Ky Yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - Tieng Anh 2

8/9/2019 Ky Yeu NCKH 2009-2010 - Tieng Anh 2

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DANH SCH BO CO CHN LN CP KHOA/TRNG

T Ting Anh 2 Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

THC PHT M TING ANH I VI NGI VIT NI NGNG:NGHIN CU A TNH HUNG TI HNN - HQGHN

L Th Phng Anh Mai Ngc KhiT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

KHO ST HOT NG C RNG CA SINH VIN NM TH HAI CHUYNNGNH TING ANH S PHM H CHNH QUY TRNG HNN-HQG HN

Trn Hoi GiangT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

MC T VNG V CHIN THUT HC T VNG CA SINH VIN NMNHT CHUYN NGNH TING ANH CHNH QUY TRNG HNN-HQG HN

Ng Xun MinhT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

XY DNG KHUNG KHI NIM CHO GIO DC T DUY PHN BIN TRONGGING DY TING ANH

Phng H Thanh

T Ting Anh 2 Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

PHT TRIN T DUY PH PHN CA SINH VIN NM TH HAI THNG QUABI C PHN TCH TI TRNG HNN - HQGHN

ng Thu Trang on Th Thu Trang Tng Th M LinT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

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PHT M TING ANH I VI NGI VIT NI NGNG:NGHIN CU A TNH HUNG TI HNN - HQGHN

L Th Phng Anh Mai Ngc KhiT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

Vi nt v cc tc giTt nghip c nhn s phm nm 2009, L Th Phng Anh c bit quan tm n lnh vc

phng php ging dy v t duy ph phn. Email:[email protected]. Tel: 0987 834 143Hon thnh chng trnh thc s ngn ng ng dng ca i hc Queensland, c nm 2008, Mai

Ngc Khi quan tm n phng php ging dy v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong ging dy ngoing. Email:[email protected]. Tel: 01678415689

Hin hai tc gi ang cng tc ti t Ting Anh Thc Hnh II, Khoa Ngn Ng v Vn Ha AnhM, HNN HQGHN.

Tm tt ni dungNi ngng l tt ph bin trong cc nh trng Vit Nam, bao gm c nhng trngchuyn ngoi ng. Tuy nhin, nghin cu v vic pht m ting Anh ca nhm i tng ny cnrt hn ch. Nghin cu c thc hin nhm gii thiu mt cch nhn mi v su hn v miquan h ca ting m i vi vic hc ngoi ng qua vic phn tch d liu lin quan npht m ca ba sinh vin chuyn ng ni ngng ting m . Cc d liu ny c nhm lithnh cc ch im lin quan, cho thy nhng vn ni cm xung quanh vic hc ting Anhca ngi ni ngng ting Vit.

1. Dn nhpTt ni ngng l mt tt rt ph bin ca ngi vng duyn hi Bc B; nghim trng

hn, tt ny cn thm nhp vo cc trng chuyn ngoi ng, ni i hi nng khiu ngn ngv kh nng pht m chun rt cao. Trong cc li pht m ca ngi Bc B, pht m sai /l/ v/n/ c coi l li ph bin v nghim trng nht (Phan, 2002). Theo McDonald (trch bi Tng,2006), nu mt ngi pht m sai mt m no trong ting m th cng c xu hng phtm sai chnh m trong khi hc ngoi ng. Hai m /n/ v /l/ u xut hin trong c ting Vitv ting Anh. Vy liu ngi hc pht m sai hai m ny trong ting Vit c mc phi li phtm tng t nh trong ting Anh khng?

2. Phng phpNghin cu c tin hnh da trn phng php nghin cu a tnh hung nh tnh, tc

l ch c rt t ngi tham gia nghin cu, v d liu c miu t v phn tch theo chiu su.Ba ngi tham gia nghin cu l sinh vin ang hc cc kha khc nhau khoa Anh

HNN HQGHN, n t nhng vng khc nhau, v gp cc vn khc nhau trong vic phtm /n/ v /l/ trong ting Vit. Cc i tng c yu cu lm hai bi kim tra - mt bi kim trapht m (bao gm c ting Vit v ting Anh), v bi kim tra nghe (nghe v phn bit /n/ v /l/trong c ting Vit ln ting Anh). Ngoi ra, h c phng vn da theo danh mc cc cu hiv cc ch cn cp n, vi th t v cch t cu hi ty thuc vo ng cnh v c imtng i tng phng vn. Cc d liu thu li c phn nhm v phn tch theo cc ch impht sinh lin quan n vn nghin cu. V vy, kt qu nghin cu cho php nhn nhn vn c lp vi kin v d on ch quan ca ngi lm nghin

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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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3. Kt qu v bn lun

3.1. Mi trng pht m saiMi trng c nh hng khng nh n pht m ca c nhn. 2 trong s 3 ngi tham

gia nghin cu sng nhng vng c nhiu ngi ni ngng /n/ v /l/ t nh; tuy nhin, 1 ngimi sng mi trng c ngi ni ngng trong 5 thng nhng kp hnh thnh thi quen pht

m sai. iu ny khng nh rng vic tip xc vi mi trng pht m sai, d trong mt thigian di, hay ngn nhng lin tc, u c th nh hng ln n thi quen pht m xu ca mtc nhn.

3.2. nh hng ca ting m i vi vic hc ngoi ngNhng ngi tham gia nghin cu u ni ngng ph m u /n/ v /l/ trong ting Vit,

v khi ni ting Anh, h c xu hng mc phi li tng t. Theo kt qu phn tch, ba sinh vinu c kh nng c ng m b ngng, iu cho thy vic ni ngng trong ting Anh khngphi do h khng c kh nng pht m mt trong hai m /n/ hoc /l/ m l do nh hng ca thiquen pht m sai trong ting m .

V ph m cui /l/, ngi pht m sai ph m /l/ trong ting Vit cha chc pht msai ph m cui /l/ trong ting Anh. iu ny c th c l gii nh sau: trong ting vit khngc ph m cui /l/ , do m ny trong ting Anh i vi h l mt m mi v h c th lu tmtrong qu trnh hc v pht m ng ngay t u. V th, nu mt ngi ni ngng ch /l/ khngc ng c ph m cui /l/ trong ting Anh, th khng nht thit l do nh hng ca tt ningng, m c th l do ngi hc cha lm quen c vi mt m mi khng c trong ting m ca h.

Tng t, mt ngi pht m ng ph m cui /n/ trong ting Vit cha chc phtm ng ph m cui /n/ trong ting Anh. iu gy kh khn cho h khi c ph m cui trongting Anh chnh l s kt hp m l, chng hn nh kt hp nguyn m kp /ai/ vi ph mcui /n/ trong t line, nine mt cch kt hp m khng h c trong ting Vit.

Ni tm li, nh hng ca tt ni ngng trong ting m thc cht l nh hng camt thi quen pht m sai trong mt ngn ng quen thuc i vi s pht m trong mt ngnng l. Ngoi ra, s pht m sai ph m cui /n/ v /l/ trong ting Anh khng nht thit l do nhhng ca tt ni ngng trong ting Vit.

3.3. Mi quan h gia n tng thnh gic v kh nng pht mNu mt ngi pht m sai th t c kh nng nhn din c m khi nghe, v ngc

li. Hai trong s 3 trng hp tham gia nghin cu l v d cho iu ny: n tng thnh gic vm h b ngng kh km. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng, kh nng pht m khng phi lc nocng t l thun vi n tng thnh gic, nh mt trng hp c kh nng nhn din m kh tt,mc d tt ni ngng kh nng. Vn ca trng hp ny khng phi l khng nhn ra li phtm sai , m do khng ch trng vo pht m khi giao tip. Nh vy, n tng thnh gic v kh

nng pht m phn no lin quan ti nhau, nhng cng cn xem xt mt cch linh hot trongtng trng hp.

3.4. Thi ca ngi tham gia nghin cu i vi tt ni ngngBa yu t quan trng quyt nh thnh cng trong sa tt ni ngng l bit tip thu kin

ng gp, ham hc hi, v quyt tm sa. Trong ba ngi tham gia nghin cu, ch duy nht mtngi lun nhn thc v tt ni ngng ca mnh, lun ch ng nh bn b gip sa ngng,

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v dnh thi gian t luyn tp thm. V th, sinh vin ny c th pht m ng nhiu nht trongc ting Vit ln ting Anh

3.5. Hai xu hng gii quyt tt ni ngng ca ngi tham giaTheo hng th nht, ngi ni ngng thng n trnh giao tip, hoc trnh dng nhng

t c m b ngng. Nhng ngi theo hng th hai, ngc li, c gng i mt v sa tt ni

ngng.D dng nhn thy, thi l mt yu t rt quan trng trong vic sa ngng thnh cng

hay khng. Vi mt phn ng tiu cc (n trnh), ngi hc gn nh khng th sa c tt ningng ca mnh. Tuy nhin, phn ng tch cc (i mt v n lc sa) cng cha c mtkt qu tch cc, m cn cn c phng php ng n.

3.6. Thi ca cng ng i vi nhng ngi ni ngngThi ca cng ng cng phn nhiu nh hng ti s tin b ca ngi ni ngng.

Cc i tng tham gia nghin cu cho bit, hu ht mi ngi gi thi th , hoc l i lisai ca h. Theo Phan (2002), yu t tm l ny xut pht t nn vn ha ng x hiu ha cangi Vit, m tt p ph ra, xu xa y li. Mt kiu thi tiu cc khc l ch giu,nhi theo ngi ni ngng, gy nn p lc tm l cho ngi ni ngng, khin h mang mc cm,khng dm nh gip , thm ch dn n ngi giao tip.

3.7. S hng dn t nhng ngi xung quanhC ba sinh vin tham gia nghin cu u cho bit h c nhn c nhiu li khuyn,

nhng mi ngi khuyn mt cch, v nhn chung u khng r rng, khng gip h gii quytc vn ni ngng.

3.8. Kh khn ca sinh vin trong vic sa tt ni ngngTh nht, do kh nng phn bit hai m /n/ v /l/ bng thnh gic km, nhng i tng

ni ngng khng thc c mi khi pht m sai, v cng khng th sa c. Th hai, hkhng nm c cch cu thnh hai m /n/ v /l/, iu ny cn tr vic luyn tp pht m. H cnhn c li khuyn, nhng mi ngi khuyn mt cch, v nhng hng dn ny ni chung

u khng r rng v khng gii quyt c trit vn pht m. Thm vo , phn ngkhng tch cc t nhng ngi xung quanh, d v tnh hay c , cng gp phn lm gim s ttin ca ngi ni ngng trong giao tip, dn n vic h ngi ni, hay khng thoi mi khi cgp . Sau cng, lng bi v v cng vic nng cng l mt nguyn nhn khin nhng sinhvin ny khng c thi gian, hay tm l thoi mi luyn tp sa pht m.

3.9. Nhu cu ca sinh vin ni ngngNhng ngi c hi by t mong mun nhn c s cm thng, quan tm v gip

t nhng ngi xung quanh. H u mun nhn c li khuyn phi lm th no pht mcho ng, ch khng ch l li nhc pht m sai ri, hay bo lp li t nhiu ln n khi phtm c th thi. Chng trnh hc, theo h, cha tht s to iu kin cho h thi gian t hc,

t trau di bn thn, vi vic hc tp ph thuc nhiu vo cc mn ph - vi lng bi tp nngnhng t kh nng p dng vo thc t.

