KARANATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY - IIDE CBZ.pdf · Syllabus & Regulations Governing ... Mycology,...
Transcript of KARANATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY - IIDE CBZ.pdf · Syllabus & Regulations Governing ... Mycology,...
KARANATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY
B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)
SYLLABUS
Syllabus & Regulations Governing ‘B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)
1. Title of the Program: B.Sc(CBZ)
2. Duration of the Program: 3 Year
3. Nature of the Program: Year System
4. Eligibility Conditions:
a. Candidates who have successfully completed the
requirements of Pre University / 10 + 2 (Physics, Chemistry
,Mathematics, Botany, Zoology) Examination or Equivalent
from a recognized Board / Council
5. Allocation of Credits – Total --90--- Credits
6. Evaluation System :
The distribution of marks for evaluation in each subject shall be as
follows –
Theory Subjects :
Internal assessment 25 marks
Term End University Examination 75 marks
Practicals :
Internal assessment ( for each practical) 25 marks
Term End University Examination 75 marks
Minimum for pass :30 marks per course in theory and aggregate 40%
including assessment
Course exemption : 40% marks and above in each course
7. Academic Structure
B.SC (CHEMISTRY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY)
First Year
Group I:
1. English Communication I 4 Credits
2. Indian Constitution, Human Rights and 4 Credits
Group II:
3. Fundamentals of Computer Application 8 Credits
Group: III
4. Optional 1 Course I 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course I 4 Credits 6. Optional 3 Course I 4 Credits
Second Year
Group I:
1. English Communication II 4 Credits
2. Environmental Studies 4 Credits
Group II:
3. Mathematics 6 Credits
Group III:
4. Optional 1 Course II 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course II 4 Credits 6. Optional 3 Course II 4 Credits
Third Year
1. Optional 1 Course III 4 Credits 2. Optional 1 Course IV 4 Credits 3. Optional 1 Course V 4 Credits 4. Optional 2 Course III 4 Credits 5. Optional 2 Course IV 4 Credits 6. Optional 2 Course V 4 Credits 7. Optional 3 Course III 4 Credits 8. Optional 3 Course IV 4 Credits 9. Optional 3 Course V 4 Credits
CHEMISTRY:
First Year:
Course 1: Inorganic Chemistry I
Second Year
Course 2: Organic Chemistry I
Third Year:
Course III: Inorganic Chemistry II
Course IV: Organic Chemistry II
Course V: Physical Chemistry
BOTANY
First Year:
Course 1: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes And Pteridophytes
Second Year
Course 2: Alga logy, Mycology, Bacteriology virology and plant
pathology
Third Year:
Course III: Angiosperm anatomy, Embryology and cell biology
Course IV: Archegoniate
Course V: Plant biochemistry, Physiology and ecology
ZOOLOGY:
First Year:
Course 1: Invertabrata
Second Year
Course 2: Chordata
Third Year:
Course III: Embryology
Course IV: Ecology, Animal Physiology
Course V: Cell Biology and Genetics
SYLLABUS FIRST YEAR
GROUP-I ENGLISH COMMUNICATIONS – 1 CONCEPT OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Meaning, nature and Scope of Communication, Characteristics of
Communication Need for , Communication, Factors Affecting
Communication, Essentials of Communication Skills, Human Behavior and
its Impact on Communication, Process of Communication, Evolution of
Business Communication, Characteristics of Business Communication,
Importance of Effective Business Communication, Essential Features of
Business, Mastering Communication Skills, Importance of internal and
External Communication in Business, Scope of Business Communication
Objectives of Business Communication Classification of Business
Communication Channels of Business Communication Barriers to Business
Communication
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
Understanding Official Correspondence, External Communication: Business
Letters, Parts of a Business letter Layout of a Business Letter Types of
Business Letters, Essentials of a Good Business Letter, Press Communiqué,
Telegram, External Communication: Business Report, Purpose of Business
Reports Importance of Business Reports Essentials of a Good Business
Report Essentials of Good Report Writing Types of Reports, Structure of
Reports, External Communication: Business proposals, What is a proposal?
Types of proposals Format/Contents of a Proposal Guide lines for writing a
proposal, Suggestions for Cutting Correspondence Cost, Internal
Communication: Circulars, Memos amendments and DO letters, Internal
Communication: Notifications, Internal Communication: Meetings, Agenda,
Advantages of a Good Agenda Steps for Creating a Good Agenda Agenda
Guidelines, Minutes of Meeting, Internal Communication: Dictation,
Suggestions for Better Dictation, internal Communication: Instructions and
Demonstrations, Giving Instructions, Giving Clear, Instructions An
Individual lobs: Rules, Giving Demonstrations, Internal Communication:
Letters to Staff, Grammar Problems, The Quality Aspect of Communication
Fundamentals of Grammar and , sage Some Common Grammatical Errors
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Interviews, Types of Interviews, Handling Interviews: For
Interviewee/Candidate, Handling Interviews: For Interviewer, Listening
Skills, Planning and Process of Interviewing, Communicating with Groups,
Characteristics of Group Discussions Purpose of Group Discussions
Advantages of Group Discussions, Conducting a Group Discussion Types of
Group Discussions, Important Ingredients for Success in Group Discussions,
Importance of Body Language in Group Discussions Skills Evaluated During
Group , Discussions Successful Group Discussion Techniques, Qualities of a
Successful Participant, Practicing Techniques of Discussion, Business
Presentation and Speech, What is a Presentation?, What is Business
Presentation? What are Presentation Skills? Importance of Presentation
Skills Preparation of Speech, Styles of Speech, Presentation of Speech,
Guidelines for Effective Speech Making, Business Conferences, Meetings
versus Conferences, Procedure of Problem-Solving Conference
AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Role and Significance of Audio-Visual Communication, Channels of Audio-
Visual Communication, Graphic Communication, Important Concepts in
Graphic Communication, Types of Graphic Displays, Public Relations in
Business Communication, Functions of PR Objective of PR Mantras of PR,
Interaction between PR and Journalism, Advertising, Art of Effective'
Advertisement Structure of Advertisement Copy Types of Advertising Copy
MASS COMMUNICATION
Mass Communication and Promotional Strategies, What is Mass
Communication? Methods of Mass Communication, Publicity, Press
Releases, Content of Press Releases, Advantages, Disadvantage of Press
Releases, Essential Attributes, Media Mix Newsletters Direct Marketing,
Research Studies and Questionnaires, Types of Research Studies, Primary
Data through Internal Sources and External Sources
GENERIC SKILLS AND ETIQUETTES IN BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
Concept of Etiquette in Business, Skills and Etiquettes for Using
Communication Systems and , Information Technology, Personal Etiquette
in Business Effective Mingling Mannerism, Table Manners, Making Small
Talk, Skill of Managing Business Events Conferences and Seminars
Business Trips and Pleasure Trips Company Events
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
Introduction and Historical Background – Constituent Assembly of India –
Philosophical foundations of the Indian Constitution – Preamble –
Rights and Duties
Fundamental Rights – Directive Principles of State Policy – Fundamental Duties
– Citizenship – Constitutional Remedies for citizens.
