LECTURE TWO HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTSDr Maurice Mullard

13 February 2009

RELIGION AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION War of Religions France prosecution of

Huguenots Decree of Nantes freedom of Religion

Europe Thirty years War 1618 Treaty of Westphalia State to decide religion See Locke on Tolerance and Milton on

Freedom of Expression

ROLE OF REVOLUTION

American Revolution 1776 the Constitution and Bill of Rights

French Revolution 1789 and the terror of the Thermidor

Reinstate monarchy Revolution 1648 Paris Commune 1872

DISCRIMINATION

Expulsion of Jews in Europe 1270 to 1380 England Act of Tolerance 1689 and Habeas

Corpus 1689 Russia pogroms Jewish Ghettoes as places of safety Balfour Act 1917 Jewish State in Palestine

ISLAM IN EUROPE Crusades Islam conquest of Jerusalem 1180 Muslims in Spain 733 1610 forced

conversions the Moriscos rebellion of 1568 Expulsions of Jews and Muslims Battle of

Lepanto 1571 Islam Arts and Science in Europe

Problem of maledicta to bad mouth

INDUSTRIAL AGE

Emergence of civil society new public spaces Social protest suffrage social issues and

trade unions Factory Acts limits on working day child

labour Labour movements

AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM HUMAN RIGHTS Freedom of Speech Freedom of Expression Freedom of Expression Article 10 European

Convention of Human Rights 28th May 2003 Declaration on Freedom of Communication on the Internet Council of Europe

Freedom of speech and freedom of the Press First Amendment Constitution of the United States

Examples Hate Speech Defamation of character libel Ku Klux Klan Europe hate speech Holocaust Racism

USA Experience Palme Raids McCarthy Culture of Distrust

PRESIDENT BUSH RESPONSE AFTER 9/11

Patriot Act 2001 Guantanamo Bay Legal Black hole illegal Enemy Combatant Surveillance and secret wire taps FISA 1978

Vietnam War Martin Luther King Military Commissions Act 2007 habeas

corpus

UK ANTI TERROR LEGISLATION

Definitions of terrorism glorification of terror Detentions and history of internment Stop and search Integrate Islamic fascism Western concept to explain

new terrorism

FRAGILE HUMANITY

History of genocide some 36 genocides since 1890

In the name of progress Nazi Germany purify the race gypsies, disabled, Jews

Soviet Russia name of socialism 60 million dead

Rwanda Cambodia Bangladesh

WHERE IS MORALITY Story of UZ collecting porcelain to be left in

peace Story of the concentration camp rape the cap who lives who dies

To do what is morally right? Christian values did not stop the Holocaust Islam and terrorism Fragile Humanism

AL QAEDA THINKING AND IDEOLOGY

Backward jihadists against women's rights secular society gay rights wanting to destroy our values

Modern using of the internet trying to be global movement against tribes

Connections with other Utopian ideology Jacobins, Communists Nazi thinking all tried to reconstruct society

FRAGILITY OF LIFE

Soviet Experiment estimate 20 million dead from Lenin to Stalin utopian dream need of terror failure of French Revolution and Paris Commune

Nazi racial purity use of science estimate 20 million dead

China Culture Revolution 38 million dead

Pol Pot Cambodia Genocide Rwanda Bosnia

UTOPIAN DREAMS

Science idea and dreams of progress end of conflict and disharmony

Condorcet Comte humanity and science Core of the Enlightenment Market Liberalism a Utopian dream Made possible with break up of Soviet Union

triumph of capitalism

NEO CONSERVATIVE UTOPIAN DREAM

End of History export democracy and freedom and markets as model of progress template for change

Other models of development Beijing Consensus Putin in Russia