4. Kt lunMi trng pht m, thi quen pht m trong ting m , kh nng nghe ng m, p

lc tm l, thc bn thn v phng php luyn tp l nhng yu t c nh hng ln n vicpht m ting Anh ca mt b phn ng k sinh vin Vit Nam ni ngng. khc phc tnhtrng ny, trc ht, bn thn ngi hc cn hiu c tm quan trng ca vic pht m ng.Ngoi ra, h cn hiu ng cch pht m cch t li, cch thot hi. Vic luyn tp thng

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xuyn cng l mt yu t khng th xem nh. Luyn tp y cn c s kt hp gia luyn nghev luyn pht m. Mt iu cng rt quan trng chnh l yu t ng lc bn trong; tc l ngini ngng cn bit vt qua mc cm, ci m nh gip , v phn u sa c ngng.

Ti liu tham kho

Phan, L. (2002). ting Vit ngy cng trong sng. H Ni: Nh Xut Bn Vn Hc.Tang, G. (2006). Cross-linguistic analysis of Vietnamese and English with implications forVietnamese language acquisition and maintenance in the United States.Journal ofSoutheast Asian-American Education & Advancement, 2, 1-33

KHO ST HOT NG C RNG CA SINH VIN NM TH HAI CHUYNNGNH TING ANH S PHM H CHNH QUY TRNG HNN-HQG HN

Trn Hoi GiangT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

Vi nt v tc gi- H tn: Trn Hoi Giang- Chc danh: Ging vin- Hc v: B.A (C nhn)- n v cng tc: T Thc hnh ting II, Khoa S phm Ting Anh- Email: [email protected] in thoi: 0985043387

Tm tt ni dungBn bo co di y tm tt phng php nghin cu v kt qu ca nghin cu

kho st vic thc hnh c rng ca sinh vin nm th hai trng HNN HQG HN. C th

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hn, sau khi cn nhc v tm quan trng ca hot ng c rng trong vic hc ngoi ng v slng hn ch nhng kt qu nghin cu v hot ng ny ca sinh vin chuyn ngnh ngoing Vit Nam, tc gi tin hnh kho st hot ng c rng ca 110 sinh vin v lng c,ti liu c, nhng chin thut s dng khi c, mc ch c cng nh nhng kh khn m mts sinh vin gp phi khi c v nhn nh ca sinh vin v li ch ca vic c rng. Kt qu t

phiu iu tra v phng vn trc tip gp phn to ra ci nhn ton din hn v mt s khacnh ca hot ng c rng ca sinh vin.

1. t vn Vai tr ca hot ng c ni chung v c rng ni ring c cng nhn rng ri v

chc chn nhiu nc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam, phng php hc c thng quavic thc hnh c rng cn kh mi m. Thm vo , nhng nghin cu hin c v vic crng Vit Nam ch yu tp trung vo hiu qu ca mt s chng trnh c rng c thchin v nhng chin thut sinh vin s dng trong lc c. Trong khi , ng vai tr quan trngtrong thnh cng ca mt chng trnh c li l vic c ca chnh sinh vin. Do , cn cthm nghin cu nhm miu t chi tit nhiu kha cnh ca hot ng c ca sinh vin.

2. C s l lun

2.1 Hot ng c rng ni chung

2.1.1 nh ngha c rngMc d nh ngha v c rng a ra bi Richards v Schmidt (2002), Morrow v

Tracey (2002), Jacobs et al. (1999), Day v Bamford (2002) v Quch (2007) khng hon tonging nhau, cc nh ngha ny u c im chung vic miu t hot ng c rng l hotng c nhiu v tp trung vo ni dung hn l ngn ng ca bi c. Jacobs et al, Day vBamford, v Quch cn nhn mnh vic ngi c t chn ti liu c khi thc hin c rng.Cc cch nhn nhn hat ng c rng th hin s khc bit r rt hn khi bn v vn mcch c. Trong khi Jacobs et al (2007) cho rng mc ch ca c rng l ly thng tin vgii tr, Carell v Carson (1997), trch dn li Day v Bamford, b sung mc ch c hc

ngn ng.Cn c vo i tng ca nghin cu ny (sinh vin chuyn ngnh ngoi ng), tc gi

nghin cu chn cch nhn nhn hot ng c rng l c nhiu ti liu phong ph, tp trungvo ni dung hn vo ngn ng ca bi c, v vi mc ch khng ch ly thng tin hay gii trm cn tip thu ngoi ng.

2.1.2 Li ch ca hot ng c rngS thng nht gia cc kt qu nghin cu trong nc (Hong, 2007 v Quch, 2007)

cng nh trn th gii (Carrell v Carson, 1997; Elley, 1991; Elley v Mangubhai, 1981;Krashen v Mason, 1997; Jacobs et al., 1999 v 2001; v Nation, 1997) khng nh nhhng tch cc ca vic c rng ln ngi c v nhiu mt. Li ch ca vic c rng c th

c nhm li nh sau:- Pht trin k nng ngn ng ca ngi c (c bit k nng c v vit)- M rng hiu bit v ngn ng ca ngi c, ch yu l ng php v t vng.- M rng kin thc nn ca ngi c.- Lm tng ng lc c ni ring v ng lc hc ni chung.

2.2 Ti liu cXt theo i tng s dng, ti liu c c th c chia lm hai nhm: ti liu c phn

chia trnh (graded readers) dnh cho ngi hc ngoi ng v cc vn bn tht, khng c

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vit li, khng chia trnh dnh cho ngi bn ng (unsimplified texts). Nghin cu hin titp trung vo loi th hai. Loi vn bn tht, khng c gin lc dnh cho ngi bn ng cmt s c im nh sau:

- Th hin cch dng tht, t nhin ca ngn ng (Richards v Schmidt, 2002, p.42)- Sn c vi khi lng ln v phong ph (James v Lange, 1974, p1-2)

- Ph hp vi ngi c trnh cao, gn nh ngi bn ng (Richards v Schmidt)- C th gy kh khn cho ngi hc ngoi ng do c mt lng ln t mi v t t gp,ng thi i hi ngi c c kin thc nn rng. (Nation, 2005)

2.3 Lng c (Reading amount)Mc d lng c l yu t quan trng trong hot ng c rng, n nay vn cha c

mt kt lun r rng c mt lng nh th no l . Khi cn nhc c v lng t hay gp mngi c c v thi gian cn ghi nh mi t mi, Nation (1997) c tnh pht trin tvng, mi nm ngi hc cn c khong 500000 t, tng ng vi 25 quyn sch gin lc(graded readers), hay su quyn tiu thuyt khng gin lc v vic c nh vy cn c duytr trong mt s nm. Mt khc, theo Gthie et al. (1999), lng c c th hin qua tnhthng xuyn ca vic c v thi gian dnh cho vic c, ng thi lng c cng lin quan

n s lng ti liu c. Cc yu t nh hng n lng c bao gm ng lc c (Guthrie etal., 1999), nng lc t duy ni chung v nng lc c ni ring (Malouff v Schutte, 2004).Ngc li lng c cng c nh hng quyt nh n kh nng c hiu ca ngi c nhiu tui khc nhau, th hin qua kt qu bi lm ca ngi c trong cc bi kim tra ngnng v cc kha hc (Guthrie et al., 1999; Krashen et al., 1997; Jacobs et al., 1999; Quach,2007).

2.4 Chin thut c (Reading strategies)T phn tch ca Ker et al. (2004), Richards v Schmidt (2002), v Tovani (2000), chin

thut c c hiu l vic s dng chin thut nh mt qu trnh c ch nh v nhm mc chtr gip vic c. Tuy nhin Afflerbach et al. cng ch ra rng chin thut c ch nh c th dntr thnh k nng t gic, khng ch nh. Bi vy trong nghin cu hin ti, tc gi ng viBarnett (1988) v Davies (1995) (trch trong Yang, 2006) rng chin thut c c th l ch nhhoc khng ch nh gip ngi c iu khin qu trnh c hiu. Trong nhiu cch phnloi chin thut c hiu, tc gi s dng cch phn loi kh c th v y ca Mokhtari vSheorey (2002). Theo , chin thut c chia lm ba nhm : Chin thut c nhm iu khinqu trnh c (Global reading strategies), chin thut c nhm khc phc tr ngi (problemsolving strategies), v chin thut c nhm tr gip qu trnh c (support strategies). Mtngi c hiu qu c coi l mt ngi bit s dng chin thut c ph hp v hiu qu.

3. Phng php nghin cui tng ca nghin cu l sinh vin nm th hai chuyn ngnh ting Anh s phm h

chnh quy. Nghin cu c chia lm hai giai on.

3.1 Giai on 1 ca nghin cu3.1.1 Cu hi nghin cu

Giai on u nhm a ra miu t chung v hot ng c rng ca sinh vin bng cchtr li ba cu hi nghin cu sau:

1) Sinh vin nm th hai chuyn ngnh ting Anh s phm h chnh quy HNN HQG HN c nhiu mc no?

2) Nhng sinh vin ny c nhng ti liu g khi c rng?

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3) Nhng sinh vin ny s dng chin thut c g trong lc c rng?

3.1.2 i tng tham gia nghin cui tng tham gia nghin cu giai on ny l 110 sinh vin n t 6 lp (07 E2, E3,

E6, E7, E11 v E14) c chn ra theo cch convenient sampling (chn mu thun tin). Slng i tng tham gia chim 40% tng s sinh vin.

3.1.3 Cng c nghin cuCng c nghin cu giai on ny l phiu iu tra, bao gm 42 cu hi c chia lm

3 phn tng ng vi 3 cu hi nghin cu. Ngoi 3 cu hi yu cu ngi tham gia in mt shoc t c th, 39 cu hi cn li s dng thang chia ca Likert (Likert scale) vi mc im t 1(t nht, km nht) n 5 (nhiu nht, mnh nht). Cu hi trong phiu iu tra c pht trinda trn phiu iu tra ca Hong (2007) v Mokhtari v Sheorey (2002).

3.2 Giai on 2 ca nghin cu

3.2.1 Cu hi nghin cuGiai on hai ca nghin cu tp trung tm cu tr li cho ba cu hi nghin cu sau:4) Nhng sinh vin ny c rng vi mc ch g?5) Nhng sinh vin ny gp kh khn g trong lc c rng?6) Theo nhng sinh vin ny, c rng c nhng li ch g?