Union Government – Structures of the Union Government and Functions –
President – Vice President – Prime Minister – Cabinet – Parliament – Supreme
Court of India – Judicial Review. 9
State Government – Structure and Functions – Governor – Chief Minister –
Cabinet – State Legislature – Judicial System in States – High Courts and other
Subordinate Courts.
Indian Federal System – Center – State Relations – President’s Rule –
Constitutional Amendments – Constitutional Functionaries - Assessment of
working of the Parliamentary System in India.
Society : Nature, Meaning and definition; Indian Social Structure; Castle,
Religion, Language in India; Constitutional Remedies for citizens – Political
Parties and Pressure Groups; Right of Women, Children and Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes and other Weaker Sections.
Group –III Course –I
B.SC CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY-I
UNIT I: PERIODIC TABLE
OBJECTIVE: To Understand The General Characteristics Of Elements On
The Basis of Periodic Table.
Abundance- Cosmic Abundance - Relative Abundance-Terrestrial
Abundance. Major Trends Hi Periodic Table - Regular: Gradations, of Various
Physical and Chemical Properties of Elements in Periods and Groups -
Diagonal Relationships Inert Pair Effect – Anomalous Behavior of Elements.
Study of Trans Actinide Elements.
Classification of Elements, on The Basis of Their Electronic
Configurations - Comparative Study of The Normal Elements, Transition
Elements, Inner Transition Elements and Noble Elements.
UNIT II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & SHAPE OF, MOLECULES
OBJECTIVES: To study the atomic structure from wave mechanical
concept.
Duel nature of matter – de - Broglie equation - verification using
Davisson Germer experiment - Heisenberg uncertainty principle - Compton
effect - Introduction to Quantum mechanics – Schrödinger Wave
equation(derivation not required) - Solution of Schrödinger equation for
hydrogen atom and expression for of the energy of electron in Orbit - Radial
and angular wave function - Eigen wave function and Eigen value.
Significance of Ψ and Ψ2 - Wave function and shape of the orbital -
Quantum numbers Structure and shapes of molecules: VSEPR Theory and
geometry of molecules. Hybridization and geometry of sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, dsp3,
d2sp3, sp3d2 and sp3d3. Bonding, shapes and structures of the following
molecules: Molecules with Sigma bonds only - BeCl2, SnCl2, BF3, CH4, SF4,
XeF4, PC15, IF5, SF6 and IF7.
Molecules with Sigma and Л bonds - CO, N2O, XeO3, Xe04, PH4 + and SO42 ions.
UNIT III. METALLURGY, ALLOYS.
OBJECTIVES: To study the importance of Alloys and the Per acids.
General methods of metallurgy - ores - types - methods of concentration
of Ores-hydro metallurgy, pyrometallurgy - various methods of reduction
process - Refining of metals - Extraction of Cr, Mn, V, Pt and Th.
Alloys - purpose of alloy making - modes of formation and preparation of
allots types of alloys -composition, important properties, advantages and uses
of the following (two examples in each type required): Ferrous alloys, alloy steel,
light alloys, cast alloys, non ferrous alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys, super
alloys, lead alloys and bearing alloys.- grading of alloys and heat treatment of
alloys.
UNIT IV: APPLIED INORGANIC CHEMISTRY & INORGANIC POLYMERS
OBJECTIVES: To have a better knowledge of applied inorganic
compounds.
Applied Inorganic Chemistry: Glass - Composition, Manufacture and
Varieties –Transparent Plastic -Glass Textiles. Structure and Uses of Zeolite
and Ultramarine Ceramics - raw materials and manufacture. Cement -
Composition, Manufacture and Varieties. Paints - parts of paints,
Classifications and Manufacture.
Pigments-Classifications and Preparation. Electro Plating-Purpose,
Qualities of Metal Coating, Apparatus, Procedure and theory of electro plating.
Galvanizing - Methods and Uses.
Inorganic Polymers: Definition and Different Methods of Classifications
–Polymers Containing Boron -Preparation, Reactions, Uses and Structure of
Borazine - Boron Nitride - Preparation and Structure. Polymers Containing
Silicon-Silicones-Preparation of Various Types - Structures and Uses of High
Thermal Silicones, Silicone Resins, Silicone Rubber and greases.
Polymers Containing P - Preparation and Uses of Poly ortho Phosphates, Poly
Meta Phosphates and Inorganic Rubber.
UNIT V: CONCEPT OF ELECTRON TRANSFER
OBJECTIVES: To understand the inorganic reactions on the basis of
electron transfer.
Electronic concept in Inorganic reactions: concept based on electron
transfer -Redox reactions -half reactions. Important oxidants and their
reduction half reactions – Fe (III) and potassium permanganate. Important
reductants and their oxidation half reactions - oxalic acid and Fe(II). Methods
of balancing redox reactions - Ion electron method and Oxidation Number
Method. Lewis concept of acids and bases based on electron transfer.
Peterson's Hard and Soft Acids and Bases principle - Definition and examples.
REFERANCE BOOKS:
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Volume I – Sathyaprakash and
R.D.Madan, 2005, S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.
2. General and Inorganic Chemistry Volume. I, 2005 - Ra.Sarkar, New
Central Book Agency Kolkotha.
3. College Chemistry – J.L.Rosenberg and L.M.Epstein – 2004, Schaum’s
Outlines, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
4. Theoretical Principles of Inorganic Chemistry – G.S.Manku, 2004, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
5. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry – P.L.Soni and M.Katyl – 2004, Sultan
Chand and sons, New Delhi.
6. Industrial Chemistry – B.K Sharma, Goel Publishing House, Meerut.
7. Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry – E.S.Gilreath Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Group –III Course –I B.Sc Botany Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes UNIT - 01 Comparative Survey Of Important Systems Of Classification Of Algae And Modern Trends - Comparative Account Of Algae With Special References To Algae Pigments - Flagellae - Chloroplasts - Pyrenoids - Eye Spots - Range Of Thallus - Food Reserves And Life Cycle Patterns - A Brief Study Of Form, Morphology - Cellular Organization - Reproduction And Life Cycle Of The Following Genera - Anabaena - Nostac - Chlorella - Valvox. UNIT - 02 Type Study Of Oedogonium - Clostridium - Chara - Ulothrix - Ulva. UNIT - 03 Type Study Of Coleocheate - Sargassum - Batrachosperumum. UNIT - 04 Distribution And Role Of Algae In Soil - Fresh Water - Marine Environment And In Polluted Habitats. UNIT - 05 Economic Importance Of Algae With Special Reference To Agar - Diatomaceous Earth - Bio- Fertilizers And Role Of Algae In Biotechnology. UNIT - 06 Recent Trends In The Classification Of Fungi With Reference To Morphology Criteria And Mode Of Life Of The Main Classes Of Fungi. UNIT - 07 Study Of The Following Genera - Plasmodiophora - Mucor - Rhizopus - Taphrina - Albugo - Eurotium - Puccinia - Ustilago - Polyporus - Peziza - Fusarium - Cercospora. UNIT - 08 Economic Importance - A General Study Of The Following With Special Reference To The Examples Given - Antibiotics (Penicillin) - Fungicides (Bordeaux Mixture, Hinosan) - Edible Fungi (Morchella). UNIT - 09 General Characters And Types Of The Following Associations And Their
Importance - Mycorrhiza - Lichens. UNIT - 10 Transmission And Control Of Plant Viruses With Special Reference To Insect Vectors - Viroides - Virians And Modern Concepts Of Oncogenic Viruses - Phages - Mycophages - Phycophages - Bacteriophages And Replication. UNIT - 11 Etiology And Control Of Following Plant Diseases - Bacteria - Citrus Cancker - Blight Of Castor - Blight Of Paddy - Fungi - Tikka Disease Of Ground Nut. UNIT - 12 Black Rust Of Wheat - Red Rot Of Sugar Cane - Virus - Tmv - Tymv - Bunchy Top Of Banana
GROUP –III COURSE –I B.SC ZOOLOGY
Unit – I ARTHROPODA
Penaeus and Cockroach,
Peripatus and limulus: Structure and affinities.
