal System Disorders & Diseases

•Osteoarthritis – disease of the aged; degeneration of articular cartilage

•Bursitis – inflammation of bursae•Rickets – disease of children in which bones fail to calcify; caused by vitamin D deficiency (needed to absorb Ca from intestines into blood)

•Osteoporosis - the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the removal of old bone. Most common in post menopausal white & Asian women.


Osteoarthritis


Bursitis


Rickets


Osteoporosis


Importance of appropriate dietary Ca & strength of bones when young:

•Your bones are in a constant state of renewal — new bone is made and old bone is broken down.

•When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases.

•Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created.

•How likely you are to develop osteoporosis depends partly on how much bone mass you attained in your youth. The higher your peak bone mass, the more bone you have "in the bank" and the less likely you are to develop osteoporosis as you age.


Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System

•At birth, the skull bones are incomplete•Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called fontanels

•Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth


Frontal bone of skull

Mandible

RadiusUlna

Humerus

Femur

Tibia

Hip bone

Vertebra

Ribs

Scapula

Clavicle

Occipital bone

Parietal bone


The Axial Skeleton

•Forms the longitudinal axis of the body•Divided into three parts

•Skull•Vertebral column•Bony thorax

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8a(a) Anterior view

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull

Thoracic cage(ribs andsternum)

Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum


Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull


Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum

• Composed of 126 bones

• Limbs (appendages)

• Pectoral girdle• Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.8b(b) Posterior view

Fibula

Tibia

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

RadiusUlna

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Scapula

Clavicle

Cranium

Bones ofpectoralgirdle

Upperlimb

Bones ofpelvicgirdle

Lowerlimb


Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull


Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum


Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

Fibula

Tibia

Patella

Femur

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Carpals

UlnaRadius

Vertebra

Humerus

Rib

Sternum

Scapula

Clavicle

Facial bones

Cranium

Skull


Vertebralcolumn

Sacrum

• Composed of 126 bones

• Limbs (appendages)

• Pectoral girdle• Pelvic girdle

The Appendicular Skeleton


The Skull

•Two sets of bones•Cranium•Facial bones

•Bones are joined by sutures•Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint


Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Lambdoidsuture

Temporal bone

Squamous suture

Occipital bone

Zygomatic process

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process

Styloid process

Mandibular ramus

Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Alveolarprocesses

Mandible (body)Mental foramen


Sphenoidbone

Temporal bone

Internalacoustic meatus

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Jugular foramen

Foramen ovale

Sella turcica

Optic canal

Frontal bone

Cribriform plate

Crista galliEthmoidbone


Maxilla(palatine process)Hard

palatePalatine bone

Zygomatic bone

Temporal bone(zygomatic process)

Vomer

Mandibular fossa

Styloid process

Mastoid process

Temporal bone

Parietal bone

Occipital boneForamen magnum

Occipital condyle

Jugular foramen

Carotid canal

Foramen ovale

Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

Maxilla


Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Nasal bone

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Zygomatic bone

Maxilla

Mandible

Alveolar processes

Vomer

Inferior nasal concha

Middle nasal conchaof ethmoid bone

Temporal bone

Optic canal

Superior orbital fissure

Frontal bone


Skull Links to videos & practice• Calvaria bones explained

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I0t9N-GIRM&feature=plcp• Facial bones exlained

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oEAyhcHqbE&feature=plcp

• Interactive Practice• http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/skeletons_skulls/skull_lateral_7_m.html

• Interactive Practice: roll-over• http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/antskul.htm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I0t9N-GIRM&feature=plcp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oEAyhcHqbE&feature=plcp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oEAyhcHqbE&feature=plcp

http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/skeletons_skulls/skull_lateral_7_m.html

http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/skeletons_skulls/skull_lateral_7_m.html

http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/antskul.htm


The Fetal Skull

•The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length•Fetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull which is 1/8 body length

•Fontanels—fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones•Allow skull compression during birth•Allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy

•Convert to bone within 24 months after birth


Frontal bone

Parietalbone

(a)

Occipitalbone

Anteriorfontanel

Posterior fontanel


Anterior fontanel

Frontalbone

SphenoidalfontanelParietal bone

Posteriorfontanel

OccipitalboneMastoidfontanel

Temporal bone

(b)


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfuT3d63-oo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViAV9a9Ota8

Craniosynostosis• Explanation video & Jack’s story





A & p ch 5 skeleton student version

Education

Transcript of A & p ch 5 skeleton student version