3.1.2 i tng tham gia nghin cuT kt qu ca phiu iu tra, sinh vin tham gia nghin cu c chia lm ba nhm theo

mc s dng chin thut trong khi c rng: S dng nhiu, s dng va phi, v s dng t.i din ca mi nhm c chn ra ngu nhin (stratified random sampling) tham gia vophn phng vn chi tit giai on hai ca nghin cu. Chi tit v nm sinh vin tham gianghin cu c th hin trong bng sau:

Tn giCh

thngtr

S nm hcting Anh

im ting Anh gn nhtMc s dngchin thut cK nng

nghe - niK nng

c vit

Anh Bc Giang9 (since grade

6)C B

S dng nhiu(kt qu trung bnh

= 4.06)

Bch Ph Th9 (since grade

6)B B

S dng nhiu(kt qu trung bnh

= 3.83)

Chi Nam nh13 (since

grade 2)

B BS dng va phi

(kt qu trung bnh

= 3.4)

Dung Vnh Phc9 (since grade

6)B B

S dng va phi(kt qu trung bnh

= 3.36)

Hnh Thi Bnh9 (since grade

6)D C

S dng t(kt qu trung bnh

= 2.36)

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3.1.3 Cng c nghin cuCng c nghin cu giai on ny l bi phng vn bn m (Semi-structured) gm hai

phn. Phn th nht gm cc cu hi v thng tin c nhn ca ngi tham gia, phn th hai gmnhng cu hi v mc ch c rng, kh khn khi c rng v nhn nh v li ch ca vic crng ca sinh vin.

4. Gii quyt vn 4.1 Kt qu t giai on u ca nghin cu

4.1.1 Cu hi nghin cu s 1: Lng c rng ca sinh vinLng c rng ca sinh vin c th hin qua ba yu t: Mc thng xuyn ca

vic c, thi gian dnh cho vic c, v s lng ti liu c. Kt qu t phiu iu tra cho thysinh vin cho rng h c khng thng xuyn. Mi ln c sinh vin s dng trung bnh 75pht c trung bnh 2,5 trang giy A4. Ni gn li, sinh vin c nhiu vn bn ngn, dnhmt lng khng nh thi gian cho mi ln c nhng c khng thng xuyn.

4.1.2 Cu hi nghin cu s 2: Ti liu c rngTi liu c rng c xt trn hai tiu ch: di ca ti liu v tnh tht (authenticity)

ca ti liu. Kt qu cho thy sinh vin thng c nhng ti liu khng tht (inauthentic), tc lti liu vit ring phc v cho vic hc, v thng c ti liu ngn.

4.1.3 Cu hi nghin cu s 3: Chin thut c rngXt v mc s dng chin thut khi c rng, sinh vin chia lm ba nhm nh sau:

Mc s dng chin thut khi c rng

S dngnhiu;45%

S dngt; 3%

S dngva phi;

52%

Ngoi ra, xt v cc nhm chin thut, sinh vin s dng nhiu nht nhm chin thutkhc phc tr ngi, v s dng va phi hai nhm chin thut iu khin v tr gip vic c.Xt v cch phn loi chin thut thnh chin thut t duy (cognitive strategies) v nhm chin

thut iu khin t duy (metacognitive strategies), sinh vin s dng t nhm th nht vnhiu nhm th hai. Trong , sinh vin s dng rt hn ch nhng chin thut t duy cao (high-order thinking strategies).

4.2 Kt qu t giai on hai ca nghin cu

4.2.1 Cu hi nghin cu s 4: Mc ch ca vic c rngCu tr li ca sinh vin trong bi phng vn cho thy sinh vin c vi c mc ch bn

trong vic c (intrinsic purposes) (c gii tr) v mc ch bn ngoi vic c (extrinsic

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purposes) (bao gm c tng trnh ting Anh, c kin thc cho cc mn hc khc, vc lm bi tp c bt buc), trong ch yu l mc ch bn ngoi vic c.

4.2.2 Cu hi nghin cu s 5: Kh khn trong vic c rngBn trong s nm kh khn c sinh vin lit k l nhng kh khn chnh vic c

(reading difficulties), c th l kh hiu ni dung bi c, gp nhiu t mi, mt tp trung khi

c, v tc c chm. Thiu ti liu c ph hp vi ngi c l kh khn th nm v cngl kh khn duy nht lin quan n iu kin ca vic c (context-bound difficulties).

4.3.3 Cu hi nghin cu s 6: Nhn nh ca sinh vin v li ch ca vic c rng.Tng hp cu tr li ca nm sinh vin tham gia phng vn cho thy sinh vin thc

c v mt s li ch ca vic c, bao gm: m rng vn t, pht trin k nng c, gip phtm tt hn, m rng kin thc nn, v em li nim vui khi c. Tuy nhin, mi sinh vin niring ch nhn ra c mt hoc hai trong s nhng li ch trn ca vic c rng. Nh vy, hiubit ca nhng sinh vin ny v li ch ca vic c rng vn cn rt hn ch.

5. Kt lun bo co ny tc gi nhn nhn v tm quan trng ca vic c rng, cc yu t tham

gia vo tnh hiu qu ca vic c rng, bao gm lng c, ti liu c, v chin thut khi c.Tc gi cng trnh by phng php nghin cu kho st hot ng c rng ca sinh vintrn cc phng din: lng c, ti liu c, chin thut c, cng nh mc ch, kh khn khic ca mt s sinh vin vi mc s dng chin c khc nhau v nhn nh ca nhng sinhvin ny v li ch ca hot ng c rng.

Kt qu t phiu kho st v phng vn cho thy sinh vin c khng thng xuyn mcd mi ln c dnh khng t thi gian, thng c vn bn ngn v vit dnh ring cho ngihc ngoi ng. Sinh vin cng s dng t va phi cho n nhiu chin thut c, tuy nhincha ng u gia cc nhm chin thut. c bit sinh vin s dng rt t nhng chin thut ihi kh nng t duy cao. Sinh vin tham gia phng vn c rng ch yu vi mc ch ngoi

vic c v gp nhng kh khn lin quan n bn thn vic c. Nhng sinh vin ny thcc v mt s li ch ca vic c rng song nhn thc vn cn hn ch.

T nhng miu t chi tit trn v hot ng c rng ca sinh vin nm th hai, c thnhn thy sinh vin cn c nhn thc r hn v vai tr ca nhng yu t quyt nh n hiu quca vic c rng nh mc thng xuyn, khi lng c, v c tnh ca ti liu c cngnh cch thc hiu qu hn khai thc nhng yu t ny. Ngoi ra sinh vin cng cn ckhuyn khch c vi mc ch bn trong vic c nhiu hn v s dng nhng chin thut tduy cao hn.

Ti liu tham khoAfflerbach, P., Paris, G. & Pearson, D.P. (2008). Clarifying differences between reading skills

and reading strategies. The reading teacher, 61(5), 364-373.Carrell, P. L., & Carson, J. G. (1997). Extensive and intensive reading in an EAP setting.

English for Specific Purposes, 16, 47-60.Cox, K., Guthrie, J., Metsala, J. & Wigfield, A. (1999). Motivational and cognitive predictors of

text comprehension and reading amount. Scientific Studies of Reading, 3(3), 231-256.Day, R. & Bamford, J. (1997). Extensive reading: What is it? Why bother? The language

teacher online. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from:http://www.jalt-publications.org/tlt/files/97/may/extensive.html

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Hoang, T. H. (2007).Nghin cu v hiu qu ca loi bi tp c rng (extensive reading) trongvic pht trin k nng c cho sinh vin nm th III khoa NN & VH Anh M. HanoiUniversity of Languages and International Studies - Vietnam National University.

Jacobs, G. M., Lituanas, P. M. & Renandya, W. A. (2001). An investigation of extensive readingwith remedial students in a Philippines secondary school.International Journal of

Educational Research, 35, 217-225.Jacobs, G. M., Rajan, B. R. S. & Renandya, W. A., (1999). Extensive reading with adult learnersof English as a second language.RELC Journal, 30(1), 39-61.

James, J. C & Lange, L. D. (1974). The Use of Newspapers and Magazines in the Foreign-Language Classroom.ERIC Focus Reports on the Teaching of Foreign Language, 31.

Kerr, M., Rynearson, K. & Taraban, R. (2004). Analytic and pragmatic factors in collegestudents metacognitive reading strategies.Reading psychology, 25, 67-81.

Krashen, S. & Mason, B. (1997). Extensive reading in English as a foreign language. System,25(1), 91-102.

Mokhtari, K. & Sheorey, R. (2002). Measuring ESL students awareness of reading strategies.Journal of developmental education, 25(3), 2-10.

Morrow, M.L. & Tracey, D.H. (2002). Lenses on reading An introduction to theories andmodels. United States of America: The Guilford Press.Nation, P. (1997). The Language Learning Benefits of Extensive Reading. The language teacher,

21(5), 13-16.Nation, P. (2005). Vocabulary learning through extensive reading.Innovative Approaches to

Reading and Writing(G. Poedjosoedarmo, Ed.).RELC Anthology, 46, 10-21Quach, N. A. (2007). The effect of an extensive reading program on students reading

proficiency in a Vietnamese context: An experimental study. Unpublished master thesis.Hanoi University of Languages and International Studies - Vietnam National University.

Richards, C. J. & Schmidt, R. (2002). Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics.Malaysia: Longman.

Tovani, C. (2000). I read it but I dont get it Comprehension strategies for adolescent readers.United States of America: Stenhouse Publisher.

Yang, Y. (2006). Reading strategies or comprehension monitoring strategies?Readingpsychology, 27, 313-343.

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MC T VNG V CHIN THUT HC T VNG CA SINH VIN NMNHT CHUYN NGNH TING ANH CHNH QUY TRNG HNN-HQG HN

Ng Xun MinhT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

Vi nt v tc gi- H tn: Ng Xun Minh- Chc danh: Ging vin- Hc v: B.A (C nhn)

- n v cng tc: T Thc hnh ting II, Khoa S phm Ting Anh- Email: [email protected] in thoi: 0982423787

Tm tt ni dungBo co di y bt u bng vic khng nh tm quan trng ca t vng v vic hc

t vng cng nh s thiu ch trng n vic dy, hc v nghin cu v t vng ti Khoa Sphm Ting Anh - HNN HQG H Ni. Tip , bo co trnh by c s l lun ca vic

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nh gi t vng v tm quan trng ca vic s dng chin lc trong khi hc t vng. Datrn c s l lun ny v kt qu kho st lng t vng v chin thut hc t ca sinh vin nmnht chuyn ngnh Ting Anh Chnh quy ti HNN HQG HN, bo co nhn mnh nhu cucp thit ca vic hng dn cho sinh vin cch hc t ngay trong gi hc chnh kha.

1. t vn Nu khng bit ng php, ngi ta ch c th giao tip rt hn ch nhng nu nhkhng bit t vng, ngi ta khng th giao tip c g. (David Wilkin, dn trong Thornbury,2002). Cu ni trn cho thy tm quan trng hng u ca t vng trong vic hc mt ngnng, iu cng c c nhiu nh nghin cu trong lnh vc ging dy Ting Anh khng nhnh Swan v Walter (1984, dn trong Thornbury, 2002) hay Chall (1958), Klare (1974-1975) vSaville Troike (1984) (dn trong Nation, 1990).

Cc nghin cu cng ch ra rng vic hc t vng trong Ting Anh l mt nhim v htsc kh khn (Allen, 1983) mt phn ln l do cch tip cn cha ng bi theo nh ngn nghc ni ting Wilga Rivers (dn trong Thornbury, 2002) th T vng l th khng th dyc . Chnh xc hn, theo Nation (1983), vic dy t n l ch nn gii hn mc 2000 t

ting Anh ph bin nht. Ngoi mc , gio vin nn ch tp cho hc vin s dng cc chinlc hc t h c th t thn nng cao vn t vng ca mnh. y cng l mt quan imc Gio s McCarthy (1990), tc gi ca b Vocabulary in Use ni ting ng h mnh m.