Unit – II
Larval forms in crustacea and parasitic crustacean, Prawn cluture,
Insect mouth parts and their modifications, social life and economic
importance of Insects, Arthropod Vectors of Human Welfare.
Unit – III MOLLUSCA:
Pila, Freshwater Mussel and sepia.
Unit – IV
Food modification and Respiratory organs in Mollusca, Torsion in
Gastropoda, Economic importance of Mollusca.
Unit – V ECHINNODERMATA
Starfish, Sea cucumber, Sea Urchin and Sea lilly. Water Vascular
system, Echinoderm larvae and their significance.
References:
1. Robert D Barnes, 1987 invertebrate Zoology, Saunders College
Publication.
2. Barrington E.J.W, 1981, Invertebrate Structure and Function, ELBS
Edition.
3. R.L Kotpal 1996 Modern text book of Zoology Invertebrates, Rastogi
Publication.
Ekambranatha Ayyar 1993, Manual of Zoology Vol.1 S.Vishwanathan Pvt.Ltd
GROUP-II
MATHEMATICS
UNIT I: DIFFERENTIATION
Algebra of derivative - Derivative of some standard function - Chain inverse
function - Differentiation by transfer nation - Logarithmic differentiation - Higher
derivatives - Leibniz Theorem.
UNIT II: INTEGRATION
Evaluation of integrals - Methods of substitution - integration of rational and
irrational functions - Evaluations of definite integrals - intention by parts -
reduction formulae.
UNIT III: THEORY OF MATRICES
Algebra of matrices - Types of matrices - Inverse of Matrices - elementary
transformations - rank of matrix - Simultaneous liner Equations - Characteristic
polynomial of a matrix.
UNIT IV: GROUPS
Definition and Examples - Permutation Groups -Sub groups - Cyclic groups.
UNIT V: GRAPH THEORY
Finite and infinite graphs - Paths and circuits - isomorphism - Sulgraphs -
Connected graphs - Euler graphs - Hamiltonian paths - trees- distance and center iii
a tree - rooted and binary trees - Spanning tree.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Arumugam & Isaac, Calculus - Volume I Chapter 3(for Unit I)
2. Arumugam & Isaac, Calculus -Volume II Chapter 2 (for Unit II)
3. Arumugam & Isaac, Modern Algebra (for Unit lll & IV)
4. NarsinghDeo, GraphTheory with application -Engineering & Computer
Science (for Unit V)
GROUP-III
COURSE II
B.SC CHEMISTRY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –I UNIT I: CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVE: To Understand the Important Concepts Of Organic
Chemistry.
Concepts of Organic Chemistry: Inductive Effect, Electrometric Effect
Mesoameric Effect, Hyper Conjugation and Steric Effect - Their Influence on
the reactivity of organic Compounds.
Reaction Intermediates - Formation, Stability and Structure of
Carbonium Ion, Carbanion, Carbenes, Nitrenes and free Radicals. Mechanisms
of Nucleophilic Reactions of Carbonyl Groups and Nucleophilic acyl
Substitution - Mechanism of Polymerization (addition and condensation with
examples).
UNIT II: NAME REACTIONS
OBJECTIVE: To understand the mechanism and uses of important name
reactions
Name Reactions - Mechanism of The Following Reactions - Aldol
Condensation, Cannizro Reaction, Clemenson Reduction, Diel's Alder Reaction,
Friedel-Craft Reaction, Gattermann Reaction, Knovenagal Reaction,
Reformatsky Reaction, MPV Reduction / Oppenauer Oxidation and Wolf-
Kishner Reduction.
UNIT III: REAGENTS OF SYNTHETIC IMPORTANCE
OBJECTIVE: To study the synthetic applications of some important
organic reagents.
Reagents of Synthetic Importance - Preparation and Synthetic
Applications of Diazo Methane, Crown Ether, Sodamide, Lithium Aluminium
Hydride, N-Bromo Succinimide (NBS). Periodic Acid, Osmium Tetroxide, and
Selenium Dioxide.
UNIT IV: AROMATICITY/AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
OBJECTIVE: To study Aromaticity and Aromatic compounds.
• Aromaticity - Huckel Theory - Aromaticity in Benzenoid and Non-
Benzenoid Compounds
• Mechanism of Aromatic Substitutions (Electrophilic, Nucleophilic and
Benzyne Mechanisms) - Effect of Substitution Present During Di-
Substitution - Effect of Substitution Acidity of Phenol and Basicity of
Aniline.
• Preparation and Reactions of Benzene Sulphonic Acid.
• Preparation of the Following Compounds: O-, P- And M-Chloro Toluenes,
O-, P-, and M-Cresols, Cinnamaldehyde, Micheler's Ketone, P-benzo
quinine.
• Preparation, Reactions and Structure of Naphthalene, Anthracene and
Phenanthrene
UNIT V: NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
OBJECTIVE: To understand the Importance of Aromatic Nitrogen
Compounds.
Preparation, Properties and Uses of Aniline, O-.P- and M-Toluidines, O-,
P- and M- Phenylen Diamines, Nitro Benzene, O-, P- and M-Dinitro Benzenes
Anthranilic Acid. Sulphanilamide Picric Acid and Benzidine.
Benzene Diazonium Chloride -Preparation and Synthetic Applications.
Preparation and Reactions of Diazo Benzene.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Organic Chemistry Volume I: Fundamental Principles, (ELBS) Longman.
2. Problems and Their Solutions in Organic Chemistry – I.L.Finar, (ELBS)
Longman.
3. Organic Reactions and Reagents – J.N.Gurtu and R.Kapoor, 2004,
S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.
4. Organic Reaction Mechanisms – R.K.Bansal, 2005, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
5. Modern Organic Chemistry – M.K.Jain and S.C.Sharma, 2005, Vishal
Publishing Company, Jalandar.
6. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – N.Tewari, 2005, Books and
Allied (P) Ltd., Kolkotha.
7. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Jerry March, 2004, Pearson
Education.
8. Advanced General Organic Chemistry – S.K.Gosh, 2005, New Central
Book Agency, Kolkotha.
