Geo l9 physiography_india_part_1
Transcript of Geo l9 physiography_india_part_1
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Indian GeographyPhysical geo of India
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Northern mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
Physiography of India
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1) Himalayas (Nanga parbat to Namcha barwa)
2) Trans-Himalayas ( Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar)
3) Purvanchal
Northern mountain complex
Himalayas
Trans-Himalayas
Purvanchal
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1) Himalayas (Nanga parbat to Namcha barwa)
2) Trans-Himalayas ( Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar)
3) Purvanchal
Northern mountain complex
Himalayas
Trans-Himalayas
Purvanchal
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•C-C plate collision•Fold mt., tertiary young mt., sedimentary rocks of marine origin•Not a single range but series of chain of mountains
The Himalayas
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Dras-kohistan islands Karakoram ranges
Phases of formation of Himalayas
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Upliftment of Great Himalayas
Upliftment of mid-Him
Phases of formation of Himalayas
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Upliftment of Shiwaliks Still rising
Phases of formation of Himalayas
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1) Great Himalayas (Himadri)
2) Middle/ lesser Himalayas (Himachal)
3) Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas)
North south division of Himalayas1
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•Highest and most continuous mountain range of the world•Crystalline rocks•Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri, Mansalu, Annapurna•Nanda devi, Kamet, Gurla Mandhata
Great Himalayas
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•Mid/lesser-Him (Himachal)– discontinuities –
1) Pir Panjal2) Dhauladhar3) Nag tibba4) Masoorie5) Kumaon hills6) Mahabharat (Nepal)
Middle Himalayas1
234 5
6
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•Upliftment of foothills of Himalayas•Fluvial in origin – alluvial fans, coarse deposits brought by Himalayan rivers•Closer to great Him in Nepal – disappear after river Gandak
Shiwaliks
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1) Aravalli and Assam hills – strong push.•Middle peninsula –sagged- convex shape of Himalayas
2) Sharply bent towards southward - sudden end•Western bend near Nanga parbat and eastern near Namcha Barwa•Called syntaxial bend
Structure of Himalayas
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•Great Himalayas and Shiwaliks hog-back structure•Gentle sloping northern face – southern face steep slope•Northern side rest against Tibetan plt•Snow accumulation on southern side
Structure of Himalayas
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•Don’t as a water divide – river cut across – antecedent rivers• Indus, Satluj, Brahmaputra, Kosi•Rate of erosion of rivers are higher than rate of upliftment of Himalayas
Antecedent rivers
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antecedent Superimposed rivers
Erosion process of rivers
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• Indian plate first collide at its north-western part to Eurasian plate•Eastern part still not collided
Western and eastern Himalayas
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• Indian plate then rotate clockwise – NW part as hinge •collision of eastern edge•Both the portion is now attached to Eurasian plate
Western and eastern Himalayas
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• Indian plate again rotate anti-clockwise•Now NE part as hinge•Western part get away from the Eurasian plate partially•Western portion moves southward
Western and eastern Himalayas
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•NW edge released•Western Himalayas spread out•Western Himalayas broaden•That’s why, shiwaliks gets closer to Great Himalayas in Eastern part than in western part
Western and eastern Himalayas
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Western Himalayas:From Indus to Kali river
Eastern Himalayas:From Kali river to Brahmaputra river
Western and Eastern HimalayasWestern him
Eastern him
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Western Himalayas
Great Him, Middle Himalayas (Dhualadhar, Pirpanjal, Kumaon, Massoorie range)
Great Himalayas +Middle Himalayas : Nepal Him (Dudwa, Muree, Churia) NE Him (Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi)
Eastern Himalayas
Difference between W and E Himalayas
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Nepal Himalayas HimalayasWestern him
Eastern him Dhaulagiri
AnnapurnaMansalu
Everest Makalu
Kanchenjunga
Dudhwa
Muree
Churia
Great Himalayas
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West and East Himalayas
KanchenjungaDafla
Miri
Abor
Mishmi
Karakoram
LadakhZaskarGreat Himalayas
Pirpanjal
Dhauladhar
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Western Himalayas
Lower and gradual slopePeaks= k2, Godwin Austin, Gasherbrum, Masherbrum
Located on higher latitude –colder
Don’t act as barrier for north-west monsoon -drier
Higher and steep-sudden slope
Peaks= Everest, Makalu, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri
Located on lower latitude –warmer
Active barrier of south west monsoon winds -wetter
Eastern Himalayas
Difference between W and E Himalayas
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Prelims1995
Q. The alpine vegetation in western Himalayas is found only upto a height of 3000m while in Eastern Himlayas it is found upto a height of 4000m. The reason for this variation in same mountain range is that:
a) Eastern Himalayas are higher than western Himalayas
UPSC
Question
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Prelims2010
b) Eastern Himalayas are nearer to equator and sea than Western Himalayasc) Eastern Himalayas get more rainfall than western Himalayasd) Eastern Himalayan rocks are more fertile than western Himalayas
Ans. C)
UPSC
Question
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East-West division of Himalayas
Kashmir Him- PN(Indus -Satluj)
Kumaon Him
(Satluj -Kali)
Nepal him
(Kali - Kosi)
Sikkim Him
(Kosi - Teesta)
Assam Him
(Teesta - Dihang)
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•Karakoram, Ladakh, Zasakar, Pir panjal, Dhaula dhar•Zozila pass btwn Kashmir and Ladakh•Valleys, duns, lakes
Kashmir-PN Himlayas
Karakoram
LadakhZaskarGreat Himalayas
Pirpanjal
Dhauladhar
Zozila pass
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•West – Garhwal Himalayas•East –Kumaon Himalayas•Nandadevi, Kamet, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri•Source of Ganga, Yamuna•Nainital and Bhimtal -lakes
Kumaon Himalayas
Garhwal
Kumaon Shiwaliks
Great Himalayas
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•Tallest section of Himalayas•Great Himalayas –peaks –Dhaulagiri, Annapurna, Mansalu, Everest, Makalu•Kathmandu valley
Nepal Himalayas
Dhaulagiri
AnnapurnaMansalu
Everest Makalu
Kanchenjunga
Dudhwa
Muree
Churia
Great Himalayas
Kathmandu valley
Kali river Karnali riverGandak river
Kosi river
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•Peak: Kanchenjunga•Teesta originate near Kanchenjunga• Jelep la pass- tri-junction of India- China-Bhutan
Sikkim Himalayas
Jelep la pass
Kanchenjunga
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•Himalayas –narrower•Lesser Himalayas close to great Himalayas•Peaks: Namcha Barwa, Kula Kangri•Bengal ‘Duars’•Diphu pass- tri-junction of India- China-Myanmar
Assam Himalayas
Dafla
Miri
Abor
Mishmi
Diphu pass
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Prelims2003
Q. Nanda devi peak forms part of:a) Assam Himalayasb) Kumaon Himlayasc) Nepal Himalayasd) Punjab Himalayas
Ans. B)Nandadevi - Uttarakhand
UPSC
Question
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•When river initially blocked by rising mt.• it spreads out –form lake
“Duns” formation
lakeriver
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•Lakes dry out when river find weak rocks to cut across the mt. •Dry lakes = ‘Duns’•Between great and mid-Him• Dehradun btw Shiwaliks and masoorie range
“Duns” formation
lake river
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•Flat-topped terraces of Kashmir valley on flanks of Pir Panjal•made up of clay, sands from old deltaic fans•Fertile land
Karewas
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Prevents cold Siberian wind to enter into India
No Himalayas –No Tibet – No rainfall- India would have been desert
Himalayas split STWJ into 2 branches – winter rain
Source of perennial rivers – great fertile plain
Importance of Himalayas
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Forest wealth – great Himalayan NP –unique Bio diversity
Minerals – coal (Anthracite) at kalakot, Nickel, Copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver
Most of them cannot be exploited due to adverse geo conditions
Importance of Himalayas
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Prelims2010
Q. If there were no Himalayan range, what would have been the most likely geographical impact on India?1. Much of the country would
experience the cold wave from Siberia
2. Indo-Gangetic plain would be devoid of such extensive alluvial soils
UPSC
Question
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Prelims2010
3. The pattern of monsoon would be different from what it is at present.Which among the above is/are correct?a) 1 onlyb) 1 and 3c) 2 and 3d) 1,2,3Ans. D)
UPSC
Question
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Prelims2012
Q. When you travel in Himalayas, you will see following:1. Deep gorges2. U-turn river courses3. Parallel mountain ranges4. Steep-gradient causing land-
slidesWhich of the above can be said to be evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
UPSC
Question
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Prelims2012
a) 1 and 2b) 1,2 and 4c) 3 and 4d) 1,2,3 and 4
Ans. D)
UPSC
Question
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• Immediately north of Great Himalayas•Most of them lie in Tibet
1) Karakoram2) Ladakh3) Zaskar4) Kailash•Avg. elevation 3000m
Trans-Himalayas
1
2
3
4
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Karakoram Ladakh Kailash Zaskar
K2 Rakapokshi Kailash Nanga Parbat
Gasherbrum
Ranges and peaks
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•Karakoram is home of the greatest glaciers of world outside polar regions•Siachin, Baltoro, Biafo, Hispar- Glaciers•Watershed btwn India and Turkmenistan
Trans-Himalayas
Karakoram
LadakhZaskar
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•Deosai mt. part of ladakh range•Origin of Suru river (tri.of Indus)•Kailash range is off-shoot of Ladakh range• Indus river passes between Ladakh and Zaskar range
Trans-Himalayas
Ladakh range
Indus river
Shyok river
Deosai mountains
Suru river
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•Eastern Himalayas•Same orogeny that of Himalayas•Patkaibum, Naga hills, Manipuri hills, Mizo hills•Elevation decrease from north to south
Purvanchal
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Mt. detailsPatkai bum
Border between Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar
Naga hills Highest peak – mt. sharamatiForm water shed between India and Myanmar
Manipuri hills
Border between Manipur and MyanmarSource of R.Manipuri(tri.Chindwin, Myanmar)
Mizo hills Highest peak – blue mt.