Tuy nhin, trng HNN HQG HN, vic dy v hc t vng cha nhn c squan tm thch ng, th hin s lng hn ch cc nghin cu v lnh vc ny v vai tr thyu ca t vng (thng c dy ghp nh mt phn ph trong cc k nng thc hnh ting). thc c tm quan trng ca vn v nhng hn ch trn, tc gi quyt nh tin hnh mtnghin cu v Mc t vng v chin thut hc t vng ca sinh vin nm nht chuyn ngnhTing Anh ti HNN HQG HN.

2. C s l lun

2.1. Mc t vng

Thut ng mc t vng thng c s dng bi gio s Paul Nation da trn quannim ca ng v t vng ting Anh. Theo Nation v Laufer (1999), t vng ting Anh c thchia thnh cc mc khc nhau theo tn sut s dng trong cc vn bn ni v vit. Vic chia hthng t vng thnh cc mc l hon ton c c s do s khc bit rt ln trong tn sut s dngcc lp t ca Ting Anh. V d nh 1000 t c s dng nhiu nht c th chim ti 75% tonb s t c s dng trong cc vn bn vit v 85% s t s dng trong cc vn bn ni. Trongkhi , 1000 t c s dng nhiu th hai ch chim 7.7% s t trong vn bn ni v thm chcn t hn trong vn bn vit. (Nation v Laufer, 1999).

Ngoi ra, cch chia t vng ny cn c ngha ln cho vic dy v hc t vng TingAnh, gip gio vin v hc vin tit kim thi gian cng sc bng cch tp trung vo nhng lp

t c hiu sut s dng cao nht. Sau khi nm vng nhng lp t ny, hc vin nn chng dn chin lc hc t hn l dy nhng t mi t c kh nng s dng.Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca Nation v Laufer (1999) cng cho thy vic cn thit nh

gi mc t vng ca hc vin vic dy v hc t vng t c hiu qu v hiu sut caonht.

2.2. nh gi t vngVic nh gi t vng thng c tin hnh qua cc bi Test, tiu biu l Vocabulary

Levels Test (Bi kim tra cc mc t vng ca Nation, 1983) v Eurocentres Vocabulary Size

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Test (Bi kim tra lng t vng ca cc trung tm ting Anh thuc h thng Eurocentres doPaul Meara thit k nm 1987, bn chnh l nm 1988). V mt s l do khch quan s ctrnh by phn Phng php nghin cu, tc gi chn Vocabulary Levels Test ca Nation.

2.3. Chin lc hc tL mt b phn trong chin lc hc ngn ng (Language learning strategies), chin lc

hc t dnh c s quan tm ca nhiu nh nghin cu nh Nation (2001), Gu and Johnson(1996, dn trong Gazhal, 2007) v Schmitt (1997). Khng ch n thun lit k cc chin lchc t, cc tc gi ny dy cng phn loi chng theo nhng cch khc nhau, trong chi titv ton din nht phi k n php phn loi (taxonomy) ca Schmitt (1997). ng lit k ra 58chin thut, chia thnh hai loi ln (1) chin lc cho vic tm ra ngha t v (2) chin lc cngc t. Cc chin lc cng c phn ra thnh 5 loi nh hn, gm chin lc c nhn(Determination strategies - DET), chin lc x hi (Social strategies - SOC), chin lc ghinh (Memory Strategies -MEM), Chin lc tri gic (Cognitive Strategies -COG) v chin lcsiu nhn thc (Metacognitive Strategies - MET).

Chnh v tnh ton din v chi tit ca php phn loi ny, n c ngi vit bi nychn lm cng c iu tra vic s dng chin lc hc t ca cc khch th nghin cu.

3. Phng php nghin cu

3.1. i tng nghin cu v i tng tham giai tng ca nghin cu ny l ton b cc sinh vin nm nht chuyn ngnh Ting

Anh Chnh quy ca trng HNN HQG HN (469 sinh vin t 18 lp). 104 sinh vin cchn theo phng php stratified random sampling(chn mu ngu nghin c phn nhm) vsystematic random sampling (chn mu ngu nhin c h thng) v theo De Vau (2002) haiphng php ny gip trnh s bp mo d liu do vic cc nhm c qu t hoc qu nhiu idin trong mu c chn.

Trong s 104 sinh vin tham gia lm bi test, 10 sinh vin c chn phng vn cngtheo phng php stratified random sampling (chn mu ngu nhin c phn nhm) da vo kt

qu lm bi kim tra.3.2. Cng c nghin cuC 2 cng c c s dng trong nghin cu: bi test cc mc t vng ca Nation (1983)

c sa i v bng cu hi phng vn.

3.2.1. Bi test cc mc t vng ca Nation (c sa i)Bi test c s dng tr li cu hi nghin cu s 1: Sinh vin nm nht chuyn

ngnh Ting Anh Chnh quy trng HNN-HQG HN nm vng nhng mc t vng no?Bi test ca Nation c chn do c tnh thc tin (practicality), tnh tin cy (reliability)

v tnh gi tr (validity) cao (Nation, 1983). Trong bi test nguyn bn ca Nation, c 5 mc tvng c kim tra (2.000 t, 3.000 t, t hc thut, 5.000 t v 10.000 t). Tuy nhin, trongcuc iu tra, tc gi ch s dng 3 mc 2.000 t, 3.000 t v 5.000 t do cn nhc trnh ca

sinh vin (mc ALTE 2) (Division 1, 2008) kh nng giao tip ch yu gii hn trong cc tnhhung quen thuc thng ngy.

3.2.2. Bng cu hi phng vnBng cu hi phng vn ch bao gm 2 cu hi m ln v mt s cu hi ni (follow-up

questions) theo tinh thn ca mt semi-structured interview (phng vn na cu trc) nhm gipcuc phng vn i ng hng nhng vn cho php ngi hi v ngi tr li t do tm hiu suthm vn .

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COG Ghi s t 8COG Vit li 6COG Nhn li t nhiu ln 4MEM Dng hnh i din 4MEM Lin h vi t ng/ tri ngha 4

COG Nhc li bng ming 3MET Dng cc phng tin ting Anh 3MET B qua t mi 3MEM c to t khi hc 3MEM Hc t theo ch im 3COG Th t 3SOC Hc v n theo nhm 2MET Hc t cch qung 2MEM Din t li ngha ca t 2MEM Lin h t vi bn thn 1

Bng 4. Vic s dng cc chin lc cng c t ca sinh vin

Bng trn cho thy c 3 chin lc c sinh vin s dng nhiu nht l:Dng t mitrong cu (Use new words in sentences), ghi s t (Keep a vocabulary notebook) v vit linhiu ln (Written repetition). Tuy nhin, nu xt theo nhm th cc chin lc thuc nhm ghinh (memory strategies) c s dng nhiu nht, sau l nhm tri gic (cognitive strategies).

Loi S chin lc trong miloi

S chin lc c sdng

SOC 3 2MEM 28 27COG 9 24MET 5 8

Bng 5. Vic s dng cc nhm chin lc cng c t ca sinh vin

T nhng s liu trn, c th khng nh rng sinh vin s dng nhiu chin lc hc tc tnh my mc (mechanical), t i hi kh nng t duy khi vn dng.

4.3. C nhng vn no trong cch hc t ca sinh vin nm nht chuyn ngnh TingAnh Chnh quy trng HNN-HQG HN?

Qua cc cu hi ni (follow-up questions), tc gi tm ra 2 vn chnh trong cchhc t ca cc i tng tham gia nghin cu:

4.3.1. Thin hng s dng cc chin lc t i hi t duyRt nhiu sinh vin s dng cch vit i vit li nhiu ln (written repetition) (6 trn 10)

hoc nhm li nhiu ln bng ming (verbal repetition) nhng khng c sinh vin no s dngcc chin lc phc tp hn nh phn tch cu to t (using affixes and roots), lin h t vi bnthn (connecting to personal experience) nhng chin lc c chng minh l c hiu quhn trong vic hc t (Nation, 1990).

4.3.2. Vic s dng cha ng cch cc chin lc sinh vin thng xuyn s dngTheo kt qu phng vn, tt c cc sinh vin u thng xuyn tra t in nhng s sinh

vin ch n v d, h t (word family), thng tin ng php (grammar), vn phong (register)

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ch l 4, 3,1 v 1 trng hp. iu c th cho thy, hu ht sinh vin ch coi t in nh lmt cng c tra ngha hn l mt kho t vng phong ph (Thornbury, 2002). iu tng tcng xy ra hai chin lc thng xuyn c s dng khc: s dng t mi trong cu (usenew words in sentences) v ghi s t (keep a vocabulary notebook).

5. Kt lun

Trc ht, bo co trn ch ra tm quan trng ca t vng v vic s dng cc chinlc ng n trong hc t vng da trn cc cng trnh nghin cu trong lnh vc ging dyTing Anh.

Qua cuc kho st bng bi kim tra mc t c sa i ca Nation (1983), tc gi chra rng phn ln sinh vin (hn 80%) nm vng mc 2.000 t v c s chnh lch kh lngia trnh ca cc sinh vin v mt t vng.

Trong khi , cuc kho st th hai (s dng bng cu hi phng vn) ch ra rng sinhvin c thin hngng s dng cc chin lc t i hi kh nng t duy v s dng khng ngcch nhng chin lc m h thng xuyn s dng.

Hai cuc kho st trn cho thy nhu cu ca vic hng dn sinh vin hc t trong gihc chnh kha (formal training in vocabulary learning strategies). Tuy nhin, c mt chng

trnh hng dn chin lc hc ti hi phi c nhng nghin cu v kim nghim trong thct v y cng chnh l mt hng i pht trin ti ny.

Ti liu tham khoAllen, V.F. (1983). Techniques in teaching vocabulary.New York: Oxford University Press.De Vau, D. (2002). Survey in Social Research Fifth Edition. Australia: Routledge.Division 1. (2008). Course outline. Unpublished course book. Hanoi: University of Languages

and International Studies, Vietnam National University.Ghazal, L. (2007). Learning vocabulary in EFL contexts through vocabulary learning strategies.