9. Organic Chemistry – G.Mehta and M.Mehta, 2005, Prentics Hall of India
GROUP-III
COURSE II
B.SC BOTANY ALGOLOGY, MYCOLOGY, BACTERIOLOGY, VIROLOGY AND PLANT
PATHOLOGY
UNIT – I : ALGOLOGY
a) Comparative survey of important systems of classification of Algae and
modern trends.
b) Comparative account of algae with special references to Algae pigments,
flagellae, chloroplasts, pyrenoids, eye spots, range of thallus, food
reserves and Life cycle patterns.
c) A brief study of form, morphology, cellular organization, reproduction
and life cycle of the following genera.
i) Anabaena.
ii) Nostac.
iii) Chlorella.
iv) Valvox
v) Oedogonium
vi) Clostridium
vii) Chara
viii) Ulothrix
ix) Ulva
x) Coleocheate
xi) Sargassum
xii) Batrachosperumum.
UNIT - II 1. Distribution and role of algae in soil, fresh water, marine
environment and in polluted habitates.
2. Economic importance of algae with special reference to – Agar, diatomaceous
earth, bio - fertilizers and role of algae in biotechnology.
UNIT – III : MYCOLOGY
a) Recent trends in the classification of Fungi with reference to
morphological criteria and mode of life of the main classes of fungi
b) Comparative study of the following genera: Plasmodiophora, Mucor,
Rhizopus, Taphrina, Albugo, Eurotium, Puccinia, Ustilago, Polyporus,
Peziza, Fusarium, Cercospora.
UNIT IV Ecnomic importance :
A general study of the following with special reference to the
examples given : Antibiotics (Penicillin), fungicides
(Bordeaux mixture, Hinosan), Edible fungi (Morchella).
General characters and types of the following associations
and their importance : a) Mycorrhiza, b) Lichens.
UNIT – V : BACTERIOLOGY
a) General classification of bacteria .
b) Bacterial anatomy, Nutrition, growth and reproduction.
c) Economic importance of bacteria with special references to Antibiotics,
Nitrogen cycle, Root nodule bacteria and in industries.
UNIT – VI : VIROLOGY
a) General characters of virus – Nomenclature and classification of plant
viruses, Morphology etc.
b) Transmission and control of plant viruses, with special reference to
insect vectors.
c) Viroides, virians, and modern concepts of oncogenic viruses.
d) Phages – Mycophages, Phycophages, and Bacteriophages and
replication.
UNIT – VII : PLANT PATHOLOGY
a) Symptomology in fungal, bacterial and viral infections of plants.
b) Etiology and control of following plant diseases :
Bacteria : Citrus cancker, Blight of castor, Blight of paddy.
Fungi : Tikka disease of ground nut, Black rust of wheat, Red rot of
Sugar cane.
Virus : TMV, TYMV, Bunchy top of Banana.
Reference:
1. Fritsch F.E. 1945 : Structure and Reproduction in Algae 2 volumes.
Cambridge University.
2. Smith G.M. 1955 : Cryptogamic Botany Vol, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Moris. I 1967 : Introduction to Hutchinson University Library.
4. Chapman V.J. & Chapman D.J. 1973 : The Algae (2nd Edn) Macmillan.
5. Webster J. 1970 : Introduction to Fungi Cambridge University press.
6. Vasista B.R. 1969. Botany (for degree students) part-II fungi
7. Sri Vastva J.P. 1970 : An introduction to Fungi, Central book depot,
Alahabad.
GROUP-III
COURSE II
B.SC ZOOLOGY CHORDATA
Unit – I
General characters and outline classification of phylum-chordata - Origin
of chordates, Structure and affinities of Balanoglossus, Ascidian, and
Amphioxus, Characters and classification of sub-phylum Hemichordata,
Urochordata and Cephalochordata
Unit – II
Class: Pisces - Characters and classification of Fishes up to order level
with examples - Structure of Shark – Structure and affinities of Dipnoi – Types
of Fins, Types of Scales – Accessory respiratory organs in Fishes – Migration of
Fishes – Parental care in Fishes.
Class: Amphibia – General character and classification of Amphibia up
to order level with examples. Origin of limbs. – Organization of Frog, Biology
and Adaptive feature of Anura and Apoda. – Parental care in Amphibians. –
Origin of Amphibia.
Unit – III
Class: Reptilia - General characters and classification of Reptilia up to
order level. – Organization of Calotes. – Types of Skull in Reptiles.
Class: Aves. – General characters and Classification of Aves. -
Organization of Pigeon. – Flight Adaptation of Pigeon. –Palaeognathae, the
flightless birds- Palate in birds Origin of Birds – Migration Birds
Unit – IV
Class: Mammaila – General Characters and Classification of Mammals –
Structural organization of Rat, Bilogy and distribution of Prototheria,
Metatheria and Eutheria – Dentition Mammals – Adaptive Radiation in
Mammals – Flying and Aquatic Mammals Adaptations.
Unit – V
Comparative anatomy of the organ systems of vertebrates in relation to
their adaptations and evolution – Integument, Digestive, Respiratory ,
Circulatory nervous, Urogenital and Skeletal systems. Study of poisonous and
non-poisonous snakes and their identification. – Poisonous and Biting
mechanism in Snakes. – Mesozoic reptiles – Affinities of Sphenodon.
References:
1. Ayyar E & Anathakrishnan, Manual of zoology. Vol-11 Part 1 S.
Viswanathan & co.,
2. Jordan, E.L & Verma, P.S Chrodate Zoology 11/e, S.chand & co.
3. Kenneth V.Kardong, Vetebrates 2/e Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Romer, AS Vertebrate Body, Wb Saunder Co., Philadelphia.
5. Waterman, AJ., et al. Chordate Stucture and Function, Ma Millan co.
6. De Beer Vrtebrate Body, Sidgwich & Sons Ltd., London.
7. Yound, J.Z Life of Vertebrates.
8. Dr.Rastogi V.B Vertebrate Zoology, Kedarnath Ramnath, Meerut.
9. Parker & Haswell, Vol 11 Chordata.
10. Adam Sedgwick. A Student’s Text Book of Zoology, Vol – 11 Central
Book Depot. Allahabath
11. Young J.Z Life of mammals.
12. George C.Kent & Larry Miller Comp Area of the Vertebrates 8/e
Tata McGarw Hill
13. Newman H.H Phylum Chordata. Me Millan.
14. Smith H.M Evolution of Chordate structure Holt Rinehart &
Winston Inc., N.Y.
THIRD YEAR B.SC CHEMISTRY
COURSE III: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II
UNIT I. COORDINATION CHEMISTRY I
OBJECTIVE: To study the theories of bonding in the coordination
complexes.
1. IUPAC System nomenclature of coordination complexes.
2. Theories – Valence Bond theory,
3. Crystal Field Theory - crystal field splitting of tetrahedral, square planar
and octahedral systems
4. Factors affecting the value of ∆.
5. Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) values and its application in
the stability of complexes. Calculation of CFSE for metal ionsCd1 to d 9
systems).
6. Application of crystal field theory in spectral and magnetic properties
Adjusted crystal, field theory.
7. Distortion from perfect symmetry - Jahn Tellar effect - Z in and Z out in
Oh
8. Complexes, Molecular orbital approach - MO .diagrams for ML6 type
complexes
9. Weak and strong field ligands - Spectrochenucal series and its
applications
10. Л -
back coordination
UNIT II: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY II.
OBJECTIVES: To study the stability and applications of coordination
complexes.