Purvanchal
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•Extension of Purvanchal continues in Myanmar as Arakan yome –then Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Purvanchal
Arakan yoma
Purvanchal
Andaman and Nicobar
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Northern mountains
Northern plains
Peninsular plateau
Coastal plains
Physiography of India
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•Youngest physiographic feature in India•Depositional flood plain created by Himalayan rivers
1) Indus2) Ganga-Yamuna3) Brahmaputra
Northern plains
1 2
3
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•One of the largest, continuous and extensive plains•Fertile plain- flat topography -historically settled –dense population•30% of the world’s population on 10% of world’s agro-land
Northern Plains
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Bhabhar
Terai
Bangar
Khadar
NS division of Northern plains
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•Bhabhar = alluvial fans of Himalayan rivers – coarse depo – large boulders•High porosity and permeability•Rivers disappear•Not good for cultivation
N-S division of N.Plains
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•Terai:•Bad drainage•Rivers re-appears –swamps, marshy•Naturally sal forest•Terai of Bengal and Bihar more developed
N-S division of N.Plains
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•Bangar:• old flood plains of rivers - Dry land•Colcareous concretion -Kankar
N-S division of N.Plains
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•Khadar – new flood plains – fresh river deposition•Slope btw Bangar and Khadar:•PN- ‘Dhayas’, UP- ‘Khol’, Bengal – ‘Bhils’, Bihar –’Taal’
N-S division of N.Plains
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Flood plain of a river Bangar and Khadar
river
Old Flood plain
New Flood plain
Old Flood plain Old Flood plainNew Flood plain
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•East-West division of plain
1) RJ plains (Indus)
2) PN plains (Indus)
3) Gangetic plains
4) Assam plains (Brahmaputra)
Northern Plains
1
2
3 4
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•West of Aravalli•North: Gangasagar region•Extension of PN plains of Indus•West of Aravalli: Rajasthan Bagar•Drained by river Luni•Luni merged into Rann of Kutchh
RJ Plains
Thar desert
Arav
alli r
ange
Luni River
Gangasagar region
Rajasth
an
Bagar
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•Rajasthan Bagar: fluvial grasslands –RJ steppe•Very fertile –Rohi tracts•Western most RJ- marusthali/ Thar desert– sand dunes “Dhrians”
RJ Plains
Thar desert
Arava
lli ra
nge
Rajasth
an
Bagar
Luni River
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SW plains: marine origin •While north movement- Indian plate’s western margin – marine transgression – marine depo. – oil and gas reserve – salt lakes•Extend to Kutchh
RJ Plains
Arava
lli ra
nge
Rajasth
an
Bagar
Gangasagar region
SW plains
Thar desert
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•Tropical desert•Off-shore trade winds + local reason – Aravalli parallel to SW monsoon – no orographic rain•Soil is fertile – but moisture deficiency – cultivable if relclaimed
Deserts in RJ
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•Fluvial plains –Ravi, Beas and Sutlej (tri. Of Indus)•Khadar plains: fertile but limitations
1) Aridity2) Basin topography
(bad drainage) - salination
Punjab Plains
Ravi River
Beas River
Satluj River
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•Divisions:1) Upper Gangetic
plains2) Middle
Gangetic plains3) Lower Gangetic
plains
Gangetic Plains
1
2
3
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Upper ganga plains•From Yamuna to Ghaghara plains•Rohilkhand plain•Sandy deposits
Gangetic Plains
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middle ganga plains•Kosi plain•Called Magadh / Awadh /Anga plain•Flood-prone, shifting of river course of Kosi
Gangetic Plains
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Lower ganga plains•Ganga enters WB•Sundarban delta•Lowland-almost sea level•Sagar Island•Lothian Is. (N.P)•Bengal tigers
Gangetic Plains
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•Brahmaputra largest river of India (volume)•Origin Mansarovar lake- enters as Dihang in Arunachal Pradesh•River course narrow- numerous stream flow -flood prone
Assam Plains
Kailash mt.
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• Streams from north –swift flowing – form alluvial fans
1) Manas2) Subansiri, • Streams from south plt. –smooth flowing-
3) Dibang4) Lohit5) Dhansiri6) Kapilli
Assam plains
ManasSubansiri Dihang
Dhansiri
Lohit
Kapilli
Garo KhasiJaintia Barail range
Naga hills
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Geological history of IndiaPhysiographical regions of IndiaNorthern mountainsNorthern plains