Novitas-ROYAL, Vol.1, pp.84-91. Retrieved January 10, 2009 fromhttp://www.novitasroyal.org/Ghazal.pdf

Mackey, A. & Gass, M. (2005). Second Language Research. Methodology and Design.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers: New Jersey. Nguyen (2007, p.52) Researchmethodology

McCarthy, M. ((1990). Vocabulary. Hongkong: Oxford University Press.Meara, P. (1990). Some notes on Eurocentres Vocabulary Tests. Retrieved January 12, 2009

from http://www.lognostics.co.uk/vlibrary/meara1990b.pdfNation, P. (1983). Testing and teaching vocabulary. Guidelines, Vol. 5(1): pp.12-15. Retrieved

January 16, 2009 from http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation-pubsdate.aspx

Nation, I.S.P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.Nation, P. & Waring, R. (1997). Vocabulary size, text coverage and word lists. Retrieved April

5, 2009 from http://www.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fltr/germ/etan/bibs/vocab/cup.html . Nation, P. and Laufer, B. (1999). A vocabulary-size test of controlled productive ability. Language testing Vol. 16 (1):pp.33-45. Retrieved January 16, 2009 fromhttp://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation-pubsdate.aspx

Nation, I.S.P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Nation, I.S.P. (2002). Learners use of strategies for effective vocabulary learning. Prospect Vol.17(1):pp.15-35. Retrieved January 16, 2009 from

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http://www.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fltr/germ/etan/bibs/vocab/cup.htmlhttp://www.fltr.ucl.ac.be/fltr/germ/etan/bibs/vocab/cup.html


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http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/staff/paul-nation/nation-pubsdate.aspxNguyen, T.T.M. (2007).Research methodology. Unpublished course book. Hanoi: University of

Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University.Palfreyman, D. (n.d.).Learner Autonomy: Knowing Who to Depend on and How. Retrieved January 14 fromhttp://ilearn.20m.com/research/learnera.htm

Read, J. (2000).Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Schmitt, N. (1993). Identifying and assessing vocabulary learning strategies. Thai TESOL Bulletin Vol. 4. Retrieved January 15,2009 fromhttp://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage

Schmitt, N. (1997). Vocabulary learning strategies. In Schmitt, N & McCarthy, M. (Eds).Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Schmitt, N. (2000). Vocabulary in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.The Association of Language Tester in Europe (ALTE). (n.d.). A2-ALTE Level one. Retrieved

February 5, 2009, from http://www.alte.org/framework/level1.phpThornbury, S. (2002). How to teach vocabulary. Malaysia: Longman Group Ltd.

Tran, L.A., Vu, H.H., Pham, T.T.H., Nguyen, T.T.H, Nguyen, L.H., Nguyen, T.L., Vu, T.P.T &Nguyen, T.T.T. Study Skills. Unpublished course book. Hanoi: University of Languagesand International Studies, Vietnam National University.

XY DNG KHUNG KHI NIM CHO GIO DC T DUY PHN BIN TRONGGING DY TING ANH

Phng H ThanhT Ting Anh 2 Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

Vi nt v tc gi

Phng H Thanh nhn bng thc s Gio dc ca i hc Cng gio Leuven, B, hin ang lPh Trng B Mn Thc Hnh Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh, trng H NgoiNg, HQG H Ni. Cc lnh vc hc thut quan tm bao gm tnh phn bin v sng to tronggio dc ngn ng.

Tm tt ni dungBo co ny ny phc tho mt khung khi nim tng qut cho gio dc t duy phn bin(critical thinking) trong lnh vc ging dy ting Anh cho ngi ni ngn ng khc (TESOL) vng dng ban u ca n Vit Nam. Thng qua nghin cu ti liu v nghin cu hnh ng,khung khi nim c pht trin nh mt gii php nm bt c tnh phc tp ca t duy

phn bin v p ng nhu cu c mt khung tham chiu chung thc y giao tip gia nhngnh gio dc c quan tm. Bo co trnh by r bn cht, mc ch, ni dung, v phng phpgio dc t duy phn bin trong TESOL. Cn c vo khung khi nim ny, mt kha hc t duyphn bin chuyn bit dnh cho sinh vin trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Quc gia H Ni c thit lp v trin khai trong vng ba nm vi nhng kt qu y ha hn.

1. t vn v gii thiu chung v phng php nghin cu

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Trong khi khng c g bn ci v vai tr quan trng ca t duy phn bin trong giodc, nhng kh khn gn lin vi s phc tp ca khi nim ny dn ti vic thiu nhng khungtham chiu chung trong gio dc. ci thin vic trao i kin gia cc bn lin quan v thcy s pht trin ca t duy phn bin, cc m hnh gio dc t duy phn bin xt ti tt cnhng mt ch cht ca khi nim ny v gn vi nhng vn ca vic hc tp ng i s

pht huy sc mnh.Mc d im mnh ca mt m hnh nm tnh c th chia s v ti s dng ca n, btk mt m hnh no u pht trin trong mt bi cnh, ngha l c to ra trc tin cho nhngmc ch c th trong mt tnh hung c th. Nm 2007, khi c giao nhim v xy dng mtkha hc t duy phn bin chuyn bit cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh ting Anh thuc khoa SPhm Ting Anh, trng i Hc Ngoi Ng, i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, tc gi bi vit ny phi i mt vi thch thc lm r khi nim t duy phn bin ng thi tn dng nn tng kinthc v t duy t c trong nhiu lnh vc nghin cu khc nhau sao cho ph hp vi bi cnhging dy ting Anh Vit Nam. Sau mt qu trnh n lc tng hp nhng quan im v tri thct cc ti liu lin quan cng nh da trn kinh nghim ca bn thn trong t duy v ging dy,tc gi i n mt khun kh l thuyt thc hin kha hc. K t nm 2007 cho ti nay,

chng trnh hc v khung khi nim c sa i li vi ln vi s cp nhp nhng hiubit. Ni mt cch khc, nhng phng php c s dng xy dng khung khi nim nynghin cu hnh ng v nghin cu ti liu. Tuy khung khi nim vn ang trong giai onhon thin, tc gi mun chia s nhng hiu bit v quan im ca mnh v t duy phn binthng qua vic trnh by (1) bn cht, (2) mc tiu, (3) ni dung, v (4) phng php gio dc tduy phn bin. Bi bo ny s bn lun ngn gn bn im chnh sau:

Mt khi nim t duy phn bin mang tnh gio dc nht thit phi hng gi tr. T duy phn bin hng gi tr cn c coi nh mc tiu ca vic ging dy ting Anh T duy phn bin l mt cu trc su chiu thuc phm tr logic, tm l, ngn ng, chnh

tr x hi, phng php lun v gio dc. Gio dc phn bin s pht huy tc dng trong vic hng dn ging dy v nh gi t

duy phn bin.

2. Cc cch hiu t duy phn bin khc nhauT duy phn bin l mt khi nim rng ln mang nhiu ngha. C l t duy phn bin

c bit n rng ri nht nh s phn tch v nh gi cc lp lun da trn logic phi hnhthc, mt nhnh ca logic quan tm ti ni dung v bi cnh ca lp lun hn l hnh thc cachng. Quan nim ny khc phc ch trch rng phn tch logic khng tnh n cc yu t nidung v bi cnh nhng vn s dng cc khi nim ca logic; v th, vic phn tch cc lp lunvn phi c xem xt trong mt hnh thc suy lun c th nh gi c tnh hiu lc din

dch hay l sc mnh quy np ca lp lun.Mt quan nim khc v t duy phn bin t n ngang hng vi t duy bc cao (Resnick,1987). Bloom (1956) xut phn loi su cp nhn thc theo mt trnh t tng dn phctp: nh, hiu, ng dng, phn tch, tng hp v nh gi. T duy bc cao cp ti cc chcnng phn tch, tng hp v nh gi. Cn phi tha nhn rng hu ht cc quan nim v t duyphn bin u gp nhau im cho rng t duy phn bin bao gm s nh gi (khng ch lnh gi lp lun m cn l nh gi cc qu trnh suy ngh v kt qu ca chng nh trongnhng quan nim khc v t duy phn bin s c cp phn sau). Tuy vy, khi nim t

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duy phn bin nh t duy bc cao c th lm ngi ta ch trng khng ng mc ti t duy bcthp. Th t tng dn ca cc cp khng th hin mi quan h tuyn tnh. Su cp c th cxem nh cu thnh cc bc trong mt quy trnh xon c. V d, hiu c mt vn bn,ngi c cn phn tch, tng hp v nh gi cc n v nh hn ca vn bn .

Halpern a ra mt cch hiu t duy phn bin ng ch khc. B nh ngha t duy

phn bin l "vic s dng cc k nng v chin lc nhn thc tng xc sut t c mtkt qu mong mun" (2003: 6). Thnh cng, hoc t c mt mc tiu mong mun, l tiu chnh gi t duy. Tuy nhin, vn nm ch ng mong mun l mt t khng r ngha.Thay th ng mong mun bng c mong mun lm r rng kt qu l mong munca ngi suy ngh th cn li vn o c: mong mun ca con ngi c th mu thun vinhau. S mong mun ca con ngi phi nm trong mt hn nh sao cho cc mu thun oc c gii quyt. Hn na, theo quan im ca Halpern, t duy ch l mt cng c dng t c mt mc ch no . Do vy, quan nim ca Halpern v t duy phn bin c th phhp vi i sng hng ngy nhng n va qu rng v va qu hp t gc gio dc.

Trong mt khi nim ph bin khc, t "critical" trong critical thinking cp n ccmi quan h quyn lc. ngha ny c th xut pht t trit hc. Karl Mark (1818-1883), trit

gia ni ting ngi c, c cho l ngi truyn cm hng v t nn mng cho nghin cuphn bin (critical inquiry) (Crotty, 1998). Nghin cu phn bin c th c tm hiu l bt ks tm ti no hng vo cc mi quan h quyn lc v gii php thay i tnh trng p bc hinti. Tch hp thnh phn chnh tr x hi (mi quan h quyn lc) vo t duy phn bin m ranhng c hi tn dng thnh tu ca phn tch din ngn ph phn v gio dc phn bin.

Khi nim v t duy phn bin m tc gi xut trong bi bo ny c pht trin datrn m hnh t duy phn bin ca Richard Paul. Theo m hnh ny, t duy phn bin l "phng thc tduy, v bt c ch , ni dung hoc vn no, trong ngi suy ngh ci thin cht lng cc suy ngh ca mnh bng c trch nhim vi tt c cc yu t ca t duy v p cctiu chun tr tu ln chng" (Paul, Fisher v Nosich, 1993, trang 4, trch dn trong Fisher, 2001, trang 4 -5).

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M hnh ca Paul c th c th hin di dng bng biu nh sau:Hnh 1: Khi nim ca Paul v t duy phn bin (The Critical Thinking Community, n.d.a)

Ngi suy ngh thng xuyn p dng cc tiu chun tr tu i vi cc yu t ca suyngh pht trin nhng phm cht tr tu

M hnh ny trng hp vi gio dc gi tr, tm hiu l qu trnh a i tng vo mt h gi tr xc nh mt cng ng.

3. T duy phn bin nhn t gc gio dc

Nh ch ra, hu ht cc khi nim ca t duy phn bin c cha yu t nh gi. nhgi khng th thc hin c nu khng c cc tiu chun hoc gi tr. Ngay c khi cc quannim v t duy phn bin m khng t n bao gm yu t nh gi, qu trnh t duy nht thitphi gn vi mt ch n v ch n ny i din cho nhng gi tr nht nh.

Theo m hnh pht trin tr tu v o c ca Perry (1970, trch dn trong Rapaport,

2008), s tip thu cc gi tr l gii php cho nhng vn b tc ca t duy. Qu trnh t duy str nn mt phng hng nu cc gi tr khng c xc nh. Mt quan nim gio dc v tduy phn bin phi xc nh c cc gi tr mong mun. T gc nhn gio dc, phn criticalca critical thinking cn c hiu nh l bao gm mt khung cc gi tr mong mun ca mtcng ng nht nh dng nh gi v nh hng t duy. Nu thut ng t duy phn binc s dng rng ri trn ton th gii, "mt cng ng nht nh" y chnh l cng ngloi ngi trn khp th gii.