Chelates, macro ligands and their complexes Solution complexes –
detection using chemical properties, UV-Visible spectra and PH. Applications of
coordination complexes- Analytical (quantitative methods -gravimetric and
complexometric analysis), solvent extraction, chelating therapy, technical and
industrial applications.
Stability of complexes in solution - formation constants and stepwise
formation constants - factors affecting the stability of complexes in solution—
chelate effect. Methods of determination of stability constants –Spectral and
Bjerrum methods.
Reactions of complexes - Substitution reactions of tetrahedral, square
planar(trans effect and cis effect) and octahedral complexes.
UNIT III: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY III.
OBJECTIVE: To study the properties of structure of metal carbonyls.
Metal Carbonyls: Л acid complexes - low oxidation state of metal
ions in Carbonyls. Classification - General methods of preparation, physical
and chemical properties. Bonding and structure of metal carbonyls - EAN -
Valence Bond and Molecular orbital theories – M→CO Л bonding.
Preparations, properties and structures of the following: Fe(CO)5,
Fe2(CO)9, Fe2(CO)12, Co2(CO)8 ,Mn2(CO)10, Ni(CO)4 and V(CO)6.
Metal nitrosyls containing NO+ and NO groups - nitroso ferrous
sulphate and sodium nitropruside - preparation and structure.
Sterepisomerism in coordination complexes of Td, Square planar and Oh
structures.
UNIT IV: BIO INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of metal ions in Biological systems.
Essential elements in biological systems -bulk, trace and ultra trace
elements in bio systems. Deficiencies, disorders and toxic effect of metals -
metals in medicine - dignosis and treatment. Metallo bio molecules -
classification.
Microbiological mining. Basic chemical processes in bio system. Metallo
proteins - role of metals in proteins. Metallo enzymes-role of metals in enzymes
Iron proteins - hemoglobin and myoglobin - structural changes during
reversible binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Copper proteins- cerulopalsmin and its role - function of copper-zinc
super oxide dismutase. Metal ions as charge carrier - lonophores - transport
through channels - function of Na+- K+ pump.
UNIT V: THEORY OF PRACTICALS & ANALYTICAL TREATMENT
OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA.
OBJECTIVE: To have a theoretical knowledge of the practical course
works,
Theoretical Principles of Complexometry Titrations - Importance Buffer
Solutions. Direct (Estimation of Zn and Pb) and Indirect (Estimation of Al)
Titrations.
Masking and Demasking (Estimation of Chromium In Presence of Iron).
Analysis of 2 Cations in Solution (Alloy Analysis) - Estimation of Ni and Fe
(Nickel Steel). Principles of Gravimetric Analysis - Precipitation Methods -
Conditions of Precipitation-Factors Influencing the Precipitation and Solubility
- Co-Precipitation and Post Precipitation - Digestion, Washing and
Drying/Ignition of the Precipitate. Analysis of Experimental Results: Definition
and Explanations with Examples of Die Following Terms- Mean, Meridian,
Precision and Accuracy.
Type of Errors - Random, Systematic and Gross Errors - Methods of
Detection and Elimination of Systematic Errors. Definition and Explanation of
the Terms - Deviation, Average Deviation, Relative Average Deviation, Standard
Deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variance, Student's and Confidence Level.
Computation Rules and Significant Figures.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Volume I and II – Sathyaprakash and
R.D.Madan, Revised reprint 2005, S.Chand and Company, New Delhi.
2. General and Inorganic Chemistry Volume. I and II, Revised reprint 2005
– R.Sarkar, New Central Book Agency, Kolkotha.
3. Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry – P.L.Soni and M.Katyl – 2004, Sultan
Chand and sons, New Delhi.
4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry – F.A.Cotton and G.Wilkinson, John Wiley
and sons Inc.
5. Inorganic Chemistry – J.E.Huhee, E.A.Keithr and R.L.Keiter, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company.
6. Concise Coordination Chemistry – R.Gopalan and V.Ramalingam – 2001,
Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
7. Spectroscopy – G.R.Chatwal and S.K.Anand – 2004, Himalaya Publishing
House.
8. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry – Russel Drago.
9. Bioinorganic and Supramaolecular Chemistry – A.Bhagi and
G.R.Chatwal – 2004, Himalayan Publishing House, New Delhi.
COURSE IV : ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - II
UNIT I: STEREOCHEMISTRY.
OBJECTIVE: To study the details of stereochemistry.
• Stereo chemistry; Geometrical isomerism of oximes -determination of
configurations- E-Z notation.
• Optical isomerism: Optical activity of compounds without asymmetric
carbondiphenyls, allenes and spiranes.
• Difference between configuration and conformation.
• Conformational analysis of 1, 2 dichloro ethane, propane, butane and
cyclohexane with energy diagrams - factors affecting conformational
stability- axial and equatorial bonds in cyclohexane -1, 3-diaxial
interactions in cyclohexane derivatives.
• Conformation of mono substituted cyclohexane derivatives. Newman
projection and Sawhorse formulae.
UNIT II: CARBOHYDRATES.
OBJECTIVE: To understand the importance of carbohydrates in bio
chemical systems.
Carbohydrates: Conformations of glucose, fructose and galactose
(structures only). Structure and reactions of sucrose and maltose. (Structural
elucidation hot required) - Amino sugars and their importance - glycoside and
physiological importance.
Carbohydrate metabolism – Embden -Meyerhoff pathway - citric acid
cycle. Polysaccharides - structures of starch, glycogen and cellulose.
Application of Cellulose derivatives.
UNIT III: REARRANGEMENT REACTIONS.
OBJECTIVE: To know the importance of rearrangement reactions.
Rearrangement Reactions - definition and classification - mechanism and
uses of the following rearrangement reactions Pinacol-Pinacolone
rearrangement, Benzilic acid rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement,
Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement
and Benzidine rearrangement.
UNIT IV: ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS
OBJECTIVE: To Study The Synthetic Uses Of Active Methylene
Compounds.
Active methylene compounds - reactivity of methylene hydrogens.
Preparation and synthetic uses of diethyl malonate and ethyl acetoacetate.
Tautomerism - definition -various types - keto-enol, amido-imido, nitro-
acinitro, and oxime-nitroso tautomerisms - mechanisms with evidences.
UNIT V: ORGANO METALLIC COMPOUNDS
OBJECTIVE: To study the properties and uses of organo metallic
compounds.
Organo metallic compounds - Preparations and synthetic applications of
metal olefine complexes - preparation, structure and bonding of platinum
ethylene complex - metallocenes-preparation, reactions and structure of
ferrocene.
Application of Organometalics in catalysis - hydrogenation of olefins
(Wilkinson's catalyst) – Ziegler - Natta catalyst and application.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds – E.L.Eliel, 2005, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company.
2. Organic Chemistry: Natural Products. Volume I _ O.P.Agarwal, 2004,
Goel Publishing House.
3. Bilchemistry – S.C.Rastogi, 2005, Tata Mc.Graw-Hill Publishing
Company.
4. Organic Chemistry Volume I: Fundamental Principles, (ELBS) Longman.
5. Text Book of Organic Chemistry – K.S.Tewari and N.K.Vishnoi, 2005.
6. Biochemistry – P.W.Kuchel and G.B.Ralston, 2005, Schaum’s Outlines,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
7. Organic Chemistry – G.Mehta and M.Mehta, 2005, Prentice Hall of India.
8. Organic Reaction Mechanisms – R.K.Bansal, 2005, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
9. Modern Organic Chemistry – M.K.Jain and S.C.Sharma, 2005, Vishal
Publishing Company, Jalandar.