21

phi cp dngi vi

TIU CHUN TR TUR rng

Chnh xcPh hpHp lRng riChnh xcQuan trngHon chnhCng bngSu sc

YU T SUY NGHMc chCu hiQuan imThng tinSuy lunKhi nimHm Gi nh

PHM CHT TR TUS khim nhngTnh t chTinh thn chnh trcLng dng cmTnh kin nhn

S tin tng vo lp lunS ng cmTnh cng bng

nhm mcch pht

trin


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Mt trong nhng ng gp to ln ca m hnh ca Richard Paul l s xc nh c th cctiu chun tr tu ph qut nhm vo ton din tt c cc yu t ca suy ngh. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng mc d cc tiu chun tr tu ny c coi l ph qut, khi p dng cc tiu chun nytrong mt bi cnh c th, cn xc nh li cc ngha ca n. V d, ngha ca s cng bngrt phong ph v khc nhau gia cc nn vn ha khc nhau. Hn na, cc tiu chun nh tnh r

rng v chnh xc dng nh thin v nn vn ha phng Ty. Yu cu c t ra l khungkhi nim cn phi gii quyt nhng xung t vn ho. V th, m hnh ca Paul cn c pht trin gn vi mong munchung sng trong ha bnh ca nhng cng ng con ngi khc nhau trn tri t chung. Chungsng vi nhau cng l mt trong bn tr ct ca gio dc ton din (hc bit, hc lm, hc t khng nh v pht trin bn thn, v hc chung sng) trong bo co ca Delors trcy ban Quc t v Gio dc cho th k hai mt thuc UNESCO (UNESCO, 1999). Gn y,pht trin bn vng c gii thiu vo gio dc ton din.

4. T duy phn bin trong ging dy ting AnhPhn ny hng ti to ra mt s lin h r rng gia t duy phn bin hng gi tr v

cc vn ng i trong ging dy ting Anh.

Ging dy ngn ng theo ng hng giao tip (CLT) tr thnh phng php tipcn ch o trong ging dy ting Anh t nhng nm 1980. Nguyn tc c bn ca CLT l dyngn ng v mc ch giao tip v thng qua giao tip. Tuy nhin, bn thn giao tip vn chaphi ch n cui cng. N c thc hin t ti cc mc tiu khc. Bn tr ct ca vichc v pht trin bn vng tng ng vi cc mc ch ca giao tip. Ni cch khc, chng tagiao tip vi nhau bit, lm, t khng nh, chung sng v pht trin bn vng.

c nhiu phng php tip cn kt ni ging dy ting Anh vi cc mc ch ny. ivi hc bit, c ng hng ging dy da trn ni dung (CBI). V hc lm, c tingAnh chuyn ngnh (ESP). Nhng vn ca vic hc t khng nh, hc chung sng vpht trin bn vng nm trong nhng mi quan tm ca ng hng tip cn hp tc v phnbin trong ging dy v hc tp ngn ng. Tuy nhin, cc ng hng ny vn cha c nhngha r rng. Wang v Cadiero-Kaplan (2004), trong mt bi vit v h tr hc tp ngn ngtrn my vi tnh (CALL), xem ng hng ging dy ngn hp tc nh vic dy ngn ngv s pht trin ca c nhn v x hi. S xem xt cc mi quan h quyn lc v ng lc to rathay i x hi l hai thnh phn chnh ca ng hng phn bin. Trong bi cnh ton cuha, vn quyn lc c tm quan trng c bit trong ging dy ting Anh. Do tnh ph binca ting Anh c th hm n s thng tr quc v mt ngn ng v vn ha, ngi hc cnphi c trang b y gim thiu nhng bt li ca h v mt quyn lc trong qu trnhhc ting Anh. Tuy nhin, nh lp lun, quan nim v tnh phn bin khng nn b gii hntrong mi quan h quyn lc v cc gi tr chung c trng cho th gii chng ta mong munnn c lm r trc khi nhng n lc to ra thay i x hi c thc hin.

Vic dy v hc ting Anh hng ti s pht trin c nhn v x hi cn c mt khinim thc y, v t duy phn bin hng gi tr chnh l mt s la chn tt nht. Ngn ngcng l mt phng tin ca t tng, v c th c pht trin thng qua qu trnh t duy,nhng tc gi bi vit ny quan tm hn n kh nng t duy phn bin c coi nh l mt mctiu ca vic hc ting Anh trn ton th gii. S pht trin ca nhng cch ni ting Anh khcnhau trong mt li t duy phn bin hng gi tr va tng cng s hiu bit ln nhau, va gipmi dn tc duy tr c bn sc v sc mnh ca mnh.

5. Su chiu ca t duy phn bin

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Vic ging dy t duy thng c phn loi thnh hai ng hng tip cn: k nngso vi tch hp. Trong ng hng tip cn k nng, cc k nng t duy chung c ging dytrong cc kha hc ring bit, v trong cch tip cn tch hp, k nng t duy c gn vo ccmn hc c ni dung trng (Hamers & Csap, 1999). T duy c th c ging dy hocring bit hoc trong s tch hp, nhng khng nn hiu n gin l gio dc t duy ng ngha

vi vic ging dy cc k nng t duy.Trong khi cc k nng t duy ng vai tr trung tm, vic pht trin nhng c im trtu mong mun l mc ch ca gio dc t duy phn bin. Hn na, k nng khng th phttrin ring bit. Vai tr ca s hiu bit, v nhng vn chng ta ang gii quyt v cch tduy ca chng ta t duy cng khng km phn quan trng.

Theo m hnh ca Paul, s t nh gi ng vai tr ch cht i vi vic ci thin t duy,nhng vn l "nhng ngi khng nng lc thc s khng c manh moois no c" (Goode,2000). Trc khi ngi hc c th thc hin bt c s nh gi no, h cn c h tr tngcng kh nng t duy ca h. H cn tham gia vo nhng bi tp t duy vi s h tr ca cccng c t duy, khng g cc khi nim hay l thuyt thc t. i vi ngi hc, vic hc tp tduy trong bi cnh hc thut khc vi vic h t my m hc s hin din ca cc cng c

khi nim sp xp c h thng. L thuyt khng mu thun vi thc t m l thuyt chnh l phc v thc t.Trong thc t, hu ht cc kha hc t duy phn bin chuyn bit l cc kha hc v

logic hc hoc/v tm l hc. Mt s kha hc c gng lin h vi cc ngnh hc, chyu l logic v tm l hc (v d Halpern, 2003 v Swoyer, 2002).

M hnh ca Paul l mt quan nim xuyn ngnh v khng phi l mt sn phm cth c s dng ngay lp tc trong mt bi cnh c th. Do c nhiu ngnh nghin cukhc nhau cng ng gp phn l thuyt lin quan n s pht trin ca t duy phn bin,cc m hnh t duy phn bin a ngnh v lin ngnh cn c pht trin. Khng phi nhngni dung chnh ca tt c cc b mn u phi xut hin trong kha hc, nhng nn c mtkhung khi nim tp hp tt c cc mnh ri rc ca t duy phn bin t cc chuyn ngnhkhc nhau thnh mt thc th thng nht, ton din v mnh m. Nu t duy phn bin ccoi nh mt mc tiu ca vic hc ngn ng, lnh vc ging dy ting Anh lun rng m nnhn cc khi nim t nhiu chuyn ngnh. M hnh t duy phn bin ca tc gi ti nhnthc t duy phn bin nh mt cu trc su chiu gm tm l, logic, ngn ng, chnh tr-xhi, phng php lun v gio dc. Nhng chiu ny tng ng vi cc yu t iu khinhot ng t duy ca chng ta.

Tp trung vo suy ngh l tnh, chiu logic ch ra thc t rng t duy l mt qu trnhsuy lun. Chiu tm l xc nhn t duy nh mt qu trnh tm l, i hi ngi t duy phnbin phi hiu c cc chc nng tinh thn ca b no con ngi. Chiu ngn ng biu thrng t tng c lu gi v chuyn ti thng qua ngn ng. Chiu chnh tr x hi cpn nhng nh hng ca cc mi quan h quyn lc ln t duy. Cc chin lc mang tnhh thng v cc nguyn tc p dng cho t duy hnh thnh nn chiu hng phng phplun, trong bao gm hai thnh phn c phn trng lp. Mt bao gm cc chin lc v ccnguyn tc c s dng hng dn t duy trong mi tnh hung, c rt ra t cc chiuc k trn, trong nhng thnh tu ca cc ngnh nghin cu nh logic hc, tm hc lnhn thc, tn hiu hc, nghin cu phn bin. Thnh phn th hai cp n cc l thuytc s dng gii quyt vn k thut hay l cc vn chuyn mn su. Phn trngnhau l ch c mt s kin thc v logic hc, tm l hc nhn thc, tn hiu hc, nghincu phn bin l cc kin thc chuyn su c th coi nh l cc vn mang tnh cht k

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thut m nu khng phi l ngi nghin cu trong ngnh khng cn thit phi bit ti. Gc v gio dc ca cu trc ny c pht trin da trn quan im ca Paul v t duy phnbin. T duy phn bin trong gio dc phi l mt li t duy hng gi tr nhm pht huynhng c im tr tu cho php hp tc v pht trin bn vng.6. S phm phn bin trong vic ging dy v nh gi ca t duy phn bin hng gi tr

Cc nh gio dc t duy phn bin nn ci m tip nhn bt k loi phng php gingdy hay nh gi no c hiu qu. Phn ny ch lu rng s phm phn bin l mt cch tipcn c bit ph hp vi quan nim v t duy phn bin trong khung khi nim ang c niti. S phm phn bin thng c cho l bt ngun t Paulo Friere (1921-1997), mt nh giodc ngi Brazil m nhng tc phm ca ng c nh hng su sc n vic thc hnh s phmphn bin. Tuy nhin, cng cn hiu rng c rt nhiu phng php s phm phn bin khcnhau. im hi t ca cc phng php s phm phn bin l u tp trung ch vo mc tiulm th no c th cung cp cho mi c nhn nhng cng c pht trin bn thn v tngcng tnh dn ch, nhm to ra mt x hi cng bng v bnh ng hn, v nh vy c th trinkhai gio dc trong qu trnh din ra nhng thay i x hi tin b (Kellner, 2000, trch dntrong Critical Pedagogy on the Web, n.d, on 3). C rt nhiu nguyn tc v chin lc trong

vic dy v hc trong s phm phn bin, nhng trn ht, hc vin cn phi c lm ch trongtin trnh. Cc phng php ging dy v nh gi cn gii phng c s p bc. Vai tr cangi gio vin phi thay i t ch lm mt nh thng thi trn bc ging thnh mt ngihng dn bn cnh.

7. Tm tt khung khi nim gio dc t duy phn bin trong TESOL v ng dng ban uti i hc Ngoi Ng, HQG H Ni

Ni dung chng trnh c tm tt nh bng sau:Bng 1: Khung khi nim gio dc t duy phn bin hng gi tr

Bn cht: T duy da trn v hng ti nhng gi tr nhm pht huy nhng c imtr tu cho php hp tc v pht trin bn vng.Gio dc T duy nh mt mc tiu ca gio dc

Mc tiu: Nhm pht trin nhng ngi s dng ting Anh vi vai tr mt ngn ngquc t c t duy phn bin.