10. Advanced Organic Reaction Mechanisms – Jerry March, 2004,
Pearson Education.
COURSE V : PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I. GASEOUS STATE.
OBJECTIVE: To study the behavior of molecules in gaseous and liquid
state.
Gaseous State: Maxwell's law of distribution of velocities (derivation not
required ) effect of temperature on distribution of velocities - types of velocities
most probable average, root and mean square velocities - collision diameter -
collision number collision frequency - mean free path. Degrees of freedom of
gaseous molecules
Liquid State: Structure of liquids - properties of liquids - vapour pressure
–phase equilibrium - effect of temperature on vapour pressure - heat of
vapourisation. Liquid crystals - semetic, nemetic, cholesteric, discotic and
polymer liquid crystals.
UNIT II. SOLID STATE & SURFACE CHEMISTRY.
OBJECTIVE: To study the various properties of solids.
• Solid State: Types of Packing - CCP and HCP Packing.
• Types of Solids - Molecular Crystals - Covalent Crystals - Structure of
Graphite, Diamond and Fullerene.
• Ionic Crystals-Types Of Ionic Crystals - Study Of Structure Of AX Type
Crystals- Structure Of Halite (Rock Salt, Cscl), Zinc Blende.
• Adsorption-Types of Adsorption-Chemisorption and Physisorption.
• Factors Influencing Adsorption
• Freundlich Longmuir (Derivation Required) and BET Isotherms and their
Significance
• Catalysis - Types of Catalysts - Promoter and Poison.
• Theory of Homogeneous Catalysis - Theories of Heterogeneous Catalysis
(Manufacture of Ammonia by Haber’s Process) - Modern Adsorption
Theory – Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalysis.
• Acid Base and Enzyme Catalysts-Types and Examples.
UNIT III: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVE: To study the nuclear stability and nuclear reactions.
Nuclear stability - n/p ratio - nuclear isotopes - separation of isotopes
determination of atomic mass of an element - Thomson and Aston's mass
spectrograph. Nuclear forces - nuclear size nuclear density - mass defect –
packing fraction and binding energy of nucleus - problems.
Nuclear models.
Nuclear reactions - Artificial transmutation and induced radioactivity.
Nuclear fission - explanation by liquid drop model - energy released during
fission-controlled and uncontrolled fission. Atomic reactors - Thermal reactor
and Fast breeder reactor.
Nuclear fusion ~ controlled fission - energy released in Atomic and
Hydrogen bombs. Radioactive hazards - disposal of radioactive wastes from
nuclear reactors. Nuclear fuels - Uranium enrichment.
UNIT IV: PHOTO CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVE: To understand the concept and applications of
Photochemical reactions.
Thermal and photo reactions - absorption of light in solutions - Beer-
Lambert's law and its limitation - laws of photochemistry – Grothus – Draper
law - Stark-Einstein law. Consequence of light absorption – Jablonski diagram
– Phosphorescence and nuorescence Non radiative and radiative transition.
Quantum yield-experimental determination.
Primary and secondary processes - photochemical reactions -
photochemical rate law. Kinetics of photochemical reactions (quantitative
treatments) - reaction between H2 and C12, and decomposition of HI.
Energy transfer in photochemical reactions - photosensitization and Quenching
– Photo synthesis - Chemiluminescence, thermo luminescence and
bioluminescence. Lasers-principle, types and applications.
UNIT V: COMPUTERS IN CHEMISTRY
OBJECTIVE: To Study The Applications Of Computer Programming To
Problems In Chemistry.
Programming in C++ - operators in C++ - library functions - sqrt, log etc.
-operator precedence and solving expressions - branching statement - looping
statement.
Simple programs for solving problems in chemistry - determination of
RMS velocity, average and most probable velocities of gases - calculation of half
life of radio active nuclei - Problems in elevation of boiling point, depression of
freezing point and osmotic pressure. MS Excel - drawing graphs using excel
program.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Text Book of Physical Chemstry – Samuel Gladstone, Macmillan.
2. Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding – Manes Chandra, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
3. Elements of Physical Chemistry – Puri, Sharma and Pattanic, 2003,
Vishal Publishing Company, Jalandar.
4. Text Book of Physical Chemistry – K.K.Sharma and L.K.Sharma, 2004,
Vihas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Physical Chemistry – G.R.Metz, 2004, Scheum’s Outlines – Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
6. Physical Chemistry – G.W.Castellan, Narosa Publishing Co.
7. Nuclear Chemistry – R.Gopalan, 2000, Vikas Publishing House, New
Delhi.
8. Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry – E.S.Gilreath Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New Delhi.
9. Object oriented programming – E.Balagurusamy.
THIRD YEAR
B.SC BOTANY COURSE-III
ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
ANATOMY
UNIT – I
Meristematic tissues – Apical, lateral and intercalary meristems – Ultra
structure and histochemistry – Theories of apical organization – Shoot apex –
Root apex
UNIT – II
Tissue systems – epidermal tissues – Trichomes, stomata – Structure and
Function. Glandular tissues – Primary tissues – parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclrenchyma, Vascular tissues – xylem, phloem.
UNIT – III
i) Primary structure of root and stem Dicot, and monocot – Nodal
anatomy, unilacunar, trilacunar, and multilacunar.
ii) Vascular cambium - Cark cambium, - Periderm, lenticels,
abscission, wound healing, Tyloses, Annual ring, Heart wood.
iii) Secondary growth in monocot stem-Anamalous secondary
thickening in dicot stems (Bougainvillaea, Bignonia,
Boerhaavia, etc.)
Embryology:
UNIT – IV
Microsporangium – structure and development of anther – male
gametophyte. Megaspore – Structure and development of ovule – Female
gametophyte. Fertilization and post fertilization changes.
UNIT – V
Endosperm – types – Nuclear endosperm, Cellular endosperm, Helobial
endosperm, Ruminant endosperm, Endosperm Haustoria - Functions of
endosperm. Embryo development – monocot, and dicot embryo, -
Polyembryony, parthenogenesis, Apomixis, Role of embryology in plant
breading, embryology of Hybrids.
Cell biology :
UNIT – VI
Ultra structure of plant cell and cell organells – their functions – cell wall,
cytaplasm, Endoplasmic reticulam, Golgi complex, Lysosomes. Mitochondria,
Plastids, Ribosomes, Nucleus.
UNIT – VII
Chromosomes – structure and function, Euchromatiion,
heterochromation, Giant chromosomes, - Polytene and Lampbrush. Nucleic
Acids – Structure, Function Replication. DNA and RNA as the genetic material.
Cell division, types and cell division – mechanism.
Reference:
MAJOR II ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY
ANATOMY
1. Carlquist – 1961. Comparative plant anatomy – Holt Rinchart, New
York.
2. Esau.K. 1965 – Plant Anatomy. Jot – John, Wiley, New York.
3. Foster. A.S. Practical Plant Anatomy. D.Van, Nostrand & Co-New York.
4. Hall – J.W. 1976 – Plant structure, Functions and adaptation – Mac
Millian – London.
EMBRYOLOGY
Bhojwani. S.S and Bhatnagar. SP. 1978. The Embryology of Angiosperms.
Vikas Publishing. Pvt. Ltd.
Maheswari. P. 1971. An Introduction to the embryology of Angiosperms.
Tata Macgrow Hill company Ltd.
Swamy. BGL and Krishnamurthy. K.V. 1980. From flower to fruit.
Raghavan V. 1976, Experimental embryogenesis in vascular plants,
Academic press, London.
Johanson .D.A. 1950. Plant embryology. Chronica – Botanica, walthon
press U.S.A.
CELL BIOLOGY
1. Brown W.V. and Berk E.M. 1984. A text book of cytology. C.V. Mosby
Co. St. Louis.
2. Swanson C.P. 1971. The cell, Prentice Hall of India.
3. Friefelder D. 1995 – Molecular Biology. Narsa, Publishing House – New
Delhi.
4. Cohn N.S. 1979. Elements of cytology Freeman Book company.
5. Hall. J.L. flowers. T.J. and Roberts R.M. 1978/ Plant cell structure and
metabolism, Longman.
COURSE –IV ARCHEGONIATAE BRYOPHYTES:
UNIT – I
1. General characteristics and classification, origin, and evolution of
bryophytes.
2. Study of morphology and Life cycle of the following genera in detail.
a) Marchantia, b) Anthoceras, c) Pellia, d) Sphagnum, e) Polytrichum.
UNIT II 1. Study of general topics
a) Ecology, pollution indicators of Bryophytes.
b) Comparative study of alternation of generation.
c) Economic importance
Pteridophytes
UNIT – III
1. General characteristics of pteridophytes, classification, Alternation of
generation, sporangial organization, Homospory, Heterospory –
Development of antheridia, archegonia and embryos.
2. Apomictic life cycle – aposgamy, apospory, vegetative apomixis.
UNIT – IV
1. Study of morphology and Life Cycle of the following genera.
a) Rhynia.
b) Selaginella.
c) Isoetus
d) Equisetum
e) Ophioglossum
f) Dichranopteris.
g) Osmunda.
h) Adiantum.
i) Marsilea.
UNIT – V
Evolutionary trends in ferns – Steelar evlution, sorus evolution,
prothalial evolution.
Gymnosperms :
UNIT – VI
1. Recent trends in classification of gymnosperms.
2. Morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs.
3. Detailed study of the following genera : Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.
UNIT – VII
Study of general topics :
1. Structure and evolution of archegonium in Bryophytes, Pteridophytes
and Gymnosperms.
2. Distribution of living and fossil gymnosperms in India.
3. Evolution and Economic importance of gymnosperms.
COURSE-V PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
PLANT BIO-CHEMISTRY
UNIT – I
1. Classification, occurrence and structure of carbohydrates and Lipids.
2. Amino acids, peptides and proteins – occurrence, structure, functions
and synthesis of amino acids. Classification of proteins according to
solubility and structure. Structural proteins, lections and their
importance.
UNIT – II :
1. Chemical nature, properties, classifications and mode of action of
enzymes – Km value, regulation and compartmentalization.
2. Outlines of Nucleic acids – Structure and types.
3. Biosynthesis and function of secondary metabolites, - lignin, subarins,
turpines, phenols, alkaloids and flavanoids.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT – III
1. Physio–chemical properties of cell – structure and composition of cell
membrane – models – Fluid mosaic model, Lipoprotein model.
2. Chemistry of solutions, Colloids, bonds, pH, Oxidation and Reduction.
3. Water relations of plant – Unique – Physico-chemical properties of water,
Chemical potential and water potential in the plant, Diffusion,
Imbibitions, Permeability osmosis, Soil – Plant – Atmosphere –
Continuum (SPAC) – Stomata - regulation and transpiration.
UNIT – IV
1. Photosynthesis – Pigments, Photo system I and II, Electron transport
through cyclic, non-cyclic and photo phosphorylation, Calvin cycle,
Hatch and clack pathway, Factures affecting photosynthesis, Photo
respiration.
2. Respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic. Glycolysis, Kerb’s cycle, ETS –
phosphorylation, substrate and oxidative – HMP Shunt - RQ, Factors
influencing respiration..
3. Nitrogen metabolism – Nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen fixation – symbiotic and
non-symbiotic – Ammonia assimilation – protein synthesis.
UNIT – V
1. Mineral Nutrition: Essential elements – Micro and macro elements –
their deficiency diseases – Fertilizers. Foliar nutrition.
2. Growth – Measurement – Growth hormones – Photoperiodism –
Thermoperiodism – vernalization – photochrome – Biological clock – Fruit
- development and ripening – seed setting – Seed - Dormancy, viability
and germination.
UNIT – VI
1. Ecology – Definition – Principles – environment of rooted plant – Physical
factors – Temperature, light, humidity, Rain fall, wind, fire etc., and
Biological factors
2. Soil - Structure and composition – Soil air, Soil water and Biological
system of soil, Soil profile – Formation of soil and soil types.
UNIT – VII
1. Ecosystem concept – Tropic levels – food chain – food web – Ecological
pyramids.
2. Plant succession in pond and virgin soil – climax. Classification of plants
based on water relations – morphological and structural adaptations in
various environment systems.
THIRD YEAR B.SC ZOOLOGY
COURSE –III EMBRYOLOGY
UNIT – I
History of embryology – Theories of perforation – epigenesis and
pangenesis – Van Baer’s Law – Biogenetic law – Germ plasm theory - Mosaic
theory – Regulative theory – Branches of embryology.
UNIT- II : Gametogenesis and fertilization:
1. Definition, process and significance of spermatogenesis and oogenesis –
types of sperms – types of eggs and egg membranes – Polarity and
symmetry.
2. Fertilization – definition and significance – entry of sperm – egg activation –
post fertilization changes – theories of fertilization.
UNIT – III : Cleavage and Gastrulation :
1. Cleavage – Definition – Significance – Patterns of cleavage (Amphioxus,
Frog, Bird and Mammal) – influence of yolk in cleavage – Morula and
Blastula – Radial and spiral cleavage.
2. Gastrulation – Definition – Significance – Gastrulation in Amphioxus,
frog, bird, and mammal – organ forming areas – Fate maps.
UNIT – IV : Tubulation and organogenesis :
1. Tubulation – definition, process and significance – primary organ
rudiments – Notogenesis – Neurogenesis – Mesoderm formation in
amphioxus, Frog and Birds.
2. Organogenesis – Development of brain, heart, eye and ear in frog and
chick. Development of fetal membranes in chick and mammal placenta –
definition and significance – different types.
UNIT – V
Experimental embryology – Definition and significance – Induced
ovulation – artificial fertilization – fertility control – cell linkage – gradient
theory – Nuclear transplantation – cell differentiations organizers – primary and
secondary theories – Parthenogenesis – Natural and artificial, Haploid and
Diploid parthenogenesis – Regeneration.
Reference:
1. Verma – P.S. Agarwal, V.K. Chordate embryology – S. Chand & Co.
2. Balinsky B.C. Introducion to embryology – W.B. Saunder Co.
Philadelphia.