Ni dung: Lgic T duy l mt qu trnh suy lunTm l T duy l mt qu trnh tm lNgn ng Suy ngh c cha ng v trao i nh

ngn ngChnh tr x hi T duy l mt hot ng chnh tr x hiPhng php lun Nhng nguyn tc v chin lc mang tnh h

thng nhm pht trin t duyPhng php(ging dy vnh gi)

S phm phn bin Ngi hc lm ch qu trnh hc tp v sgii phng p bc trong gio dc

Khung chng trnh ny c s dng cho mt kha hc t duy phn bin trongchng trnh o to ca khoa S phm Ting Anh, HNN, HQGHN.

Bi cnh

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Ti Vit Nam, d t duy phn bin thng xuyn c nhc ti, n vn cha c gingdy rng ri. C th ni rng, mt ni dung logic ca t duy phn bin c dy trong mnlogic hc, mt kha hc c bn trong chng trnh ct li cho sinh vin cc khi x hi theo quynh ca B Gio dc v o to. Tuy nhin kha hc ny l kha hc v logic hnh thc, v cnxa mi chm n t duy phn bin.

Ngi ta vn cha nhn thy cc kha hc t duy phn bin trong chng trnh gio dcchnh thc Vit Nam. Nhng nghin cu v t duy phn bin vn cha c nhc ti n trongcc tp ch hay hi tho chuyn ngnh Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, nh nghin cu v ting Anh,khoa S Phm Ting Anh t lu bit n phong tro t duy phn bin trn th gii t rtlu. Cc ging vin v sinh vin trong khoa by t s quan tm ca mnh v t duy phn binqua nhiu nghin cu, d hu ht nhng cng trnh nghin cu vn cha n c vi c gabn ngoi.

Theo quan st, sinh vin nhn chung u gp kh khn trong vic t mnh rt ra kt lunv t duy phn bin t cc kha hc trong chng trnh. V th mt kha hc chuyn bit v tduy phn bin c mong i. c s h tr ca ban ch nhim khoa, tc gi quyt nhthit lp mt kha hc t duy phn bin trong chng trnh chnh thc cho sinh vin. Mt kha

hc nh th c k vng l s ch trng ti pht trin nhng k nng t duy c th s dngtrong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau, v ni dung ca kha hc b tr c cho cc kha hc khctrong chng trnh.

Sau khi phc tho, khung chng trnh c gi ti cc ng nghip quan tm ly kin phn hi. Tip theo, mt hi tho v vic ging dy t duy phn bin thinking c tchc, gm 7 phin v ko di trong hn 2 thng. Hi tho thu ht khong 50 gio vin. Ti liucho kha hc c bin son trong thi gian din ra hi tho ny. Sau , nhng gio vin tra hng th v c kh nng nht tham gia vo nhm cng tc thit lp kha hc.

Mt bi kim tra ton din cng c thit k da trn khung chng trnh mang tnhkhi nim. Vo thng 1 nm 2008, bi kim tra c tin hnh vi 95 sinh vin nm th ba. Nc coi l cng c chn on th nghim nhm tm hiu kh nng hin ti v t duy phn binca sinh vin theo nhng ni dung bao hm trong kha hc. Kt qu cho thy ch c 7 sinh vint yu cu ca t duy phn bin theo tiu chun ra ca cc gio vin trong nhm cng tc.iu gip chng ti iu chnh thit k ca mnh v tng cng lng quyt tm h trsinh vin pht trin t duy phn bin.

Kha hc c trin khai trong ba nm hc va qua. Tng cng c hn 500 sinhvin tham gia kha hc ny.

M t kha hcKho hc ny trang b cho sinh vin nhng tri thc, k nng v thi cn thit pht

trin nh nhng ngi t duy phn bin mt cch h thng v r rng. N gip sinh vin bit tduy phn bin khi thc hin nhng chc nng t duy trong cuc sng. N c chia thnh nmch nh sau: (1) pht trin khi nim, (2) phn tch thng ip, (3) pht hin thin kin, (4)phn tch lp lun, v (5) gii quyt vn .

C th hn, sinh vin s hc cch: T chc thng tin cho vic lu tr v truy cp c hiu qu (ghi nh) Xc nh thng ip v pht trin mt gc nhn sinh thi x hi ton din vi ccvn x hi (hiu bit) Nhn din nhng thin kin gy ra bi cc c ch x hi v tm l v phn tchcu trc ca lp lun (phn tch) nh gi lp lun (nh gi)

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xut gii php cho cc vn (sng to)trong nhiu ng cnh khc nhau cn c vo cc chin lc t khm ph hay cc hng dn chosn (p dng).Kha hc s dng phng php quy np lm m hnh hc tp chnh. Sinh vin s pht trin tduy phn bin ca mnh thng qua vic thc hnh nhng nhim v t duy mt cch c lp v

hp tc. Gio vin s ng vai tr l mt iu phi vin v khi cn thit cng thuyt trnh gii thch cc khi nim c cho l h tr sinh vin pht trin t duy. T nhng tri nghimtrong sut kha hc, sinh vin phi suy lun v

nhng chun mc v tr tu v nhng gi tr x hi bao hm trong t duy phn bin nhng chun mc v gi tr ny c quan trng vi bn thn h nh th no kh nng t duy ca h tt n u trong tng quan vi nhng chun mc v gi tr y nhng chin lc v nguyn tc t duy no h nn p dng nng cao cht lng t

duy ca mnh, iu ha cc lc lng x hi tc ng vo h, v ng gp tch cc vos cng bng x hi

Mc d kha hc khng nhm mc ch gii quyt cc vn v l thuyt nhng n cung cpnhng khi nim c bn gip hiu c suy ngh ca con ngi t quan im ca tm l hc

nhn thc, k hiu hc, logic v phn tch din ngn ph phn. Sau kha hc, sinh vin cn hiuc:

nhng c trng c bn ca cc khi nim (khi qut, tru tng, v mang tnh x hi) vtnh tm l trong t duy khi nim

bn cht v hiu qu giao tip ca cc bin php tu t; qu trnh a cc gi tr vn ha vo hng ha v dch v thng qua vic gy dng hnh

nh; s hnh thnh v biu hin ca thin kin x hi, nh kin v phn bit i x; cc yu t ca lp lun, cc phng thc lp lun, v cc khi nim c bn trong nh ga

lp lun; cc ngy bin thng gp; phng php tranh lun; nhng vn thng gp trong gii quyt vn theo nhm; phng php gii quyt vn

Hon thnh thnh cng kha hc ny, sinh vin s c th: phn tch cc khi nim; xc nh c cc dng thng tin; s dng cc khi nim v khung khi nim lu tr v phc hi thng tin mt cch hiu

qu bit p dng quan im v sinh thi x hi khi xem xt cc vn x hi; phn tch, nh gi, sng to v truyn ti thng ip bng nhiu phng tin khc nhau; nhn din, nh gi, trnh c v chng li nhng thin kin x hi; nhn din, phn tch v nh gi lp lun; nhn ra cc tranh ci mang tnh x hi, tm kim d liu lin quan, v xy dng nhng

lp lun hp l trong cc dng vn ni v vn vit; nhn din c cc vn thc tin, tm ra nhiu gii php, pht trin nhng tiu ch cho

s la chn gii php, v phn hi da trn cc gii php c tin hnh;

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p dng nhng chin lc hiu qu gi ra v nghin cu c im ca cc kin khcnhau trong gii quyt vn theo nhm.

Sau khi hon thnh kha hc, sinh vin cn phi: c t chc hn,bit sp xp thng tin v lp k hoch trc khi hnh ng; t thc hn, nhn ra c nhng thin kin ca chnh h v nh hng ca chng;

nhy cm hn vi ngn ng v cc phng tin truyn thng, nng cao hiu bit v ccphng tin truyn thng

khoan dung hn, ci m hn v giu tr tng tng hn, coi trng s a dng v tipcn cc ch v vn t nhiu gc khc nhau;

ham hiu bit hn, mun hc nhiu hn t nhng vn trc khi a ra phn xt; T tin hn khi th hin v bo v kin ca mnh trc cng chng; C tinh thn hp tc hn, tr nn quan tm v gp phn gii quyt cc vn c chia

s.

n tng chung l hu ht sinh vin u n nhn kha hc. Tuy nhin, c th nh gi ctnh hiu qu thc t ca kha hc, cn c nhng nghin cu di hn.

8. Thay cho li ktThay v chp nhn nhng bt cp trong vic nh ngha t duy phn bin, chng ta cn n lchn pht trin nhng khung khi nim r rng v gio dc t duy phn bin. Nhng khungkhi nim ny s h tr rt ln trong qu trnh gy dng v qun l vic ging dy t duy phphn cc trng hc.

Ti liu tham khoBeck, A. S. (2005, Jul) Temple, C. (2005). Critical literacy in the classroom. Thinking

Classroom6(3), 15-20.Bloom B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: The cognitive

domain. NY: David McKay.Cottrel, S. (2005). Critical thinking skills: Developing effective analysis and argument. NY:

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blind to own failings, others' skills.New York Times. Retrieved on March 7th 2010 fromhttp://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/01/18/MN73840.DTL

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PHT TRIN T DUY PH PHN CA SINH VIN NM TH HAI THNG QUABI C PHN TCH TI TRNG HNN - HQGHN

ng Thu Trang on Th Thu Trang Tng Th M LinT Ting Anh 2, Khoa S Phm Ting Anh

Vi nt v tc gi

H tn: ng Thu Trangon Th Thu TrangTng Th M Lin

Chc danh: Ging vinHc v: i hcn v cng tc: B mn Thc hnh Ting 2Khoa S Phm Ting AnhEmail: [email protected]

[email protected]@yahoo.com

Tm tt ni dung

Trong bi cnh vic dy v hc ngoi ng ngy cng c ch trng trong trng ihc, c bit l mt trng chuyn ngnh o to ngn ng, vic p dng t duy ph phn vovic s dng ngn ng tip thu thng tin l ht sc quan trng. Cc tc gi cng trnh nghincu ny mun nm bt v tm ra cch gii quyt cho cc vn tr ngi trong t duy ph phnca sinh vin nm th hai trng HNN - HQGHN th hin trong cc bi c phn tch. Tkt qu tm c, cc tc gi xut bn hot ng xuyn sut qu trnh hc tp gip sinhvin nm c cc khi nim v k nng c bn v c c t duy ph phn v phn tch vn bn.

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1. Bi cnhT duy ph phn trong gio dc ngoi ng ang ngy cng c quan tm ch , thm

ch trong mt s trng hp cn b lm dng. Tuy nhin, vn cn rt nhiu tranh ci v cc thutng v cc vn lin quan. Mt trong nhng vn ng vai tr quan trng trng vic phttrin kh nng ngn ng, t duy v vn ha ca ngi hc, nhng cha c quan tm ng

mc l k nng c ph phn.1.1 T duy ph phn v c ph phn

Theo Wallace (2003), thut ng ph phn mang hai ngha. ngha u tin ch khnng phn tch tnh logic ca bi c, pht hin nhng im khng hp l v thiu minh bch.C th thy rng, cch tip cn ny ch trng ti phn tch v lp lun logic. N tng t nhcch hiu t duy ph phn trong tm l hc, coi c n thun l vic x l thng tin. Nhvy, ngi hc ngn ng c trang b nhng chin thut c th gii quyt cc vn nysinh khi c. Nhng chin thut ny c pht trin ln mc t ng sinh vin c th hiu bic mt cch tri chy v chnh xc. Trong trng hp ny, r rang ngi bn a c li th hn.