3. Developmental Biology – Rastogi V.B. & Jayaraj M.S., Kedarnath,
Ramnath, meerut.
4. Pattern foundations of Embryology.
COURSE –IV
ECOLOGY, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT – I
Introduction – Definition – concepts – Importance of the study of ecology
– Environmental factors – Biotic and abiotic factors – physical, chemical
factors.
UNIT – II Ecosystem:
Characteristics, components, producers, consumers, decomposers and
transformers. Energy flow in ecosystem – Food chain – Food web – Ecological
pyramids – Pond and Grass land as the ecosystem.
UNIT – III : Population and Population Interactions
1. Population – characteristics – natality, morality, density and age
distribution. Population control; Life tables.
2. Population interaction :
i) Intra specific interactions – Aggregation, Social organization,
divisions of labour and Social behavior, Territorialism,
migration.
ii) Intra specific interaction – Neutralism, commensalism,
synergism, mutualism, symbiosis, Ammensalism, Antagonism,
parasitism, competition and predation.
UNIT – IV : Habitat ecology
1. Biosphere – Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and atmosphere.
2. Habitats – Terrestrial, Aquatic - Marine and Fresh water habitats.
3. Biomes – Fresh water biomes – lakes and rock pools, springs, steam and
rivers; marshes and swamps. Marine biomes – characteristics, and
divisions, Pelagic and benthic life, their adaptations; rocky, muddy and
sandy stores; estuaries; mangroves. Terrestrial biomes, Soil, forests,
grass land, deserts, tundra, tropical rain forests, scrub jungles.
UNIT – V : Applied ecology
1. Natural resources and their management.
2. Aquaculture and fisheries.
3. Forests – Protest action of forests, Chipko movement aforestation, social
forests, and biomass production.
4. Wildlife management – wildlife sanctuaries, National parks and Bio-
reserves in India.
5. Environment pollution – Air, water, soil, noise and radioactivity – source,
effect and control measures.
6. Green house effect and ozone layer – pesticides and residual effects.
UNIT – VI
Introduction – Scope – fields of physiology – cellular, comparative and
general physiology - Functional aspects of the various organ systems.
UNIT – VII : Nutrition & Metabolism
1. Nutrition – Definition, Types – modes of food procurement in animals –
Food constituents – protein, carbohydrate, minerals, fat, salt and
Vitamins - significance of each food constituents; Balanced diet.
2. Enzymes – general characters, classification and their mode of action –
role of inhibitors.
3. Metabolism - Energy production from carbohydrates, proteins and fats –
regulation of metabolism.
4. Digestion – In man – cellulose digestion absorption and assimilation.
UNIT – VIII : Respiration and Excretion
1. Respiration - Oxygen processing mechanisms in animals – skin, gills,
lungs, trachea – properties and functions of respiratory pigment –
Hemoglobin – role in human respiration – transport of O2 and CO2
mechanism – adaptations to dividing control of respiration – and
anaerobiosis.
2. Excretion – general organs in mammals formation of nitrogenous wastes
– Deamination and ammonotelism, ornithene cycle and ureotelism, citric
acid exeretion and its significance, structure of human kidney –
mechanism of urine formation ; micturition; osmotic and ionic
regulations – passive and active transports – osmoregulations in fishes
and hormonal control of osmotic balance.
UNIT – IX : Circulatory system & Nervous System
1. Body fluids and their circulation – Blood – Properties , composition and
functions, blood coagulation – Lymph – Circulation and functions –
Anemia, Haemolysis – types and functions of heart – structure of
mammalian heart – pace makers and the endogenous nature of cardiac
rhythm and its control – BP and ECG.
2. Nervous system – components, types of neurons – nerve fibers – human
brain – structure and its functions – conduction of nerve impulse and
Reflexes – receptors of Neurosensory mechanism – photoreceptors and
phonoreceptors – chemo receptors, mechano receptors – equilibrium
receptors – Muscular system – Types of muscles – ultra structure –
properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle – physical chemical changes
taking place during muscle contraction – theories of muscle contraction –
muscle twitch, summation, Tetanus, fatigue, electric organs and
luminescent organs.
UNIT – X : Thermo regulation and chemical co-ordination
1. Thermo regulation – Temperature relations of homiotherms and
poikilotherms – Thermo regulation in man, adaptations met with in
animals ride over temperature extreme – Hibernation, Oestivation,
diapauses, thermal immigration .
2. Chemical co-ordination – Endocrine organs of man, their secretion and
significance – pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, thymus,
pineal body, hypothalamus, gastro intestinal hormones – feedback
mechanisms – hormones of moulting ad metamorphosis of insects -
Role of endocrines in reproduction, Bioluminescence and its significance,
biorhythms in animals.
References:
1. Hoar WS (1987) General and Comparative Physiology Prentice-Hall.
2. Processor, CL Comparative Animal Physiology. Saunders
3. Giese, Ac (1973) Cell Physical, WB Saunders Company
4. Parameswaran and Anantha Krishnan (1991) S.anantha Subramanian.
Outlines of Animal Physiology. Viswanathan & co.
5. Verma,PS 7 Tyagi, BS Animal Physical 6/oS. Chand 7 co .,
6. Agarwal, Vk, agarwal RA Srivatsava, Ak & Kaushal Kumar, Animal
Physiology and Biochemistry S.Chand & Co.,Malcolm S.Gordon (1997)
Animal Physiology. Macmillan Publising Co., Inc
COURSE-V
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
UNIT – I
1. Introduction – Definition – cell theory – History of cell biology.
2. Methods – Light, Phase contrast and Electron Microscopy (TEM/SEM) –
Ocular and stage micrometers – Camera Lucida cell homogenization –
Fractionation – centrifugation and isolation of cellular components.
Fixation, Stains and staining methods – vital staining – cell and tissue
culture – paper chromatography.
UNIT – II
Structure of cell – structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells – their
differences – structure composition and functions of cell organelles – cell
membrane, Golgi apparatus, Endoplasmic reticulum, microsomes ,
chloroplasts, centrioles, cell appendages – cilia – flagella etc – Nucleus.
UNIT – III
Structure, composition and functions of chromosomes – Giant
chromosomes – Nucleic – acids – DNA and RNA – structure, composition types
and functions – Z DNA, B DNA C DNA – mRNA, t RNA, r RNA – Replication of
DNA & RNA – DNA & RNA as the material – Genetic code –Protein synthesis -
Gene regulation – Operan concept -Cell division and cell cycle – mitosis and
meiosis their significance.
Genetics
UNIT – IV
1. Introduction – contributions of Mendel – Mendel laws – Gene interaction
– Epistasis – complementary genes – Atavism, Lethal genes multiple
alleles – coat colour in rodents – Blood group inheritance in man.
2. Chromosomal genetics: Linkage and crossing over – mechanism – types
and theories – chromosome mapping – sex determination in man,
drosophila, honey bee. Sex linked inheritance – Hemophilia and colour
blindness – Mutation – Mutagenesis, mutagen, mutants – In breeding
and out breeding – Heterosis and extra chromosomal inheritance.
UNIT – V
Experimental genetics and population genetics – Hardy Weinberg law –
microbial genetics – conjugation, transduction & transformation – Genetic
engineering and Biotechnology.