Cch tip cn th hai ca thut ng ph phn hng ti vic gip ngi c hiu cnhng logic bt thng ca bi c cng nh cc kiu lp lun, v khuyn khch t duy c lp.

Cch hiu ny, hay cn gi l c ph phn tp trung vo mi quan h gia bi c v bicnh chnh tr x hi ca n. Ni cch khc, ngi c tm hiu bi c bng cch xem xt mcch, tc gi, ngi c, v ngn ng ca n. Nhng ngi c ph phn c kh nng v snsng nh gi c nhng c im vi m ca bi c cng nh nhng hm su v rng hn linquan ti tng th bi v bi cnh x hi. Do , ngi bn a c th khng c c li th sovi ngi ang hc ngn ng .

Theo Wallace (2003), c ph phn, theo cch tip cn th hai, gip sinh vin pht trinkh nng ngn ng, t duy v vn ha. Trc tin, mc d vic dy v hc k nng c ph phnkhng phi l trng tm ca qu trnh pht trin ngn ng chnh thng, nhng cc cuc tho lunlin quan n bi c gip sinh vin hiu r hn v vn ngn ng hin thi ca h cng nh gipnng cao kh nng ngn ng . Ng php v kh nng c hiu cng s c cng c khi sinh

vin c gng hiu bi c mt cch chnh xc, v a ra cc lp lun r rng v mang tnh xydng.Ngoi ra, khi sinh vin c ph phn, cc em khng ch xt ti ring vn bn m cn c

cc hm ca vn bn, hay ni cch khc, cc em c th c mc cao hn vn bn v phttrin mt lp lun vng chc. Vy phn tch vn bn v tho lun v n l mt qu trnh c tnhm t v phn nh.

1.2 Nhim v c Phn tchy l mt bi tp c nhn m sinh vin c yu cu vit bn bi c phn tch trong c

nm hc. Vi mi bi c, sinh vin tm mt vn bn c hiu v mt ch ring m h thchv phn tch bi , da trn vic phn tch cu hi gi , mc tiu vit bi, c gi, chnh, cclp lun, cc c im ngn ng, so snh vi cc ngun v bi hc khc m sinh vin c th hcc t vn bn. Bi c phn tch c nh gi da trn cc tiu ch v kh nng vit, mc phn tch ti liu v o vn.

Khi xem xt cc yu cu v h thng cu hi gi cho bi tp ny, c th thy rng bitp ch yu tp trung vo s pht trin t duy ph phn ca sinh vin trong cch tip cn v xhi, trong sinh vin phi hiu vn bn ph hp vi bi cnh chnh tr x hi ca n. Tuynhin, cn ch rng ngha cn li ca c ph phn cng c xt ti v sinh vin cng cyu cu phn tch cch lp lun ca tc gi.

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2. Thch thcD c ph phn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic dy v hc ngoi ng, k nng ny

vn b xem nh c trong phn tch din ngn ph phn v trong gio hc php. Theo Fairclough(1995) ni xu hng chung thng qu nhn mnh vo kt qu nhng li cha ch trng nqu trnh vit v cm th bi c. Trong khi c hiu c nhc n rt nhiu trong lch s

nghin cu phng php ging dy ni chung v ngn ng tm l (Davies 1995, Nuttall 1996,Urquhart and Weir 1998) th t ai nhc ti c ph phn trong lp hc ngoi ng. Nh vy, cc xem xt nh mt qu trnh gii m vn bn v luyn tp cu trc ngn ng (i vi nhngngi hc trnh thp), hoc nh qu trnh hiu vn bn (i vi ngi hc trnh cao hn).

Tnh trng tng t c th thy r trong bi cnh nghin cu ca bi bo co ny, KhoaS Phm Ting Anh thuc HNN DDHQGHN. Nhn chung, t duy ph phn c dy kthp trong bn k nng ngn ng nhng li t c ging vin v sinh vin ch . Do thi quenhc tp b ng v hiu bit hn hp v mc tiu hc tp ngn ng, hu ht sinh vin ch tptrung vo cu trc ngn ng. Mc khc, d ging vin c th nhn thc r v tm quan trng cat duy ph phn, h li t ra lng tng v cch dy k nng ny. iu ny khin cho gio vinhng dn cha y , hay thm ch khng cp ti vn .

Gn y, Khoa c nhiu n lc gii quyt vn nh a t duy ph phn vo thnhmt mn hc t chn cho sinh vin nm th 3 t nm 2007, a pht trin k nng ph phnvo nh mt mc tiu ca kha hc c hiu cho sinh vin nm th hai, v a ra bi tp cphn tch. Tuy nhin, tnh hiu qu ca nhng chng trnh ny cha h c kim nghim,khin cho vic chnh sa v pht trin chng trnh n ph hp hn vi nhu cu c trng catng nhm sinh vin c th gp nhiu kh khn. V vy, bi nghin cu ny c tin hnh vimong mun tm ra cc thng tin cn thiu bng cch xc nh vn ca sinh vin trong cph phn v xut nhng hot ng h tr sinh vin c ph phn. Mc tiu c th th hinqua nhng cu hi nghin cu sau:a) Bi c phn tch ca sinh vin th hin nhng vn no trong kh nng c ph phnca sinh vin nm th hai?b) Nhng chin lc no nn c thc hin gip gii quyt vn ca sinh vin trong qutrnh c ph phn?

3. Phn tch v M t Thch thcDa trn thc t ging dy, cc nh nghin cu nhn thy hai yu t ph bin nh hng

ti kh nng c ph phn ca sinh vin khi sinh vin vit cc bi c phn tch.Th nht, sinh vin khng thc c mi quan h gia vn bn v iu kin x hi.

quen vi thi quen c hiu truyn thng, sinh vin c xu hng c lt v c d hiu vnbn v v th bi phn nh ch tp trung tr li cu hi gi u tin Vn bn vit v ci g?Cu hi ny thc ra theo ng hng nhn thc v v th to nn mt phn ca t duy phphn trong ng hng trng tm.

Trong trng hp sinh vin thc c v vic xc nh mc ch ca vn bn, ngun

gc tc gi v ngi c (hoc t vn bn vo ng cnh chnh tr x hi ca n) th rt nhiusinh vin vn hiu khng ng cc yu t ny. Vn ny c th l do ba nguyn nhn chnhnghin cu vn bn cha k, trnh ting Anh cn thp hoc kin thc nn cha tt.

4. Cc gii php xutCc nh nghin cu p dng hng lot cc hot ng tng thc ca sinh vin v

vic din gii vn bn trong bi cnh chnh tr x hi cng nh din gii vn bn mt cch hpl.

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u tin l cc hot ng nhm gii thiu v luyn tp phng php xc nh tng nhnt ca mt vn bn, bao gm mc ch vit, ngun gc tc gi v ngi c. Ngoi cc ti liudo gio vin cung cp, sinh vin cng c yu cu mang cc ti liu c lin quan phc vcho tho lun c lp v tho lun nhm. Cc ngun do hc sinh cung cp khng ch lm phongph hn cho ti liu m cn thu ht sinh vin thch th vi vic hc. luyn tp xc nh mc

ch v ngun gc tc gi, hai bn chn nhng bi bo khc nhau v cng mt s kin nhngyu t nh cc t chc khc nhau, nhng kin khc nhau, cch s dng t khc nhau s thhin nhng mc ch ring ca tng tc gi. tm hiu i tng ngi c, qung co (hocl dng in/ dng m thanh/ hnh nh) c mang ti lp phn tch. Qung co c chn vtnh c trng tp trung ch yu vo th trng mc tiu, hay chnh l ngi c.

Giai on hai, c tin hnh sau khi giai on m t trn kt thc, bao gm din nc lp sinh vin c th luyn tp tranh lun khi xt ti tt c cc yu t bao gm mc tiu,ngun gc tc gi v i tng ngi c. C th hn, mi din n tp trung vo mt vn x hi gy tranh ci (hoc sinh vin a thch) nh sng th hay quan h ng gii. Mi sinhvin cn tm mt bi bo v mt ch , chia s vi c lp sao cho tt c u c mt khi lngkin thc nn nht nh v vn . Sau , mi nhm c phn mt vai nht nh (nh vi ch

th nht th c nhm cha m hay nhm gii tr ang sng th), v pht biu trong dinn ca lp. Hot ng ny i hi sinh vin phi bit vn dng hiu bit ca mnh v vai din(tc gi), mc tiu tham gia vo din n, cc nhm khc (ngi c) cng nh cc kinthc nn hnh thnh nn cc lp lun v nh gi lp lun ca cc nhm khc.

Mt hot ng khc cn thc hin l yu cu sinh vin vit nht k c. Trong , sinhvin thng xuyn chn cc bi c ch thc v nhn xt ngn gn theo cc tiu ch gi . Hotng ny nn c tin hnh nh bi v nh trong sut kha hc v lch trnh trn lp khnng v khng phi tt c sinh vin u c c hi pht biu kin tng ng nh nhau. cng l mt dng n gin ha ca bi c phn tch gip sinh vin c s chun b tt hn choloi bi tp ny.

Cui cng, cc nh nghin cu s a ra phn hi di c hai dng ni v vit i vi ccbi c phn tch ca sinh vin, tp trung ch yu vo c ph phn ch khng phi ngn ng.Nhn xt bng li trc c lp ch yu tp trung vo cc im yu ph bin trong cc bi cphn tch ca sinh vin cng nh tho lun cch gii quyt vn . ng thi, cc bi c phntch tt v cha tt u cn c phn tch c lp c th hc hi.

5. Kt lunBi nghin cu ny nu ln vn v t duy ph phn ca sinh vin nm th hai th hin

qua bi c phn tch. Vn ny l do hai yu t chnh: nhn thc cha y ca sinh vin vmi quan h gia vn bn v bi cnh x hi ca n, cng nh s hiu bit sai lc v cc yu tchnh tr x hi ca vn bn. Cc nh nghin cu xut bn hot ng trong ton b qutrnh hc tp (t a ra hng dn ban u kha hc ti cch nhn xt cui kha) gip sinhvin nm bt c nhng khi nim c bn nh mc tiu vn bn, ngun gc tc gi, c gi,

hiu v cc lp lun v thin kin gip sinh vin phn tch c cc vn bn la chn mt cchsu sc.

Ti liu tham khoBurns, A. (1999), Collaborative Action Research for English Language teacher, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.Davies, F. (1995),Introducing Reading, London: Penguin.

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McDough, J. & McDough, S. (1998), Research Methods for English Language Teachers,London: Arnold Publisher.

Norman, F. (1995), Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language , London:Longman.

Nunan, D. (1992),Research methods in language learning, Cambridge: CUP.

Nuttall, C. (1996), Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language, London: HeinemannEducationalUrquhart, S. and Weir, C. (1998), Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and

Practise, London: Longman.Verma, G & Mallick, K. (1999),Research Tool in Education, Falmer Press.Wallace, C. (2003), Critical Reading in Language Education, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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